PRESENT

TIEMPOS VERBALES en

PRESENTE

Ej) He Works (El trabaja) Ej) He is Working (El está trabajando)

• PRESENT SIMPLE • PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Ej) He has Worked (El ha trabajado) Ej) He has been working (El ha estado trabajando)

• PRESENT PERFECT - SIMPLE • PRESENT PERFECT - CONTINUOUS

PRESENT SIMPLE
Uso del presente simple

El "presente simple" se usa para:

• Rutinas

I work in a silver mine

Trabajo en una mina de plata

• Situaciones permanentes

She has a car

Ella tiene un coche

• Leyes naturales o físicas

The Sun appears in the East

El Sol sale por el este
CONJUGACIÓN…………………………………………………………………………………………
• ATTENTION!

• Verb “to be”:

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I am am not Am I….?
You are aren’t Are you…?
He/She/It is isn’t Is he/she/it…?
We are aren’t Are we…?
You are aren’t Are you…?
They are aren’t Are they…?

Verb “to have”:

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I have haven’t Have I…?
You have haven’t Have you…?
He/She/It has hasn’t Has he/she/it…?
We have haven’t Have we…?
You have haven’t Have you…?
They have haven’t Have they…?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS

5.Uso del presente continuo

El "present continuous" se usa para:

• Acciones que se están haciendo en el mismo momento que se habla

I am eating an apple
Me estoy comiendo una manzana

• Situaciones cíclicas en un periodo de tiempo definido

I am getting up early this month

Me estoy levantando pronto este mes

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I work don’t work Do I work?
You work don’t work Do you work?
He/She/It works doesn’t work Does he/she/it work?
We work don’t work Do we work?
You work don’t work Do you work?
They work don’t work Do they work?
CONJUGACIÓN…………………………………………………………………………………………

* VERBS WITH STATE AND ACTION MEANINGS

STATE ACTION
Do What do you do? What are you doing?
Be, have This house is over 5 years He is being very silly.
old.
Imagine, I imagine you feel the same. You’re imagining things!
Suppose, think,
expect
Hope, wonder I hope you haven’t been We’re hoping to continue the
waiting long. talks next week.
Enjoy, like, love I love going out for long I’m loving every minute of my
walks. new job!
Appear Your visa appears to be out Sarah is appearing in Hamlet
of date. at the Grand Theatre.
Look Jim looks ill. Helen is looking well.
See, hear I see you’ve had your hair Jane is seeing Harry.
cut.
Feel, see, smell, The room smells awful! I’m smelling the flowers!
taste
Ache, feel, hurt My foot hurts. My foot is hurting.
Weight, This bag weights more than I’m weighing the parcel
measure 20 kilos. before I post it.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
5. Uso del presente perfecto

El present perfect es usado para:

a) Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y que no han terminado aún en el presente

I have not slept in the past two days

No he dormido en los últimos 2 días

b) Acciones que comenzaron y acabaron en el pasado pero que su efecto continua en el

presente.

I am not hungry because I have eaten an apple

No tengo hambre porque he comido una manzana

El matiz del ejemplo anterior es, que aunque hemos terminado de comer la manzana, esta
acción tiene repercusión en el presente (no tenemos hambre en el presente por habernos
comido la manzana)

I have bought a car

(Yo) he comprado un coche

El matiz de este segundo ejemplo es, que aunque la acción de comprar terminó, el coche nos
sigue perteneciendo en el presente (continua el efecto de la acción).

c) Acciones que comenzaron y acabaron en el pasado pero que el interlocutor ha situado

la acción en un intervalo de tiempo no acabado. Esta situación de la acción en un
intervalo temporal no finalizado obliga a construir la oración en presente perfecto:

Intervalo temporal no finalizado (Present Perfect):

I have been in USA this year

He estado este año en Estados Unidos
 Intervalo temporal finalizado (Past Simple):

I was in USA last year

Estuve el año pasado en Estados Unidos

d) Acciones que comenzaron y acabaron en el pasado pero que el interlocutor ha situado

la acción en un intervalo de tiempo no acabado. Esta situación de la acción en un
intervalo temporal no finalizado obliga a construir la oración en presente perfecto:

Intervalo temporal no finalizado (Present Perfect):

I have been in USA this year

He estado este año en Estados Unidos

Intervalo temporal finalizado (Past Simple):

I was in USA last year

Estuve el año pasado en Estados Unidos
Partículas usadas en "Present Perfect"

> Just (acabar de)

Just se usa en "Present Perfect" para decir que una acción acaba de ser terminada:

we have just eaten and we are not hungry

Nosotros acabamos de comer y no tenemos hambre

 Already (ya)

Already significa "ya", pero sólo con oraciones afirmativas y en Present Perfect:

I have already ordered the books

ya he pedido los libros

 Yet (ya o todavía)

Yet en "Present Perfect" significa "ya" en oraciones interrogativas y "todavía" en negativas :

Have you ordered her book yet?

¿Ya has pedido su libro?
 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I have worked haven’t worked Have I worked…?
You have worked haven’t worked Have you worked…?
He/She/It has worked hasn’t worked Has he/she/it worked…?
We have worked haven’t worked Have we worked…?
You have worked haven’t worked Have you worked…?
They have worked haven’t worked Have they worked…?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Uso del presente perfecto continuo

Este tiempo verbal se usa cuando una acción que ha tenido una cierta duración acaba de ser terminada.

