This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D4400 − 18

Standard Test Method for

Sag Resistance of Paints Using a Multinotch Applicator1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

INTRODUCTION

The multinotch applicator used in this test method is a drawdown blade with a series of notches of
successively higher clearance, referred to as the Anti-Sag Meter. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for a
representative diagram and photograph. The numerical value for sag resistance obtained with this
instrument is referred to as the Anti-Sag Index.
Anti-Sag Meters are made with several clearance ranges for different types of coatings (see 5.1 and
Table 1). In developing this standard the task group used an instrument with a range from 4 to 24 mils,
but the method is applicable to any clearance range, and results using instruments with overlapping
ranges correlate and have equal validity.
The basic method was developed in 19622 and is referenced in U.S. Federal specifications
TT-E-508, TT-E-506, and TT-P-1511.
A preshear program is essential for a drawdown sag test to duplicate the breakdown in structure that
occurs when thixotropic paints are applied by brushout or other practical application methods. The
procedures therefore include the preshearing of paints just prior to making test applications.

1. Scope 1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-

1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
the sag resistance of aqueous and nonaqueous liquid coatings at ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
any level of sag resistance. Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each 2. Referenced Documents
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
2.1 ASTM Standards:3
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
D2196 Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-
with the standard.
Newtonian Materials by Rotational Viscometer
NOTE 1—Because the only manufacturer of the applicator know to the
committee manufactures to inch-pound units, inch-pound units will be 2.2 U.S. Federal Specifications:4
regarded as the standard when referring to the applicator. Fed. Spec. TT-E-508 Alkyd semi-gloss enamel
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Fed. Spec. TT-E-506 Alkyd gloss enamel
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Fed. Spec. TT-P-1511 Interior latex gloss and semi-gloss
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- finishes
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 After preshearing, the coating is applied to a test chart
with a multinotch applicator. The charts are immediately hung
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
3
Subcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coatings. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2018. Published October 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4400 – 99 (2012)ɛ1. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D4400-18. the ASTM website.
2 4
“Design of an Improved Sag Tester,” Offıcial Digest, Vol 34, No. 453, October Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,
1962. Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.

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 D4400 − 18

FIG. 1 Diagram of the Medium Range Anti-Sag Meter

5.2.1 Black and White Charts, about 193 by 288 mm (75⁄8

by 113⁄8 in.), the black area comprising about 140 mm (51⁄2 in.)
centered on the drawdown path. A chart of this design is shown
in Figs. 3 and 4.
5.2.2 Plain White Charts, about 193 by 285 mm (75⁄8 by
111⁄4 in.).
5.3 Glass Drawdown Plate, plus straightedge guide for
FIG. 2 Medium Range Anti-Sag Meter attachment thereto.
5.4 Catch-papers, thin sheets of sealed paper, for catching
surplus paint at the completion of a drawdown.
vertically with the drawdown stripes horizontal, similar to
5.5 Equipment for the Preshearing of Aqueous Coatings:
rungs of a ladder, with the thinnest stripe at the top. After
drying in this position, the drawdown is examined and rated for 5.5.1 Syringe, 10-mL, disposable plastic type.
sagging. A typical sag pattern obtained by this procedure is 5.5.2 Syringe Needle, 15 g by 40 mm (11⁄2 in.) to fit syringe.
shown in Fig. 3. 5.5.3 Syringe Extension Tubing, clear vinyl, inside diameter
3.2 mm (1⁄8 in.), outside diameter 5 mm (3⁄6 in.).
4. Significance and Use 5.6 Equipment for the Preshearing of Nonaqueous Coat-
4.1 Evaluation of sag resistance is essential in quality ings:
control for both producers and purchasers of coatings. Practical 5.6.1 Rotary Mechanical Stirrer, variable speed.
application tests are poor in reproducibility, while viscometric 5.6.2 Circular Mixing Paddle, diameter approximately 48
methods, for example Test Methods D2196, are time- mm (17⁄8 in.).
consuming and lack the convincing aspect of actual sagging. 5.6.3 Mixing Container, cylindrical jar or can with capacity
This method provides simple and rapid tests, whereby sag of up to 500 mL (1 pt).
resistance is demonstrated by a visible sag pattern, and is rated
objectively in terms of numerical values that correlate with 6. Procedure
brushout test observations.
6.1 Preparation of Sample:
5. Apparatus 6.1.1 Stir thoroughly with a spatula in the original container.
5.1 Multinotch Applicator, Anti-Sag Meter, a drawdown 6.1.2 Strain if necessary to remove large particles or skins.
blade with a series of notches of successively higher clearance. 6.1.3 Adjust the temperature of the coating to 23 6 2°C
Select a clearance range suitable for the type of coating under (73.5 6 3.5°F).
test in accordance with Table 1. 6.2 Preshearing with Syringe and Needle (Aqueous Coat-
5.2 Test Surfaces, sealed, smooth-surfaced paper test charts, ings):
with sizes and designs as follows: 6.2.1 Prepare the paint as described in 6.1.

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 D4400 − 18
TABLE 1 Anti-Sag Meters—Available Ranges
Range For Coating Type: Notch ClearancesA
ASM-1 Standard Solvent-borne architectural Mils 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
µm 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

ASM-2 Low Industrial O.E.M. coatings Mils 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
µm 25 38 50 63 75 88 100 113 125 138 150

ASM-3 High High build coatings Mils 14 16 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60

µm 350 400 450 500 625 750 875 1000 1125 1250 1500

ASM-4 Medium Water borne architectural Mils 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

µm 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
A
The currently available Anti-Sag Meters are manufactured and marked in mils (thousandths of an inch). The SI values given in this table are approximate conversions.

