ADMModule - S11 12PS-IIIb-11

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Atomic number corresponds to the number of which subatomic

particle?
a. Proton
b. Nucleus
c. Electron
d. Neutron
2. An element can be synthesized via neutron bombardment followed by
beta decay. During beta decay, how will you describe the changes
happening in sides the atom?
a. An electron is converted into a proton.
b. A proton is converted into a neutron
c. A neutron is converted into an electron
d. A neutron is converted into a proton
3. Which of the following statements is true about the periodic law?
a. The size of each atom of every element increases as atomic
weight is increased.
b. The electronegativity of each element decreases as the atomic
weight is increased.
c. Atomic number increases as the atomic weight is increased.
d. Properties of elements reoccur when they are arranged into
increasing atomic weight.
4. In a neutral atom,
a. The number of neutrons is greater than the number of proton.
b. Number of protons and number of neutrons are the same.
c. The number of protons and the number of electrons are the
same.
d. The number of electron is greater than the number of protons.
5. Which if the following subatomic particles determine the identity of an
atom/element.
a. Proton
b. Nucleus
c. Electron
d. Neutron
Lesson
Atomic Number and the
10 Synthesis of New Elements
In the 1860s a popular Russian professor named Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-
1907) at the Technological Institute of St. Petersburg organized all the known
elements in a table so that atomic weight increases from left to right and elements
with similar properties aligned in the same vertical columns.
What’s In
Mendeleev provides a periodic table that serves as a foundation of modern chemistry,

however some inaccuracies (e.g. Arrangements of Argon and Potassium, Cobalt and Nickel,
tellurium and Iodine) occur when elements are forced to be arranged by atomic weight. Arranging
the elements by weight did not always give a periodic alignment of their chemical properties.
Notes to the Teacher

Possible flow of discussion
1. Using the periodic table, combine the symbols of each
element to form English words. Minimum of four letter words.
This activity/motivation will help them familiarized the elements
on the periodic table.
2. After the activity, start the discussion by asking them
how they would arrange the elements in the periodic table if
they were scientists.
3. Review the ideas of Mendeleev, how he arranged the
elements in the periodic table.
4. Introduce Henry Moseley and his contribution to the
development of the modern periodic table.
5. Finally discuss how the knowledge of atomic number
was used to synthesized new elements.
What’s New
1. Atomic number and the number of protons
In 1911 a Dutch physicist A. van den Broek proposed a hypothesis that the
position number of each element in the periodic table corresponds to the
charge of its nucleus. He basically link the atomic number and the positively
charge proton suggesting that the atomic number is the same as the
number of proton in an atom.
2. Henry Moseley and X-ray Spectra
Henry Moseley an English Physicist in 1912 experimented on different

elements by shooting electrons at an element causing the element to release
x-ray at unique frequency. He fired beams of electrons to different elements
and examined the spectrum of x-rays produced. He found that the frequency
of the x-rays produced by each element depended on its position in the
periodic table starting with hydrogen at 1 and uranium at 92. Every time the
position increases by 1 (e.g. H-1 to He-2, Li-3 to Be to 4) The frequency
emitted is increased by a constant value.
Figure a. The experiment. Figure b. The actual device
Image from www.ncssm.edu Moseley used.
3. Moseley’s conclusion
With knowledge of Broek’s hypothesis together with the result of his

experiment, he concluded that it was the atomic number of the element, not
the atomic weight that decided what the element was. Only whole atomic
numbers fitted the pattern and the atomic number must be the number of
the positive charges on the nucleus.
4. The missing elements
When the elements were arranged according to their atomic numbers, there
were four gaps in the table. These gaps corresponded to the atomic numbers
43, 61, 85, and 87. These elements were later synthesized in the laboratory
through nuclear transmutations.
Figure c. 1915 periodic table with seven missing elements
Photo taken from Chemistry International, www.iupac.org/publications/ci
5. The Discovery of the Missing Elements
In 1937, American physicist Ernest Lawrence synthesized element with

atomic number 43 using a linear particle accelerator. He bombarded
molybdenum (Z=42) with fast-moving neutrons. The newly synthesized
element was named Technetium (Tc) after the Greek word "technêtos"
meaning “artificial.” Tc was the first man-made element. Element 85 was
also synthesised the same manner as element 43, while elements 61 and 87
were discovered as a radioactive decay product of Uranium.
6. The Synthesis of New Elements
In Early in 1940s, Edwin McMillan proved that an element having an atomic

number 93 could be created. He used a particle accelerator to bombard
uranium with neutrons and created an element with an atomic number 93
which he named neptunium. At the end of 1940, element-94 was
synthesized by Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Wahl. They bombarded
uranium with deuterons (particles composed of a proton and a neutron) in a
cyclotron. Element-94 was named plutonium. Elements with atomic
numbers greater than 92 (atomic number of uranium) are called
transuranium elements.
What is It
1. What is the idea of van den Broek regarding the atomic number and the number protons inside an
Atom?
2. How do x-ray spectra reveal the relationship between the position of elements in the periodic
table and the number of positively charged protons inside the nucleus?
3. How did Moseley interpret the result of his x-ray spectra experiment?
4. What did Moseley find when he arranged the element into increasing atomic number?
5. How did physicist use the idea of atomic number to synthesize new elements?
What’s More
Activity 1.1 From Atoms to Periodic table