I have been spending so much lately

He estado gastando demasiado últimamente

She has been going out with Michael for about a year now
Ella ha estado saliendo con Michael desde hace aproximadamente un año

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I have been haven’t been Have I been working…?
working working
You have been haven’t been Have you been
working working working…?
He/She/It has been working hasn’t been Has he/she/it been
working working…?
We have been haven’t been Have we been
working working working…?
You have been haven’t been Have you been
working working working…?
They have been haven’t been Have they been
working working working…?
PAST
 TIEMPOS VERBALES en

PASADO

Ej) He Worked (El trabajó) Ej) He was Working (El estaba trabajando)
• SIMPLE PAST • PAST CONTINUOUS

Ej) He had Worked (El había trabajado) Ej) He had been working (El estuvo trabajando)
• PAST PERFECT - SIMPLE • PAST PERFECT - CONTINUOUS
 PAST SIMPLE

Irregular Verbs
•

• YOU DON'T HAVE TO STUDY THOSE IN RED!!!

• (¡No tenéis que estudiar los verbos en rojo!)
•

INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE SPANISH

Arise arose arisen surgir
Be was / were been ser / estar
Beat beat beaten golpear
Become became become convertirse
Begin began begun comenzar
Bet bet / betted bet / betted apostar
Bite bit bitten morder
Bleed bled bled sangrar
Blow blew blown soplar
Break broke broken romper
Bring brought brought traer
Build built built construir
Buy bought bought comprar
Catch caught caught atrapar
Choose chose chosen elegir
Come came come venir
Cost cost cost costar
Creep crept crept arrastrarse
Cut cut cut cortar
Deal dealt dealt dar, repartir
Do did done hacer
Draw drew drawn dibujar
Dream dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed soñar
Drink drank drunk beber
Drive drove driven conducir
Eat ate eaten comer
Fall fell fallen caer
Feed fed fed alimentar
Feel felt felt sentir
Fight fought fought pelear
Find found found encontrar
Flee fled fled huir
Fly flew flown volar
Forget forgot forgotten olvidar
Forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
Forsake forsook forsaken abandonar
Freeze froze frozen congelar
Get got got / gotten tener, obtener
Give gave given dar
Go went gone ir
Grind ground ground moler
Grow grew grown crecer
Hang hung hung colgar
Have had had tener
Hear heard heard oír
Hide hid hidden esconderse
Hit hit hit golpear
Hold held held tener, mantener
Hurt hurt hurt herir, doler
Keep kept kept guardar
Kneel knelt knelt arrodillarse
Know knew known saber
Lead led led encabezar
Learn learnt / learned learnt / learned aprender
Leave left left dejar
Lend lent lent prestar
Let let let dejar
Lie lay lain yacer
Lose lost lost perder
Make made made hacer
Mean meant meant significar
Meet met met conocer, encontrar
Pay paid paid pagar
Put put put poner
Quit quit / quitted quit / quitted abandonar
Read read read leer
Ride rode ridden montar, ir
Ring rang rung llamar por teléfono
Rise rose risen elevar
Run ran run correr
Say said said decir
See saw seen ver
Sell sold sold vender
Send sent sent enviar
Set set set fijar
Sew sewed sewn / sewed coser
Shake shook shaken sacudir
Shine shone shone brillar
Shoot shot shot disparar
Show showed shown / showed mostrar
Shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk encoger
Shut shut shut cerrar
Sing sang sung cantar
Sink sank sunk hundir
Sit sat sat sentarse
Sleep slept slept dormir
Slide slid slid deslizar
Sow sowed sown / sowed sembrar
Speak spoke spoken hablar
Spell spelt / spelled spelt / spelled deletrar
Spend spent spent gastar
Spill spilt / spilled spilt / spilled derramar
Split split split partir
Spoil spoilt / spoiled spoilt / spoiled estropear
Spread spread spread extenderse
Stand stood stood estar de pie
Steal stole stolen robar
Sting stung stung picar
Stink stank / stunk stunk apestar
Strike struck struck golpear
Swear swore sworn jurar
Sweep swept swept barrer
Swim swam swum nadar
Take took taken tomar
Teach taught taught enseñar
Tear tore torn romper
Tell told told decir
Think thought thought pensar
Throw threw thrown lanzar
Tread trode todden / trod pisar
Understand understood understoot entender
Wake woke woken despertarse
Wear wore worn llevar puesto
Weave wove woven tejer
Weep wept wept llorar
Win won won ganar
Wring wrung wrung retorcer
Write wrote written escribir
4. Uso del pasado simple

El "past simple" se usa para:

• Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y ya están terminadas.

I ate an apple yesterday

Me comí una manzana ayer

5. Complementos Temporales

Usualmente con las oraciones en "pasado simple" es necesario detallar cuando se realizó la acción (de
manera explícita o por el contexto).

Por ejemplo:

I played a match last week

Jugué un partido la semana pasada

Enumeramos algunos otros complementos temporales de este tiempo verbal a modo de ejemplo:

Complemento Significado

yesterday ayer

two years ago hace dos años

in 2008 en 2008

last year hace un año

on 01/01/2000 el 01/01/2000

in July en julio
CONJUGACIÓN…………………………………………………………………………………………

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I worked didn’t work Did I work?
You worked didn’t work Did you work?
He/She/It worked didn’t work Did he/she/it work?
We worked didn’t work Did we work?
You worked didn’t work Did you work?
They worked didn’t work Did they work?

1) Regular verbs are those ones only need to add -ed after the verb to

form the past simple and the past participle form: He listened to music

yesterday.

2) Irregular verbs are those one that has a different form, totally

different for past simple and past participle. We must study them. He

went to the doctor.

 ATTENTION!!

Verb “to be”:

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I was wasn’t Was I…?
You were weren’t Were you…?
He/She/It was wasn’t Was he/she/it…?
We were weren’t Were we…?
You were weren’t Were you…?
They were weren’t Were they…?

ATTENTION!!

