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1 Introduction to GSM Networks 1 10
1.1 Signalling in GSM 3 11

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1.2 GSM Mobility 3 12
1.3 Mobile Station 4 13

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1.4 Identifiers in the GSM Network 4 14
1.4.1 International Mobile Subscriber Identity 4 15

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1.4.2 Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Number 16
(MSISDN Number) 5 17
1.4.3 International Mobile Equipment Identifier 6 18
1.4.4 Mobile Station Roaming Number 6 19
1.5 Basic Services 6 20
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1.5.1 Tele Services 7 21
1.5.2 Bearer Services 7 22
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1.5.3 Circuit Bearer Description 7 23

1.6 Supplementary Services 9 24
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2 Introduction to Intelligent Networks 11

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2.1 History of Intelligent Networks 11 28
2.2 Principles of Intelligent Networks 12 29
2.3 Service Switching Function 14 30
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2.4 Service Control Function 15 31

2.5 Basic Call State Model 15 32
2.6 Dialogue Handling 17
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2.6.1 DP Arming/Disarming Rules 17 34
2.6.2 Control vs Monitor Relationship 18
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2.7 Evolution of the CAMEL Standard 19 36
2.7.1 Third-generation Partnership Project 19 37
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2.7.2 CAMEL Standards and Specifications 21 38

2.8 Principles of CAMEL 22 39
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2.8.1 Location Update Procedure 22 40

2.8.2 CAMEL Application Part 24 41
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2.8.3 Abstract Syntax Notation 26 42

2.8.4 Application Context 28 43
2.9 Signalling for CAMEL 28 44
2.9.1 Message Transfer Part 29 45
2.9.2 Signalling Connection Control Part 29 46
2.9.3 Transaction Capabilities 32 47
2.10 Dynamic Load Sharing 34 48
2.11 Using Signalling Point Code for Addressing in HPLMN 35 49
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3 CAMEL Phase 1 37 1
3.1 Architecture for CAMEL Phase 1 37 2
3.1.1 Functional Entities 37 3
3.1.2 Information Flows 42 4
3.2 Feature Description 45 5
3.2.1 Mobile-originated Calls 46 6
3.2.2 Mobile-terminated Calls 49 7

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3.2.3 Mobile-forwarded Calls 55 8
3.2.4 Any-time Interrogation 62 9
3.3 Subscription Data 65 10
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3.3.1 Originating CSI and Terminating CSI 66
3.4 Basic Call State Model 69 12
3.4.1 Originating Basic Call State Model 69 13

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3.4.2 Terminating Basic Call State Model 70 14
3.4.3 Detection Points 70 15

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3.4.4 Points in Call 72 16
3.4.5 BCSM State Transitions 73 17
3.4.6 gsmSSF Process 73 18
3.4.7 Tssf Timer 74 19
3.5 CAMEL Application Part 75 20
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3.5.1 Initial DP 75 21
3.5.2 Request Report BCSM 76 22
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3.5.3 Event Report BCSM 76 23

3.5.4 Continue 76 24
3.5.5 Connect 77 25
3.5.6 Release Call 78 26
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3.5.7 Activity Test 79 27

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3.6 Service Examples 79
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3.6.1 Virtual Private Network 79
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3.6.2 Pre-paid Route Home 80
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3.6.3 Short Number Dialling with CLI Guarantee 82
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4 CAMEL Phase 2 85 35
4.1 Introduction 85 36
4.2 Architecture 87 37
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4.2.1 Functional Entities 87 38

4.2.2 Information Flows 89 39
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4.3 Feature Description 92 40

4.3.1 On-line Charging Control 92 41
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4.3.2 Call Forwarding Notifications 112 42

4.3.3 Follow-on Calls 117 43
4.3.4 User Interaction 123 44
4.3.5 Equal Access 139 45
4.3.6 Enhancement of Call Control 141 46
4.3.7 Supplementary Service Invocation Notification 144 47
4.3.8 Short Forwarded-to Numbers 146 48
4.3.9 Conditional Triggering 149 49
4.3.10 USSD control 154 50
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4.4 Subscription Data 160 1

