Sytem Concepts and Interaction

SYSTEMS CONCEPTS
AND INTERACTIONS
SYSTEMS
network of interdependent
components and processes
set of components/parts,
that function together as one
materials and energy

flowing from one component
of the system to another https://www.edtechlens.com/blog/systems-thinking-for-k-5
SYSTEMS’ RESPONSES
Linear process: Addition of anything Nonlinear process: Addition of anything
(same amount) , change is always (specific amount), change depends on
the same the amount
o systems respond to INPUTS and

produce OUTPUTS OUTPUT
INPUT
SYSTEMS
Closed system Open system

• no matter moves in and out of the system, • some energy or material (solid, liquid, or
although energy and information can move gas) moves into or out of the system
across the system’s boundaries • receive inputs from their environments
• exchanges no energy or matter with its • oceans
surroundings (throughput)
• Earth (materially closed system)
THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC SYSTEMS
STATIC system DYNAMIC system

o has a fixed condition o changes continually over time
o tends to remain in that exact
condition
o with classical stability  comes to
rest exactly where it began (when
disturbed)
Disturbances
 events that destabilize the
system
assumed as static system
when studied scientifically 

dynamic system (always require
change)
- we want to & should FORCE

ECOSYSTEMS to be static when
they are actually naturally
dynamic (BIG QUESTION)
FEEDBACKS
 occurs when the output affects
its input
Negative feedback: tend to

maintain stability in a
system; self-regulating
Positive feedback: occurs when

an increase in output leads to a
further rise in production;
destabilizing
FEEDBACKS Negative feedback
 occurs when the output affects

its input
Negative feedback: tend to

maintain stability in a
system; self-regulating
Positive feedback
Positive feedback: occurs when

an increase in output leads to a
further rise in production;
destabilizing
MATTER, ENERGY, AND
LIFE
https://www.needpix.com/photo/1495110/people-life-lifestyle-illustration-cartoon-person-female-woman-lady
Energy – capacity to do change or work; exists in
various forms, and cells transform energy from one
type into another (food: calorie; work-done: Joule)
Forms:
1. Kinetic energy
2. Potential energy
Kinetic Energy
the energy associated with the relative motion of objects
objects motion can perform work by imparting motion to other
matter
Example:
Heat or thermal energy which is associated with the random
movement of atoms or molecules
Potential Energy
 the energy that matter possesses because of its location or
structure
Example:
Chemical energy - form of potential energy stored in
molecules because of the arrangement of their atoms
Energy can be converted from one form to
another.
1. Releasing of chemical energy stored in
muscle cells
2. Kinetic energy of muscle movement is

converted into potential energy
3. Potential energy is converted back to

kinetic energy
4. Kinetic energy is transferred to the water

The energy transformations of life are subject to two
laws of thermodynamics.
THERMODYNAMICS
 study of energy transformations
First Law of Thermodynamics
(Principle of Conservation of Energy)

– states that energy can be transferred and transformed,
but it cannot be created or destroyed
Examples:
a. Electric company (converts energy usable for the
consumers)
b. Plants (converts sunlight to chemical energy)
First Law of Thermodynamics
converts the
chemical energy of
the organic
molecules in its
food to kinetic and
other forms of
energy as it carries
out biological
processes
What happens to this energy after it has performed
work?
If energy cannot be destroyed, why can't organisms

simply recycle their energy over and over again?
It turns out that during every energy transfer or
transformation, some energy becomes unusable
energy, unavailable to do work.
During energy transfer or transformation of energy,
some energy is converted to heat, which is the
energy associated with the random movement of
atoms and molecules.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
– every energy transfer or transformation increases

the entropy of the universe
Entropy – quantity used as a measure of disorder or
randomness
– most energy transformations, ordered forms of

energy are converted at least partly to heat
– energy transfers and transformations make the universe
more disordered due to this loss of usable energy
Only a small fraction of the chemical energy from the food is
transformed into the motion of the cheetah.
ENERGY FOR
LIFE
SUN – ultimate source of energy
Plants – convert SE to chemical

energy (potential energy);
produces O2
Animals – give off CO2

SPECIES TO
ECOSYSTEMS
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Types-of-diversity-Genetic-inner-Species-middle-and-Ecosystem-outer_fig1_281984515
Ecologists
 study interactions at the species, population, community, or ecosystem level
 do fieldwork to gather and analyze data on environmental conditions
 assess habitat and plan management/restoration projects
Food Chains, Food Webs, and Trophic Levels
 sequence of transfers of
matter and energy in the form
of food from organism to
organism
o feeding positions in a
food chain/web
 consists of all interconnected and
overlapping food chains in a
single ecosystem
FOOD CHAIN
https://www.toppr.com/content/concept/food-chain-201711/
FOOD WEB
https://sciencetrek.org/sciencetrek/topics/food_chain/facts.cfm
TROPHIC LEVELS
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/6.4/primary/lesson/trophic-levels-bio

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SYSTEMS CONCEPTS

materials and energy

o systems respond to INPUTS and

Closed system Open system

STATIC system DYNAMIC system

assumed as static system

when studied scientifically 

- we want to & should FORCE

Negative feedback: tend to

Positive feedback: occurs when

 occurs when the output affects

Negative feedback: tend to

Positive feedback: occurs when

2. Kinetic energy of muscle movement is

3. Potential energy is converted back to

4. Kinetic energy is transferred to the water

(Principle of Conservation of Energy)

If energy cannot be destroyed, why can't organisms

– every energy transfer or transformation increases

– most energy transformations, ordered forms of

Plants – convert SE to chemical

Animals – give off CO2

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