Verb “to be”:

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I was wasn’t Was I…?
You were weren’t Were you…?
He/She/It was wasn’t Was he/she/it…?
We were weren’t Were we…?
You were weren’t Were you…?
They were weren’t Were they…?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS

4. Uso del pasado continuo

El "past continuous" se usa para:

• Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y se quiere remarcar que tuvieron una cierta
duración.

I was eating an apple, when I fell to the ground

Me estaba comiendo una manzana cuando caí al suelo

En el ejemplo anterior se utiliza el pasado continuo para describir que la acción de comer la manzana tuvo
una cierta duración pero que la caída fue instantánea.
CONJUGACIÓN…………………………………………………………………………………………
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I was working wasn’t working Was I working?

You were working weren’t working Were you working?

He/She/It was working wasn’t working Was he/she/it working?

We were working weren’t working Were we working?

You were working weren’t working Were you working?

They were working weren’t working Were they working?

OTHER USES OF PAST CONTINUOUS

Past continuous can also be used:

• To emphasize that an action was still continuing.

• To describe a changing situation.

• With forever, continually, always, etc. to criticize actions we feel are annoying, or which we wish to

exaggerate.

• We do not generally use past continuous to describe habitual actions in the past.
PAST PERFECT - SIMPLE

El Pluscuamperfecto en Inglés

El "past perfect" se usa para:

• Acciones que terminaron en el pasado y fueron anteriores a otras que hace referencia.

The film had not started when I arrived

La película no había empezado cuando yo llegué
CONJUGACIÓN…………………………………………………………………………………………

STRUCTURE: subject + had + past participle

• Use the past perfect simple when you are talking about the past and you want to talk about an earlier

past action: When they turned on the TV, the match had finished.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I had worked hadn’t worked Had I worked…?
You had worked hadn’t worked Had you worked…?
He/She/It had worked hadn’t worked Had he/she/it worked…?
We had worked hadn’t worked Had we worked…?
You had worked hadn’t worked Had you worked…?
They had worked hadn’t worked Had they worked…?

TIME EXPRESSIONS WITH:

• Past simple: ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last

week/night/year…
• Past continuous: as, at 7am yesterday, last week/month…when, while.
• Past perfect: after, already, before, by the time.7
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

STRUCTURE: subject + had been + verb -ing

• Use past perfect continuous to indicate a continuous action that was completed at some

point in the past: I had been working in the garden all morning.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I had been hadn’t been Had I been working…?
working working
You had been hadn’t been Had you been working…?
working working
He/She/It had been hadn’t been Had he/she/it been
working working working…?
We had been hadn’t been Had we been working…?
working working
You had been hadn’t been Had you been working…?
working working
They had been hadn’t been Had they been working…?
working working
FUTURE
 TIEMPOS VERBALES en

FUTURO

Ej) I will work (Yo trabajaré) Ej) I am going to eat (Yo estaré comiendo)
• FUTURE SIMPLE • FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Ej) I will have worked in Toledo for 7 months Ej)

(Yo trabajaré en Toledo por 7 meses) The Rolling Stones will be performing in Madrid in July.
(Los Rolling Stones estarán de gira en Madrid en Julio)

• FUTURE PERFECT - SIMPLE • FUTURE PERFECT - CONTINUOUS

FUTURE SIMPLE: WILL

2. Uso del futuro simple

• Se utiliza para realizar promesas

I will write you soon

Te escribiré pronto

• Se utiliza para decisiones tomadas mientras se está conversando

Ok, I will call customer service again

Vale, llamaré otra vez a atención al cliente

STRUCTURE: subject + will + infinitive

• Use will/won’t for factual predictions: Inflation will increase by 5% over the next months.

• For predictions not based on the facts or opinions about the future: I think hundreds of people will run

in the marathon next month.

• For an immediate decision: I will phone you.

• Promises and offers: Don’t worry, I will lend you my jacket.

 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I will work won’t work Will I work?
You will work won’t work Will you work?
He/She/It will work won’t work Will he/she/it work?
We will work won’t work Will we work?
You will work won’t work Will you work?
They will work won’t work Will they work?
Contractions are used, so: I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, etc.
CONTINUOUS FUTURE
FUTURE CONTINUOUS: Going to

El Futuro Continuo (going to)

Contracciones
En argot se contrae going to en gonna:

Un ejemplo claro es la oración:

tonight is going to be a good night

hoy va a ser una buena noche

se convierte en:

tonight is gonna be a good night

también puede contraerse tonight y is, quedando:

tonight's gonna be a good night

4. Uso del futuro "going to"

El "future going to" se usa para:

• Acciones que se ha planificado realizar en el futuro, usualmente en un futuro cercano.

He is going to sing tomorrow night

Él va a ir a cantar mañana por la noche

Recordad que si la acción no es planificada (decisión espontanea) se usa el futuro simple

5. La pasiva con el futuro "going to"

La construcción de la pasiva es:

[SUJETO] + am/are/is going to be +[PARTICIPIO]

Pasiva Significado

I am going to be honored yo voy a ser premiado

you are going to be honored tú vas a ser premiado

he is going to be honored él va a ser premiado

we are going to be honored nosotros vamos a ser premiados

you are going to be honored vosotros vais a ser premiados

they are going to be honored ellos van a ser premiados

CONJUGACIÓN…………………………………………………………………………………………

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I am going to am not going to Am I going to work…?
work work
You are going to aren’t going to Are you going to work…?
work work
He/She/It is going to isn’t going to Is he/she/it going to
work work work…?
We are going to aren’t going to Are we going to work…?
work work
You are going to aren’t going to Are you going to work…?
work work
They are going to aren’t going to Are they going to work…?
work work
Will or going to? PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

STRUCTURE: subject + had been + verb -ing

• Use past perfect continuous to indicate a continuous action that was completed at some point in the past:

I had been working in the garden all morning.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I had been hadn’t been Had I been working…?
working working
You had been hadn’t been Had you been working…?
working working
He/She/It had been hadn’t been Had he/she/it been
working working working…?
We had been hadn’t been Had we been working…?
working working
You had been hadn’t been Had you been working…?
working working
They had been hadn’t been Had they been working…?
working working
• In many cases, will as a prediction can be replaced by going to,

especially in everyday speech.