4.4.1 Originating CSI 161 2
4.4.2 Terminating CSI 161 3
4.4.3 Supplementary Service CSI 161 4
4.4.4 Translation Information Flag CSI 162 5
4.4.5 Unstructured Supplementary Service Data CSI 162 6
4.4.6 USSD Generic CSI 162 7

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4.5 Basic Call State Model 162 8
4.5.1 Originating Basic Call State Model 162 9
4.5.2 Terminating Basic Call State Model 169 10
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4.6 CAMEL Phase 2 Relationship 173
4.6.1 CAP v2 operations 173 12
4.7 Interaction with GSM Supplementary Services 174 13

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4.7.1 Line Identification 174 14
4.7.2 Call Forwarding 176 15

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4.7.3 Explicit Call Transfer 177 16
4.7.4 Call Waiting 178 17
4.7.5 Call Hold 178 18
4.7.6 Completion of Calls to Busy Subscribers 179 19
4.7.7 Multi-party 179 20
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4.7.8 Closed User Group 180 21
4.7.9 Call Barring 180 22
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4.7.10 User-to-user Signalling 181 23

4.7.11 Call Deflection 181 24
4.8 Interaction with Network Services 182 25
4.8.1 Basic Optimal Routeing 182 26
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4.8.2 Immediate Service Termination 184 27

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4.8.3 Operator-determined Barring 185
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4.8.4 High-speed Circuit-switched Data 185
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4.8.5 Multiple Subscriber Profile 186
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5 CAMEL Phase 3 187 33

5.1 General Third-generation Networks 187 34
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5.1.1 UMTS Network Architecture 187 35

5.1.2 2G Cell Planning vs 3G Cell Planning 188 36
5.1.3 Location Information 189 37
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5.1.4 Split-MSC Architecture 194 38

5.1.5 CAMEL Phase 3 Features 196 39
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5.2 Call Control 196 40

5.2.1 Subscribed Dialled Services 196 41
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5.2.2 Serving Network-based Dialled Services 202 42

5.2.3 CAMEL Control of Mobile Terminated Calls in VMSC 203 43
5.2.4 CAMEL Service Invocation at Call Failure 206 44
5.2.5 Service Interaction Control 207 45
5.2.6 Call Gapping 211 46
5.2.7 Support of Long Forwarded-to numbers 213 47
5.2.8 On-line Charging Enhancements 215 48
5.2.9 Multiple Subscriber Profile 219 49
5.2.10 Other Enhancements to CAP 223 50
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5.3 CAMEL Control of GPRS 224 1

5.3.1 Network Architecture 224 2
5.3.2 Subscription Data 228 3
5.3.3 GPRS State Models 229 4
5.3.4 CAP v3 Operations for GPRS 247 5
5.3.5 On-line Charging for GPRS 247 6
5.3.6 Quality of Service 252 7

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5.3.7 Routeing Area Update 254 8
5.3.8 Network-initiated PDP Context Establishment 256 9
5.3.9 Secondary PDP Context 256 10
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5.3.10 Impact on CDRs 257
5.3.11 Operator-determined Barring 259 12
5.3.12 GPRS Roaming Scenarios 259 13

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5.3.13 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution 260 14
5.4 CAMEL Control of MO-SMS 260 15

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5.4.1 Network Architecture 261 16
5.4.2 CAMEL Control of MO-SMS 263 17
5.4.3 Subscription Data 265 18
5.4.4 SMS State Model 265 19
5.4.5 Information Flows 266 20
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5.4.6 Information Reporting and SMS Steering 267 21
5.4.7 Charging and Call Detail Records 269 22
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5.4.8 Supplementary Services and Operator-determined Barring 270 23

5.4.9 Service Examples 271 24
5.4.10 International Roaming 271 25
5.5 Mobility Management 273 26
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5.5.1 Description 273 27

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5.5.2 Subscription Data 274
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5.5.3 Information Flows 275
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5.5.4 Service Examples 275
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5.6 CAMEL Interaction with Location Services 277
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5.6.1 Description 277
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5.7 Active Location Retrieval 278
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5.8 Subscription Data Control 280
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5.8.1 Network Architecture 281
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5.8.2 Any-time Subscription Interrogation 281
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5.8.3 Any-time Modification 281

