LINUX PROGRAMMING

LAB MANUAL

Subject Code: 57609

Regulations: R13 – JNTUH
Class: IV Year I Semester (CSE)

Prepared By

K. Radhika
Associate Professor

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Dundigal – 500 043, Hyderabad
 INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Program Outcomes
PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and
an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration
for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
the engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a
team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Program Specific Outcomes
PSO1 Professional Skills: The ability to research, understand and implement computer programs in the areas
related to algorithms, system software, multimedia, web design, big data analytics, and networking for
efficient analysis and design of computer-based systems of varying complexity.
PSO2 Problem-Solving Skills: The ability to apply standard practices and strategies in software project
development using open-ended programming environments to deliver a quality product for business
success.
PSO3 Successful Career and Entrepreneurship: The ability to employ modern computer languages,
environments, and platforms in creating innovative career paths, to be an entrepreneur, and a zest for
higher studies.
 LINUX PROGRAMMING LAB SYLLABUS

S. No. List of Experiments Page No.

LINUX PROGRAMMING
1 a) Write a shell script that accepts a file name, starting and ending line numbers as 5
arguments and displays all the lines between the given line numbers.
b) *Illustrate by writing script that will print, message “Hello World, in Bold and
Blink effect, and in different colors like red, brown etc using echo commands?
2 a) Write a shell script that deletes all lines containing a specified word in one or 7
more files supplied as arguments to it.
b) *Illustrate by writing script using for loop to print the following patterns?
i) * ii) 1
** 22
*** 333
**** 4444
***** 55555
3 a) Write a shell script that displays a list of all the files in the current directory to 9
which the user has read, write and execute permissions.
b) * Illustrate to redirect the standard input (stdin) and the standard output (stdout)
of a process, so that scanf () reads from the pipe and printf () writes into the
pipe?
4 a) Write a shell script that receives any number of file names as arguments checks 11
if every argument supplied is a file or a directory and reports accordingly.
Whenever the argument is a file, the number of lines on it is also reported.
b) *Illustrate by writing c program where process forks to a child, and create a
child process by using forks and suddenly terminates itself?
5 Write a shell script that accepts a list of file names as its arguments, counts and 14
reports the occurrence of each word that is present in the first argument file on other
argument files
6 Write a shell script to list all of the directory files in a directory. 15
7 Write a shell script to find factorial of a given integer. 16
8 Write an awk script to count the number of lines in a file that do not contain vowels. 17
9 Write an awk script to find the number of characters, words and lines in a file. 18
10 Write a c program that makes a copy of a file using standard I/O and system calls 19
11 Implement in C the following UNIX commands using System calls 20
a) cat b) ls c) mv
12 Write a program that takes one or more file/directory names as command line input 23
and reports the following information on the file.
a) File type b) Number of links c) Time of last access
d) Read Write and Execute permissions
13 Write a C program to emulate the UNIX ls –l command. 24
14 Write a C program to list for every file in a directory, its inode number and file 25
name.
15 Write a C program that demonstrates redirection of standard output to a file.Ex: ls > 26
f1.
S. No. List of Experiments Page No.
16 Write a C program to create a child process and allow the parent to display “parent” 27
and the child to display “child” on the screen.
17 Write a C program to create a Zombie process. 28
18 Write a C program that illustrates how an orphan is created. 29
19 Write a C program that illustrates how to execute two commands concurrently with 30
a command pipe. Ex: - ls –l | sort
20 Write C programs that illustrate communication between two unrelated processes 33
using named pipe.
21 Write a C program to create a message queue with read and write permissions to 34
write 3 messages to it with different priority numbers.
22 Write a C program that receives the messages (from the above message queue as 36
specified in (21)) and displays them.
23 Write a C program to allow cooperating processes to lock a resource for exclusive 38
use, using
a) Semaphores b) flock or lockf system calls.
24 Write a C program that illustrates suspending and resuming processes using signals 39
25 Write a C program that implements a producer-consumer system with two 40
processes.
26 Write client and server programs (using c) for interaction between server and client 41
processes using Unix Domain sockets. (Using Semaphores).
27 Write client and server programs (using c) for interaction between server and client 45
processes using Internet Domain sockets.
28 Write a C program that illustrates two processes communicating using shared 48
memory.