• Normally, going to cannot be replaced by will without changing the

meaning.
• It depends on the context.
FUTURE PERFECT - SIMPLE

STRUCTURE: subject + will have + participle

• Use future perfect to focus on the result, after a future action is completed.

It refers to a completed action in the future.

• It is most often used with a time expression: She will have been in Toledo for 7

months on July 21st.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I will have won’t have Will I have worked…?
worked worked
You will have won’t have Will you have worked…?
worked worked
He/She/It will have won’t have Will he/she/it have
worked worked worked…?
We will have won’t have Will we have worked…?
worked worked
You will have won’t have Will you have worked…?
worked worked
They will have won’t have Will they have worked…?
worked worked
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
FUTURE CONTINUOUS

STRUCTURE: subject + will be + verb -ing

• Use the future continuous to focus on the process during a future action.
• Events that have already been arranged for a future date: The Rolling Stones will be

performing in Madrid in July.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I will be won’t be working Will I be working?
working
You will be won’t be working Will you be working?
working
He/She/It will be won’t be working Will he/she/it be working?
working
We will be won’t be working Will we be working?
working
You will be won’t be working Will you be working?
working
They will be won’t be working Will they be working?
working
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
FUTURE PERFECT - CONTINUOUS

STRUCTURE: subject + will have been + verb -ing

• Use the future perf. continuous to describe actions that will continue up until a point in

the future: At two o’clock, she’ll have been waiting for five hours.
• It is most often used with a time expression.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I Will have Won’t have been Will I have been working…?
been working working
You Will have Won’t have been Will you have been
been working working working…?
He/She/It Will have Won’t have been Will he/she/it have been
been working working working…?

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

We Will have Won’t have been Will we have been
been working working working…?
You Will have Won’t have been Will you have been
been working working working…?
They Will have Won’t have been Will they have been
been working working working…?
 ATTENTION!!

There are some other ways to talk about the future without using future verb tenses.

• Present continuous: it is the most common way to talk about arrangements: I’m seeing Sarah tomorrow.

• Present simple: we can also use the present simple to talk about future events which are part of a

timetable or a regular schedule: The train leaves in five minutes.

Other ways of expressing future arrangements:

• Be due to + infinitive can be used to say that something is arranged or expected.

o My sister is due to arrive at 7.30 at the station.

• Be about to + infinitive to say that something is going to happen very soon.

o My sister is about to have a baby.

• Be + to + infinitive in a formal style to talk about official plans and arrangements.

o It has been announced that the chancellor is to visit France next month.
 Oraciones de condicionales en inglés
Se usa este tipo de oraciones para dar órdenes condicionadas:
• If there is a problem, call me. Si hay un problema llámame.
• If I can, you can. Si yo puedo tu puedes.
• If you are late, I will not wait for you. Si tu llegas tarde no te esperaré
• If I were rich, I would buy a ship. ...
• If I had been a pilot, I would have bought a plane.

Las Oraciones Condicionales en Inglés - InglesSencillo.com

www.inglessencillo.com › oraciones-condicionales
El Modo Condicional

• 1 Conjugación regular del condicional

o 1.1 El Condicional Simple (Conditional simple)

o 1.2 El Condicional Progresivo (Conditional progressive)

o 1.3 El Condicional Perfecto (Conditional perfect)

o 1.4 El Condicional Progresivo Perfecto

• 2 La negación del condicional

• 3 La interrogación en el condicional
• 4 El condicional con los verbos modales
• 5 Uso del condicional
Conjugación regular del condicional

El modo condicional tiene 4 tiempos verbales:

• El Condicional Simple (Conditional simple)

• El Condicional Progresivo (Conditional progressive)
• El Condicional Perfecto (Conditional perfect)
• El Condicional Progresivo Perfecto (Conditional progressive perfect)
El condicional con los verbos modales

Los verbos modales can y may no construyen el condicional con would sino tienen una conjugación
propia:

Condicional Condicional
Verbo Conditional perfect
Present simple Present continuous

can I could clean I could be cleaning I could have cleaned

yo podría limpiar yo podría estar limpiando yo podría haber limpiado

may I might clean I might be cleaning I might have cleaned

yo podría limpiar yo podría estar limpiando yo podría haber limpiado
Uso del condicional

El condicional se usa para:

• Para denotar una posibilidad de que suceda una acción

Would you eat an octopus?

¿Te comerías un pulpo?

• En el estilo indirecto (Reported speech) cuando se narró algo sobre el futuro:

She said that we would go out tomorrow

Ella dijo que saldríamos mañana

Siguientes Lecciones:

home > : El Presente Simple | Presente Continuo | Pasado Simple | Pasado Continuo | Presente
Perfecto | Pluscuamperfecto | Pluscuamperfecto Continuo | Futuro Simple | Futuro Continuo | Futuro going
to | Futuro perfecto | Imperativo | el Infinitivo | el Gerundio

8 Consejos | La dificultad de aprender inglés | Guía de Conversación

 CONDITIONALS ZERO CONDITIONAL

Use zero conditional when you want to express general

truths/facts:
o If you heat ice, it melts.
o If it rains, the grass gets wet.