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5.8.4 Notify Subscriber Data Change 283
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5.9 Enhancement to USSD 283

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5.10 Pre-paging 284
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6 CAMEL Phase 4 285 43
6.1 General 285 44
6.1.1 Specifications Used for CAMEL Phase 4 285 45
6.1.2 Partial CAMEL Phase 4 Support 286 46
6.2 Call Control 289 47
6.2.1 Basic Call State Models 290 48
6.2.2 Call Party Handling 290 49
6.2.3 Network-initiated Call Establishment 305 50
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6.2.4 Optimal Routeing of Basic Mobile-to-mobile Calls 309 1

6.2.5 Alerting Detection Point 310 2
6.2.6 Mid-call Detection Point 312 3
6.2.7 Change of Position Detection Point 314 4
6.2.8 Flexible Warning Tone 316 5
6.2.9 Tone Injection 317 6
6.2.10 Enhancement to Call Forwarding Notification 318 7

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6.2.11 Control of Video Telephony Calls 319 8
6.2.12 Control of SCUDIF Calls 321 9
6.2.13 Reporting IMEI and MS Classmark 323 10
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6.3 GPRS Control 324
6.4 SMS Control 325 12
6.4.1 Mobile-originated SMS Control 325 13

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6.4.2 Mobile-terminated SMS Control 326 14
6.5 Mobility Management 331 15

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6.5.1 Subscription Data 332 16
6.6 Any-time Interrogation 334 17
6.6.1 ATI for CS Domain 334 18
6.6.2 ATI for PS Domain 335 19
6.7 Subscription Data Control 336 20
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6.8 Mobile Number Portability 336 21
6.8.1 Call Routeing 337 22
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6.8.2 MNP SRF Query by gsmSCF 340 23

6.8.3 Non-standard MNP Solutions 341 24
6.9 Control of IP Multimedia Calls 342 25
6.9.1 Rationale of CAMEL Control of IMS 345 26
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6.9.2 The IM-SSF 346 27

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6.9.3 Registration 347
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6.9.4 IMS Call Control 348
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6.9.5 CAMEL Application Part for IMS Control 350
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6.9.6 Supported Call Cases for IMS Control 353
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6.9.7 Service Example 353
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7 Charging and Accounting 355 37
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7.1 Architecture 355 38

7.2 Call Detail Records 355 39
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7.2.1 Overview of Call Detail Records 356 40

7.2.2 CAMEL-related Parameters in CDRs 358 41
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7.2.3 Composite CDRs 359 42

7.3 Transfer Account Procedure Files 359 43
7.4 Inter-operator Accounting of CAMEL Calls 361 44
7.4.1 Clearing House 365 45
7.4.2 CAMEL Invocation Fee 366 46
7.5 Correlation of Call Detail Records 366 47
7.5.1 Call Reference Number 367 48
7.5.2 MF Calls 368 49
7.5.3 SCP-initiated Calls 369 50
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7.6 Global Call Reference 369 1

7.7 Call Party Handling CDRs 370 2
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8 3GPP Rel-6 and Beyond 371 4
8.1 General 371 5
8.1.1 Capability Negotiation 372 6
8.2 Enhancements to 3GPP Rel-6 373 7

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8.2.1 Enhanced Dialled Service 373 8
8.2.2 Handover Notification Criteria 375 9
8.2.3 Enhancement to SCUDIF Control 376 10
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8.2.4 Reporting User-to-user Information 376
8.2.5 Enhancement to User Interaction 378 12
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8.3 Enhancements to 3GPP Rel-7 379
8.3.1 Trunk-originated Triggering 379 14
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Appendix 383
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A.1 Overview of CAP Operations 383
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A.2 Overview of MAP Operations 384
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A.3 Overview of ISUP Messages 386
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A.4 Overview of CAMEL Subscription Information 386
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References 389
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Abbreviations 395 25
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Index 401 27
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