6.3.1 Prepare the paint as described in 6.1 and fill the

mixing container slightly more than half. Set the container
under the stirrer so that the paddle is about 5 mm (1⁄4 in.) from
the bottom.
6.3.2 Mix vigorously for 1 min at a speed sufficient to form
a moderate vortex, with the entire contents of the can in rapid
circular motion. Rotor speeds of 1300 to 3600 r/min have been
found satisfactory, the optimum speed depending on the
relative diameters of the mixing paddle and container. For
referee tests the operators should agree upon the specific
container, paddle, and mixing speed.
6.3.3 Immediately after mixing place about 8 mL of paint in
FIG. 3 Typical Sag Pattern
front of the applicator and draw down in accordance with 6.4.
6.4 Application of the Test Coating:
6.4.1 Affix a suitable test chart onto the drawdown plate.
Use black and white charts in accordance with 5.2.1 for light or
moderately dark colored coatings and white charts in accor-
dance with 5.2.2 for very dark coatings.
6.4.2 Fasten the straightedge onto the drawdown plate in a
suitable position.
6.4.3 Place the Anti-Sag Meter at the far end of the chart,
the open side toward the operator and shoulder against the
straightedge guide.
6.4.4 If desired, position a catch-paper just underneath the
lower edge of the chart.
6.4.5 Preshear in accordance with 6.2 or 6.3 and immedi-
ately draw down the coating at a uniform speed of about 150
NOTE 1—Note use of straightedge guide. mm (6 in.)/s, with the applicator pressed against the straight-
FIG. 4 Drawing Down with the Anti-Sag Meter edge to maintain a straight path. See Fig. 4 for illustration of
this step.
6.2.2 Cut a 60-mm (21⁄2-in.) length of syringe extension 6.4.6 Immediately hang the chart with the drawdown stripes
tubing and attach it to the syringe. in a horizontal position like rungs in a standing ladder, the
6.2.3 Press the syringe barrel firmly to expel air, dip the end thinnest stripe at the top, and allow to dry in that position. A
of the syringe into the coating, pump slightly to expel remain- typical test pattern derived using this procedure is shown in
ing air, then withdraw 8 mL of coating (approximately 20 mL Fig. 3.
for ASM-3 Anti-Sag Meter). Enough coating should be with- 6.5 Rating the Drawdown:
drawn to have excess leftover after drawing down. 6.5.1 When the film is dry, note the notch numbers marked
6.2.4 Remove and discard the extension tubing and then on the Anti-Sag Meter and identify the corresponding stripes
attach a syringe needle. accordingly.
6.2.5 Eject the contents of the syringe in front of the 6.5.2 Observe the sag pattern, ignoring the bottom stripe,
applicator as rapidly as possible, with firm, steady pressure. which serves only as a position reference for the stripe above
6.3 Preshearing with a Rotary Mechanical Mixer (Non- it, and the leading and trailing edges of the drawdown,
aqueous Coatings): considering only the central 140 mm (51⁄2 in.) of the blade path.

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 D4400 − 18
This corresponds to the black area of the black and white chart covering a wide range of sag resistance and in five laboratories
described in 5.2.1. (See Fig. 3 for a typical sag pattern of this tested four solvent-reducible paints covering a wide range of
type.) sag resistance, the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient was
6.5.3 Select the lowest (thickest) stripe that has resisted 0.92 versus brushouts (a coefficient of 1.0 indicates perfect
crossing the gap to touch the next lower stripe. This is referred agreement in ranking).
to as the index stripe.
6.5.4 Estimate the degree to which the next lower stripe (the 8.2 Sensitivity—In the interlaboratory study described in
post-index stripe) has merged with the one below it, and 8.1, the sensitivity criterion values have been computed to be
determine the corresponding addendum fraction, as specified in 4 for brushouts versus 11 for this procedure. The latter is thus
Table 2. approximately three times more sensitive to differences in sag
resistance than brushouts.
TABLE 2 Intermediate Ratings
8.3 Precision:
Degree of Merger of Addendum
Post-Index Stripe Fraction 8.3.1 Two interlaboratory tests were conducted to establish
Complete 0.0 the precision of this test method. The first test was that
Almost complete 0.2 described in 8.1. The second test consisted of operators in five
Somewhat more than half 0.4
Half 0.5
laboratories performing three tests on each of three paints. On
Somewhat less than half 0.6 the basis of the second interlaboratory test, the within-
Slight (just touching) 0.8 laboratory pooled coefficients of variations for both water- and
solvent-reducible paints were 4.4 %. On the basis of the first
interlaboratory test, the between-laboratory pooled coefficient
6.5.5 Multiply the fraction from 6.5.4 by the difference of variation was found to be 12.4 % for water-reducible paints
between the index and post-index stripe number to obtain the
and 8.8 % for solvent-reducible paints. Based on these coeffi-
index addendum.
cients of variation, the following criteria should be used for
6.5.6 Add the index addendum to the index stripe number to
judging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence
obtain the Anti-Sag Index and record same.
level:
7. Report 8.3.1.1 Repeatability—Two results obtained by the same
7.1 Report the Anti-Sag Index of the coating as recorded in operator for either water-reducible or solvent-reducible paints
6.5.6. should be considered suspect if they differ by more than
5,6
10.7 %.
8. Precision 8.3.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results obtained by operators
8.1 Correlation—In an interlaboratory study in which op- in different laboratories should be suspect if they differ by more
erators in seven laboratories tested six water-reducible paints than 34.4 % for water-reducible paints and 23.4 % for solvent-
reducible paints.
5
The Leneta Anit-Sag Meter was used in the interlaboratory study.
6
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may 9. Keywords
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D01-1040. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at service@astm.org. 9.1 Anti-Sag Index; rheological properties; sag-resistance

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