ATTENTION!!

 If and when have the same meaning in the zero conditional:

o If / When I look after plants, they die.

 1. FIRST CONDITIONAL

 Use first conditional to talk about possible or likely future result.

 To talk about things that are possible, but not certain. The main
clause says what we think the result will be in this situation.

o If you come early, you will get a parking space.

o If I see her, I will tell her.

ATTENTION!!

 Unless = if...not

o I won’t go unless she invites me. = I won’t go if she doesn’t

invite me.

 We can use might instead of will in the main clause to mean “will
perhaps”.
2. SECOND CONDITIONAL

• Use second conditional to talk about hypothetical/imaginary situation in the

present or future and its consequence.
• We often use it to talk about the opposite of what is true or real.

o If I had more money, I would buy a bigger house.

o I wouldn’t do that job unless they paid me a really good salary.
o If he won the lottery, he would buy a car.

• To talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it is not true.

o If I had her number, I would call him. (But it is not possible because
I don’t have her number).
ATTENTION!!

• We can use could instead of would in the main clause to talk about ability or
possibility.
• We can use might instead of would in the main clause to mean “would perhaps”.
3. THIRD CONDITIONAL

• Use third conditional to talk about hypothetical/imaginary situation in the

past (which didn’t happen) and its consequence.

o If I had gone to the party, I would have met your friend.

o If the ship hadn’t hit an iceberg, it wouldn’t have sunk.
ATTENTION!!

• We can also use could, should, might and may in the main clause to mean
“would perhaps”.

o If Shakespeare had lived longer, he might have written poesy.

SUMMARY:

CONDITIONAL FORM
Zero If + present simple, … present simple
Conditional
First If + present simple, …will/won’t +
Conditional infinitive
Second If + past simple, … would/wouldn’t +
Conditional infinitive
Third If + had + past participle, … would/wouldn’t
Conditional + have + past participle
Reported Speech
El "Reported speech" se usa para narrar con nuestras propias palabras lo que otra persona ha dicho. En
español también existe y se llama "estilo indirecto". Os contamos como se forma:

• 1 El estilo directo y el estilo indirecto

• 2 Cambios en el "reported speech"
o 2.1 Verbo de relato

o 2.2 Tiempos verbales

o 2.3 Pronombres personales

o 2.4 Adverbios temporales

o 2.5 Demostrativos

o 2.6 Adverbio de lugar: "here"

• 3 That

El estilo directo y el estilo indirecto

El estilo directo se usa cuando nos expresamos con nuestros propios conocimientos:

The Earth is round

La Tierra es redonda

En cambio, el estilo indirecto es cuando narramos lo que otra persona ha dicho:

Columbus said that the Earth was round

Colón dijo que la Tierra era redonda

Cambios en el "reported speech"

Cuando construimos una oración en "reported speech" tenemos que realizar las siguientes tareas:

• Añadir un verbo de relato

• Cambiar tiempo verbal de la oración
• Cambiar pronombres personales
• Cambiar adverbios temporales
• Cambiar demostrativos
• Cambiar adverbios de lugar

Verbo de relato
Cuando construimos oraciones en "reported speech" tenemos que usar un verbo de relato. Los más
frecuentes son:

Verbo Significado

to tell decir

to say hablar

to ask preguntar
to answer contestar

to complain quejarse

Por ejemplo:

She answered that she didn't know him very well

Ella contestó que no le conocía muy bien

Tiempos verbales
El tiempo verbal de una oración cambia cuando la convertimos a estilo indirecto. Aunque no nos hayamos
dado cuenta también pasa en español.
Lo vemos mejor con un ejemplo,

Estilo directo (presente continuo):

I am working in a bank
Yo estoy trabajando en un banco

Estilo indirecto (pasado continuo):

He said that he was working in a bank

Él dijo que estaba trabajando en un banco

La tabla de conversión de tiempos verbales para el "reported speech" es:

Estilo Directo Estilo Indirecto

Presente Simple Pasado Simple

Presente Continuo Pasado Continuo

Pasado Simple Pluscuamperfecto

Present Perfect
Pluscuamperfecto

Pasado Continuo Pluscuamperfecto continuo

Futuro Simple Condicional

Condicional

Pronombres personales
Los pronombres personales al pasar de estilo directo a indirecto cambian, y no es posible definir unas
reglas fijas ya que dependen del contexto:
Si tomamos esta oración en estilo directo:

I lost my pen
Yo perdí mi lápiz

Existen varias posibilidades de estilo indirecto.

Si lo cuento yo mismo:

I said that I had lost my pen

Yo dije que había perdido mi lápiz

Si lo cuenta otra persona:

He said that he had lost his pen

Él dijo que había perdido su lápiz

o bien si me lo cuenta a mí:

You said that you had lost your pen

Tú dijiste que tú habías perdido tu lápiz

Como vemos los pronombres personales y los posesivos cambian al pasar de estilo directo a indirecto, y
no hay reglas fijas sino tenemos que ver el contexto. Pero la suerte es que estos cambios se producen
igualmente en español.