Directions: Arrange the following events into correct chronological order
1. James Chadwick discovers neutron.
2. Robert Boyle defined an element as any substance that cannot be decomposed into
simpler substance
3. Henry Moseley discovered that atomic number of any element is the same as the number
of protons in that element.
4. J. J. Thomson discovered electrons in his experiment with cathode rays.
5. Eugen Goldstein discovered protons during his canal rays experiment.
6. Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the elements into increasing atomic weight.
7. Democritus proposed that matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles.
8. Rutherford discovered the nucleus using alpha particles ad gold foil
9. van den Broek hypothesized the atomic number is the same as the
number of positively charged particles inside an atom.
10. John Dalton revived the atomic theory of matter
What I Have Learned
1. The atomic number is the number of protons (positively charged particles) in an

atom.
2. Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley was an English physicist who demonstrated that
the atomic number, the number of protons in an atom, determines the
of an element.
3. In 1925, there were four vacancies in the periodic table corresponding to the
atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87. Elements with atomic numbers 43 and 85
were synthesized using particle accelerators.
4. A particle accelerator is a device that is used to speed up the protons to
overcome the repulsion between the protons and the target atomic nuclei by
using magnetic and electrical fields. It is used to synthesize new elements.
5. Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (atomic number of uranium) are
called transuranium elements. They were discovered in the laboratory using
nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.
What I Can Do
A. Short Essay (maximum of 3 sentences)

1. Dmitri Mendeleev is often regarded as the Father of the Periodic Table.
Would you say that Henry Moseley deserves the recognition more than
him?
2. Explain why the atomic number is called the “fingerprint” of elements.
3. How would you relate alchemy to synthesis of new elements?
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The Dutch physicist who hypothesized that the atomic number is related
to the positively charged particle in an atom.
a. E. Rutherford
b. J. J. Thomson
c. van den Broek
d. Henry Moseley
2. Which of the following statements is true about atomic number?
a. Atomic number is the number of neutrons inside the nucleus
b. Atomic number is the same as the number of protons in an atom.
c. Atomic number is the sum of protons and neutrons in an tom.
d. Atomic number is the sum of all the masses of all the three
subatomic particles in an atom.
3. All are findings of Henry Moseley except,

a. Frequency of x-ray is proportional to the position of elements in the
periodic table.
b. The number of protons determines the nature and identity of an
element.
c. By arranging the elements into increasing atomic number, elements
would exhibit periodic alignments with their chemical properties.
d. The arrangements of protons in an atom define the property of a
given element.
4. A device used to speed up the protons to overcome the repulsion

between the protons and the target atomic nuclei by using magnetic and
electrical fields
a. Particle accelerator
b. Cathode ray tube
c. Electron Tunnelling microscope
d. Hadron Collider
5. The very first man-made element synthesized in the laboratory by

physicist Ernest Lawrence in 1937.
a. neptunium
b. Promethium
c. Technetium
d. plutonium
Additional Activities
1. Find examples in the periodic table where the elements are not in order of their relative
atomic weight.
A. Note down the names, symbol, atomic numbers, and relative atomic weights.
B. Find the date that the elements were discovered.
C. How many of these anomalies would have been known by
Mendeleev?
2. Research on the latest instruments used in preparing new elements in the
laboratory. What were the instruments used in preparing the newest four
elements, nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson?
3. Find out more about Henry Moseley including what happened at Gallipoli
in Turkey in 1915. Write a brief biography in the form of poster, presentation, or radio interview.
What I Know What's More Assessment
A 7 C
D B
2
D D
C 10 A
A 6 C
4
5
8
1
9
3
Answer Key
References
1. Conceptual science and beyond: Physical science by R. Bulataran, R. Olipane, J.

Santos 2016.
2. Chemistry in Focus, a molecular view of our world by N. Tro 2003
3. Teaching Guide for Senior High School Physical Science by Commission on
Higher Education 2016
4. Online articles
a. https://www.chemteam.info/AtomicStructure/AtNum-moseley.html
Moseley and atomic Number
b. https://freedomtoteach.collins.co.uk/chemistry-in-1913-part-1-henry-
moseley-and-atomic-number/
Chemistry in 1913: Part 1 – Henry Moseley and atomic number

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What I Know

1. Atomic number corresponds to the number of which subatomic

Mendeleev provides a periodic table that serves as a foundation of modern chemistry,

Notes to the Teacher

1. Atomic number and the number of protons

2. Henry Moseley and X-ray Spectra

Henry Moseley an English Physicist in 1912 experimented on different

With knowledge of Broek’s hypothesis together with the result of his

5. The Discovery of the Missing Elements

In 1937, American physicist Ernest Lawrence synthesized element with

6. The Synthesis of New Elements

In Early in 1940s, Edwin McMillan proved that an element having an atomic

Activity 1.1 From Atoms to Periodic table

1. The atomic number is the number of protons (positively charged particles) in an

A. Short Essay (maximum of 3 sentences)

3. All are findings of Henry Moseley except,

4. A device used to speed up the protons to overcome the repulsion

5. The very first man-made element synthesized in the laboratory by

1. Conceptual science and beyond: Physical science by R. Bulataran, R. Olipane, J.

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