 ATTAINMENT OF PROGRAM OUTCOMES
& PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
Program
Program
Exp. Specific
Experiment Outcomes
No. Attained Outcomes
Attained
LINUX PROGRAMMING
1 c) Write a shell script that accepts a file name, starting and ending line
numbers as arguments and displays all the lines between the given
line numbers.
PO1, PO2 PSO1
d) *Illustrate by writing script that will print, message “Hello World, in
Bold and Blink effect, and in different colors like red, brown etc
using echo commands?
2 c) Write a shell script that deletes all lines containing a specified word
in one or more files supplied as arguments to it.
d) *Illustrate by writing script using for loop to print the following
patterns?
i) * ii) 1 PO1 PSO1
** 22
*** 333
**** 4444
***** 55555
3 c) Write a shell script that displays a list of all the files in the current
directory to which the user has read, write and execute permissions.
d) * Illustrate to redirect the standard input (stdin) and the standard PO1, PO2 PSO1
output (stdout) of a process, so that scanf () reads from the pipe and
printf () writes into the pipe?
4 c) Write a shell script that receives any number of file names as
arguments checks if every argument supplied is a file or a directory
and reports accordingly. Whenever the argument is a file, the
PO1 PSO1
number of lines on it is also reported.
d) *Illustrate by writing c program where process forks to a child, and
create a child process by using forks and suddenly terminates itself?
5 Write a shell script that accepts a list of file names as its arguments,
counts and reports the occurrence of each word that is present in the first PO1 PSO1
argument file on other argument files.
6 Write a shell script to list all of the directory files in a directory. PO1 PSO1
7 Write a shell script to find factorial of a given integer. PO1 PSO1
8 Write an awk script to count the number of lines in a file that do not
PO1 PSO1
contain vowels.
9 Write an awk script to find the number of characters, words and lines in
PO1 PSO1
a file.
10 Write a c program that makes a copy of a file using standard I/O and
PO1 PSO1
system calls
 Program
Program
Exp. Specific
Experiment Outcomes
No. Attained Outcomes
Attained
11 Implement in C the following UNIX commands using System calls
PO1, PO2 PSO1
a) cat b) ls c) mv
12 Write a program that takes one or more file/directory names as
command line input and reports the following information on the file.
PO1, PO2 PSO1
a) File type b) Number of links c) Time of last access
d) Read Write and Execute permissions
13 Write a C program to emulate the UNIX ls –l command. PO1 PSO1
14 Write a C program to list for every file in a directory, its inode number
PO1 PSO1
and file name.
15 Write a C program that demonstrates redirection of standard output to a
PO1 PSO1
file.Ex: ls > f1.
16 Write a C program to create a child process and allow the parent to
PO1 PSO1
display “parent” and the child to display “child” on the screen.
17 Write a C program to create a Zombie process. PO1 PSO1
18 Write a C program that illustrates how an orphan is created. PO1 PSO1
19 Write a C program that illustrates how to execute two commands
PO1 PSO1
concurrently with a command pipe. Ex: - ls –l | sort
20 Write C programs that illustrate communication between two unrelated
PO1 PSO1
processes using named pipe.
21 Write a C program to create a message queue with read and write
PO1 PSO1
permissions to write 3 messages to it with different priority numbers.
22 Write a C program that receives the messages (from the above message
PO1 PSO1
queue as specified in (21)) and displays them.
23 Write a C program to allow cooperating processes to lock a resource for
exclusive use, using PO1, PO2 PSO1
a) Semaphores b) flock or lockf system calls.
24 Write a C program that illustrates suspending and resuming processes
PO1, PO2 PSO1
using signals
25 Write a C program that implements a producer-consumer system with PO1, PO2, PSO1,
two processes. PO4 PSO2
26 Write client and server programs (using c) for interaction between
server and client processes using Unix Domain sockets. (Using PO1, PO2, PSO1,
PO3, PO4 PSO2
Semaphores).
27 Write client and server programs (using c) for interaction between PO1, PO2, PSO1,
server and client processes using Internet Domain sockets. PO3, PO4 PSO2
28 Write a C program that illustrates two processes communicating using PO1, PO2, PSO1,
shared memory. PO3, PO4 PSO2
 LINUX PROGRAMMING LABORATORY

OBJECTIVE:

The Linux programming laboratory course covers major methods of Inter Process Communication
(IPC), which is the basis of all client / server applications under Linux, Linux Utilities, working
with the Bourne again shell (bash), files, process and signals. There will be extensive programming
exercises in shell scripts. It also emphasizes various concepts in multithreaded programming and
socket programming.

Data mining tools allow predicting future trends and behaviors, allowing businesses to make
proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. The data mining laboratory course is designed to exercise
the data mining techniques such as classification, clustering, pattern mining etc with varied datasets
and dynamic parameters. Weka data mining tool is used for the purpose of acquainting the students
with the basic environment of the data mining tools.