Adverbios temporales
Los adverbios temporales cambian al pasar de estilo directo a indirecto:
Estilo directo:

I must work today

Yo tengo que trabajar hoy

Estilo indirecto:

He said that he had to work that day

Él dijo que tenía que trabajar ese día

Los listamos os adverbios temporales más frecuentes y su transformación:

Estilo directo Estilo indirecto

Now Then
(ahora) (entonces)

Today That day

(hoy) (ese día)

Yesterday The day before

(ayer) (el día anterior)

Tomorrow The following day

(mañana) (el siguiente día)

The next week The following week

(la semana que viene) (la siguiente semana)

Demostrativos
Ahora vamos a ver que el demostrativo "this" también cambia. Como siempre se ve mejor con un
ejemplo:
Estilo directo:

I will buy this car

Me compraré este coche

Estilo indirecto:

He told me that he would buy that car

Él me dijo que se compraría ese coche

Estilo directo Estilo indirecto

this that
(este) (ese)

Adverbio de lugar: "here"

Dependiendo del contexto el adverbio "here" (aquí) se puede transformar en "there" (allí), al igual que
pasa en español.
Estilo directo:

I will never eat here again

Yo no comeré nunca aquí otra vez

Estilo indirecto:

She told me that she would never eat there again

Ella me dijo que ella no comería nunca otra vez allí

That
La partícula "that" es opcional, las oraciones son correctas tanto con "that":

He told me that he was single

Él me dijo que era soltero

como sin "that":

He told me he was single

Él me dijo que era soltero

Siendo el significado el mismo.

REPORTED SPEECH

• In direct speech we can report what someone says by using the same
 words of the speaker: He said, “I’m reading”.

• In reported speech we don’t repeat the same words of the speaker: He

said that he was reading.

When we change from direct speech to reported speech:

• Commas disappear:
o “I’m going out with Mariah”, she said.
o She said that she was going out with Mariah.

• Personal and possessive pronouns change:

o “I’ll give you my number”, he said.
o He said that he would give me his number.
 • Pronouns, demonstrative adjectives and adverbs of place
change:
•

DIRECT REPORTED
SPEECH SPEECH
This That

These Those

Here There

• Time expressions change:

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Now Then

Today / tonight That day / that night

Yesterday The day before

The day before yesterday Two days before

Tomorrow The next / following day

The day after tomorrow Two days latter

Next week / month The following week / month

Last week / month The week / year before the previous week /

year

Three hours ago Three hours before

REPORTING VERBS

• To introduce indirect speech, we use verbs like: say, tell, admit, advise,

agree, announce, apologize, beg, declare, explain, insist, invite, mention,

offer, order, recommend, state and warn followed by that (but it is not

necessary).
o “I like motorbikes”.

o Clara says (that) she likes motorbikes.

• Verbs such as: ask, beg, invite, offer, order,
remind and tell go with an indirect complement
and they have this structure:
o “Don’t forget my meeting tonight.”
o Clara reminded them about her meeting that night.
o “Would you like some presentation?”
o Clara offered them some presentation.
REPORTED STATEMENTS

• In reported speech there is a backshift of tenses:

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

Present simple Past simple

Present continuous Past continuous

Past simple Past perfect simple

Present perfect simple Past perfect simple

Future simple (will) Would

Can Could

May Might

Have to / must Had to

ATTENTION!!

• Some verbs do not change:

o Past perfect
o Might
o Could
o Should
o Mustn’t
REPORTED QUESTIONS

• In Reported Speech the question becomes a statement and the word

order is:

o SUBJECT + VERB
• We do not need auxiliary “do” or question tags.
• As with reported statements, the verb changes into a more past tense:

o “Is he a friend of yours?”  Stela asked whether / if he was a friend

of mine.

o “Who are you going out with?”  My mother asked me who I was
going out with.
REPORTED COMMANDS, REQUESTS AND SUGGESTIONS

 There is no backshift of tenses with commands, requests and

suggestions.

• Commands and requests are expressed by verbs: tell or ask + indirect

complement + (not) to + infinitive:

o “Don’t judge him too quickly.”  She asked me not to judge him
too quickly.

• Suggestions are expressed with the verb: suggest and one of

these structures:

 Reporting verb + (that) + subject + infinitive (without “to”)

 Reporting verb + (not) verb + -ing
o “Why don’t we all go out together?”
 I suggested (that) we all go out together.
 I suggested going out together.
EXERCISES

1- Complete the sentences using reported speech.

a) “The hotel is full”. The receptionist told me the hotel

.
b) ‘I’ll call the manager”. The waiter said .
c) “I’ve passed all my exams”. Jack said .
d) “You should get to the airport early”. They said that we
.
e) “I may be late”. Jack said .
f) “I didn’t tell anybody!”. Mary said .
g) “Can you help me?”. She asked us .
h) “Do you want to dance?”. He asked me .
i) “Have you been here before?”. I asked her .
j) “What music do you like?”. She asked me .

2- Choose the correct answer.

a) Jane said that she will / would come shopping with us.
b) He said me / told me that he was at the shopping centre.
c) I asked Cindy where she buys / does she buy her clothes.
d) We asked the shop assistant how much it was / was it.
e) He told me that he hasn’t bought / hadn’t bought anything.
f) I asked the manager whether / that the shoes were in the sale.
g) She said that she had to go / must go to the market.
h) They asked me where I worked / did work.

i) I told / told them that I may / might be late.

j) My boss asked me if I can / if I could work late last night.
ANSWERS

Exercise 1
a) was full

b) he would call the manager

c) he had passed all his exams

d) should get to the airport

e) he might be late

f) she hadn’t told anybody

g) if we could help her

h) if I wanted to dance

i) if she had been there before

j) what music I liked

Exercise 2

a) would

b) told me

c) she buys

d) it was

e) hadn’t bought

f) whether

g) had to go

h) worked

i) told them / might

j) if I could
 Passive Voice – Voz Pasiva
Hablaremos en esta ocasión sobre un recurso gramatical de gran importancia en la lengua inglesa: la voz pasiva. Para comenzar estableceremos la
diferencia con el lenguaje que utilizamos habitualmente llamado voz activa en el cual la acción del verbo recae sobre el sujeto mientras que en la voz
pasiva la acción del verbo recae sobre el objeto. Observa los siguientes ejemplos:

Voz Activa

The lady buys a new hat.

La dama compra un sombrero nuevo.

(El verbo “comprar” recae sobre “la dama” indicando que ella es quien realiza la acción)

Voz Pasiva

A new hat is bought by the lady.

Un nuevo sombrero es comprado por la dama.

(En este caso interesa que “un nuevo sombrero es comprado” sin demasiada importancia de quien realiza

la acción)

Para construir la voz pasiva es necesario que la oración en voz activacuente con objeto directo, es decir que responda a la pregunta “¿qué
cosa?”, por ejemplo:
My sister lost the keys.

Mi hermana perdió las llaves.

¿Qué cosa perdió mi hermana?

Las llaves (éste es el objeto directo)

Luego el objeto directo establecido pasará a ocupar el lugar de sujeto, elsujeto de la voz activa pasa a ser complemento agente acompañado de
la preposición BY y el verbo principal se coloca en pasado participio acompañado por el verto TO BE en el tiempo que se encuentra la voz activa.
Por ejemplo:
My sister lost the keys.

The keys were lost by my sister.

Observe en la oración pasiva que “the keys” ocupan el lugar de sujeto, “by my sister” es el complemento agente y
el verbo principal está ahora en pasado participio acompañado por el verbo to be (were) enpasado simple ya que la
oración activa se encontraba en ese tiempo verbal.

Veremos en el siguiente cuadro como se modifican los verbos de Voz Activa a Voz Pasiva:

Tiempo Verbal de la oración en

voz activa VOZ ACTIVA VOZ PASIVA

Presente Simple My brotherstudies the lesson. The lesson is studied by my brother.

The lesson is being studied by my

Presente Continuo My brother is studying the lesson. brother.

Pasado Simple My brotherstudied the lesson. The lesson wasstudied by my brother.

My brother was studying the The lesson was being studied by my

Pasado Continuo lesson. brother.

Futuro Simple My brother will study the lesson. The lesson will be studied by my brother.

My brother is going to studythe The lesson is going to be studied by my

Futuro Cercano lesson. brother.

My brother has studied the The lesson has been studied by my

Presente Perfecto lesson. brother.

My brother had studied the The lesson had been studied by my

Pasado Perfecto lesson. brother.

 La Pasiva en Inglés
• 1 Tipos de pasiva
o 1.1 Pasiva de objeto directo
o 1.2 Pasiva de objeto indirecto
• 2 Formación de la pasiva
o 2.1 Presente Simple (pasiva)
o 2.2 Presente Continuo (pasiva)
o 2.3 Presente Perfecto (pasiva)
o 2.4 Futuro Simple (pasiva)
o 2.5 Futuro progresivo (pasiva)
o 2.6 Futuro going to (pasiva)
o 2.7 El pasado simple (pasiva)
o 2.8 El pasado continuo (pasiva)
o 2.9 El pluscuamperfecto (pasiva)
o 2.10 El pluscuamperfecto continuo (pasiva)
• 3 La pasiva con los verbos modales
o 3.1 can
o 3.2 may
o 3.3 must

En la voz pasiva se destaca la acción y no quien la realiza. En la oración pasiva quien realiza la acción
carece de importancia o es desconocido.

Tanto en inglés como en español existen 2 voces:

• La voz activa
• La voz pasiva
Tipos de pasiva
En inglés existen 2 tipos de pasiva:

• la pasiva de objeto directo

• la pasiva de objeto indirecto

Pasiva de objeto directo

El objeto directo de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la oración pasiva:

Voz activa:

Sujeto Verbo C. Directo

AGENTE VOZ PACIENTE
ACTIVA

Luis buys a book

Luis compra un libro

Voz pasiva:

Sujeto Verbo Complemento

PACIENTE VOZ PACIENTE
PASIVA

A book is bought by Luis

Un libro es por Luis

comprado
 Pasiva de objeto indirecto
Este tipo de pasiva no existe en español. Es usada cuando se quiere destacar el complemento indirecto en
lugar del complemento directo.

Voz activa:

Sujeto Verbo Complemento Directo C. Indirecto

AGENTE VOZ ACTIVA

I offer a job to Tom

Yo le ofrezco un trabajo a Tom

Voz pasiva:

Sujeto Verbo Complemento Directo Complemento

PACIENTE VOZ PASIVA PACIENTE

Tom is offered a job (by me)

A Tom le es ofrecido un trabajo (por mi)

Verbos con doble objeto
Los verbos que tienen objeto directo e indirecto construyen la pasiva normalmente con el objeto indirecto.

Los ejemplos típicos de verbos con 2 objetos son:

Verbo Significado

ask preguntar

give dar

offer ofrecer

order pedir

pay pagar

sell vender

send enviar

show mostrar

tell decir
Formación de la pasiva
En general la pasiva se forma añadiendo el verbo to be + el participio del verbo, vamos a repasar como se
forman cada uno de los tiempos verbales en inglés:

Presente Simple (pasiva)

La estructura es:

SUJETO + am/are/is + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I am beaten yo soy golpeado

you are beaten tú eres golpeado

he is beaten él es golpeado

we are beaten nosotros somos golpeados

you are beaten vosotros sois golpeados

they are beaten ellos son golpeados

Presente Continuo (pasiva)

La forma es:

SUJETO + am/are/is being + PARTICIPIO

 Pasiva Significado

I am being beaten yo estoy siendo golpeado

you are being beaten tú estás siendo golpeado

he is being beaten él está siendo golpeado

we are being beaten nosotros estamos siendo golpeados

you are being beaten vosotros estáis siendo golpeados

they are being beaten ellos están siendo golpeados

 Presente Perfecto (pasiva)
La construcción es:

SUJETO + have/has been +PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I have been beaten yo he sido golpeado

you have been beaten tú has sido golpeado

he has been beaten él ha sido golpeado

we have been beaten nosotros hemos sido golpeados

you have been beaten vosotros habéis sido golpeados

they have been beaten ellos han sido golpeados

 Futuro Simple (pasiva)
La estructura es:

SUJETO + will be + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I will be beaten yo seré golpeado

you will be beaten tú serás golpeado

he will be beaten él será golpeado

we will be beaten nosotros seremos golpeados

you will be beaten vosotros seréis golpeados

they will be beaten ellos serán golpeados

 Futuro progresivo (pasiva)
La estructura es:

SUJETO + will be being + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I will be being beaten yo estaré siendo golpeado

you will be being beaten tú estaré siendo golpeado

he will be being beaten él estará siendo golpeado

we will be being beaten nosotros estaremos siendo golpeados

you will be being beaten vosotros estaréis siendo golpeados

they will be being beaten ellos estarán siendo golpeados

Futuro going to (pasiva)

La estructura es:

SUJETO + am/are/is going to be + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I am going to be beaten yo voy a ser golpeado

you are going to be beaten tú vas a ser golpeado

he is going to be beaten él va a ser golpeado

we are going to be beaten nosotros vamos a ser golpeados

you are going to be beaten vosotros vais a ser golpeados

they are going to be beaten ellos van a ser golpeados

Ç
 El pasado simple (pasiva)
La estructura es:

SUJETO + was/were + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I was beaten yo fui golpeado

you were beaten tú fuisteis golpeado

he was beaten él fue golpeado

we were beaten nosotros fuimos golpeados

you were beaten vosotros fuisteis golpeados

they were beaten ellos fueron golpeados

 El pasado continuo (pasiva)
La forma es:

SUJETO + were/was being + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I was being beaten yo estuve siendo golpeado

you were being beaten tú estuviste siendo golpeado

he was being beaten él estuvo siendo golpeado

we were being beaten nosotros estuvimos siendo golpeados

you were being beaten vosotros estuvisteis siendo golpeados

they were being beaten ellos estuvieron siendo golpeados

 El pluscuamperfecto (pasiva)
La regla es:

SUJETO + had been + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I had been beaten yo había sido golpeado

you had been beaten tú habías sido golpeado

he had been beaten él había sido golpeado

we had been beaten nosotros habíamos sido golpeados

you had been beaten vosotros habíais sido golpeados

they had been beaten ellos habían sido golpeados

 El pluscuamperfecto continuo (pasiva)
La forma es:

SUJETO + had been being + PARTICIPIO

Pasiva Significado

I had been being beaten yo había estado siendo golpeado

you had been being beaten tú habías estado siendo golpeado

he had been being beaten él había estado siendo golpeado

we had been being beaten nosotros habíamos estado siendo golpeados

you had been being beaten vosotros habíais estado siendo golpeados

they had been being beaten ellos habían estado siendo golpeados
La pasiva con los verbos modales
La arquitectura es:

SUJETO + VERBO MODAL + be + PARTICIPIO

can
The file cannot be saved
El fichero no puede ser guardado

You could be eaten by a lion

Tú pudiste ser comido por un león

may
A car may be stolen
Un coche puede ser robado

The accident might be caused by poor visibility

El accidente pudo ser causado por la poca visibilidad

must
Respect must be earned
El respeto debe ser ganado
PASSIVES
Object + to be + past participle (+ subject)

Sentences can be in active or passive. We use active verb to say what the subject does and a passive to

say what happens to the subject.

However, in a passive sentence, the main important component in the sentence is the object, that’s why

the object goes in the first place followed by the verb and sometimes the subject.

We use passive:
• To focus the attention on the object of an action and establish the
topic of a sentence.

• To be impersonal in a scientific or technical process.

• When the agent of the action is not known, generic or obvious

for the context, or unimportant, or is intentionally not named.

• To refer back to the previous sentence in a text.

 TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE

Present simple I see your friend Your friend is seen (by me)

Present continuous I am seeing your friend Your friend is being seen

(by me)

Past simple I saw your friend Your friend was seen (by

me)

Past continuous I was seeing your friend Your friend was being seen

(by me)

Present perfect I have seen your friend Your friend has been seen

simple (by me)

Present perfect I have been seeing your Your friend has been being

continuous friend seen (by me)

Past perfect simple I had seen your friend Your friend had been seen

(by me)

Future simple (will) I will see your friend Your friend will be seen

(by me)

Future perfect simple I will have been seen your Your friend will have been

friend seen (by me)

Future (going to) I’m going to see your Your friend is going to be

friend seen (by me)

 ATTENTION!!

• Only transitive verbs (verbs with an object) can be made passive. Some

transitive verbs cannot be made passive: become, fit, get, have, lack, let, like,

resemble, suit.

• Verbs with two objects: There are sentences which contain two objects, in these

cases, we can make the passive using both objects, so we are able to make two

different passive sentences:

Most common verbs with more than one object:

Ask, bring, give, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, send, show, teach, tell…

EXERCISE

1-Write the passive sentences using the verb tense in brackets.

a) The film / direct / Steven Spielberg (present simple).

b) It / show / in cinemas next year (future, will).

c) It rained all the time the film / make / on location (past continuous).

d) The extras / send to / the wrong place (present perfect).

e) Auditions / hold / all day (present continuous).

f) The film / dub / into other languages (future, going to).

g) The film / make / in France (past simple).

h) It / base / on a book (present simple).

ANSWER
Exercise 1

a) is directed

b) will be shown

c) was being made

d) have been sent to

e) are being held

f) is going to be dubbed

g) was made

h) is based