OUTCOMES:
Upon the completion of Linux Programming and Data Mining practical course, the student will be able
to:

1. Understand and implement basic system functionalities of Linux operating system.

2. Write shell scripts to automate different tasks.
3. Demonstrate Inter process Communication techniques.
4. Design and implement advanced features such as threads, IPC, pipes, FIFOs.
5. Demonstrate client server technology using socket programming.
6. Understand synchronized programs using shared memory,
7. Implement and manage client server technology using TCP and UDP.
8. Learn to build a data warehouse and query it using open source tools.
9. Learn to execute data mining tasks using a data mining toolkit (such as WEKA) and
visualize the results.
10. Demonstrate the working of algorithms for data mining tasks such association rule mining,
classification, clustering and regression.
LINUX PROGRAMMING
 EXPERIMENT 1

1.1 OBJECTIVE
a) Write a shell script that accepts a file name, starting and ending line numbers as arguments
and displays all the lines between the given line numbers.
b) *Illustrate by writing script that will print, message “Hello World, in Bold and Blink effect,
and in different colors like red, brown etc using echo commands?

1.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system ,vi-editor, shell-interpreter

1.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Read a filename, starting and ending line numbers as arguments
2. Find difference between starting and ending line numbers
3. Test given filename exists or not
4. If exists display between lines to output stream else display file not exists

1.4.a DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

echo " Enter the file name”
read fname
echo “enter starting line number”
read sl
echo “enter ending line number”
read el
d=`expr $el - $sl`
if [ -f $fname ]
then
echo "the lines between $sl and $el of given file are"
head -$el $fname | tail -$d
else
echo "file doesnt exist"
fi
INPUT: sh
prog1.sh
enter the file
name file1
enter starting line number
15
enter ending line number
20
OUTPUT:
# It displays 15 to 20 between lines

1.4.b DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

# clear the screen
clear
echo -e "\033[1m Hello World"
# print bold effect
echo -e "\033[5m Blink"
# blink effect
echo -e "\033[0m Hello World"
# print back to normal

5
 echo -e "\033[31m Hello World"
#print in Red color
echo -e "\033[32m Hello World"
# Green color
echo -e "\033[33m Hello World"
# See remains on screen
echo -e "\033[34m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[35m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[36m Hello World"
echo -e -n "\033[0m "
# print back to normal
echo -e "\033[41m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[42m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[43m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[44m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[45m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[46m Hello World"
echo -e "\033[0m Hello World"
# Print back to normal

1.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Define shell script? What is the difference between shell and
kernel. 2. Name few file handling commands present in unix.

1.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a shell script to count number of words present in a file without using commands.
2. Write a menu driven shell script to execute a command as 1.for `ls` ,2 for grep and 3 for cat.

1.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of case statement?
2. What the difference between break and exit statement?

6
 EXPERIMENT 2

2.1 OBJECTIVE
a) Write a shell script that deletes all lines containing a specified word in one or more
files supplied as arguments to it.
b) *Illustrate by writing script using for loop to print the following patterns?

2.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system ,vi-editor, shell-interpreter

2.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

Read file name from command line arguments and display lines inverse of specified word.

2.4.a DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

if [ $# -ne 0 ]
then
echo enter the word
read word
for fname in
$* do
if [ -f $fname ]
then
echo the given input filename is:$fname
grep -v "$word" $fname
else
echo its not a
file fi
done
else
echo "enter atleast one argument as input"
fi

INPUT:
sh prog2.sh 3.sh
enter the word
echo

OUTPUT:
The given input filename is : 3.sh
It displays all the lines other than pattern matching

2.4.b.i DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

# do the following for
loop echo "Stars"
# outer loop
for (( i=1; i<=5; i++ ))
do
#inner loop

for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))

7
 do
echo -n " *"
done
echo ""
done
#

2.4.b.ii DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

# do the following for loop

echo "Can you see the following:"

# outer loop
for (( i=1; i<=5; i++ ))
do
#inner loop
for (( j=1; j<=i; j++ ))
do
echo -n "$i"
done
echo ""
done
#

2.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What are positional parameter and name any two.
2. Write down the syntax of `if` statement.

2.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1.Read two string str1 and str2 and check
i) Compare two strings
ii) Palindrome or not

2.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of the variable $? What are the various output it has?

8
 EXPERIMENT 3

3.1 OBJECTIVE
a) Write a shell script that displays a list of all the files in the current directory to which the user has read,
write and execute permissions.
b) Illustrate to redirect the standard input (stdin) and the standard output (stdout) of a process, so
that scanf () reads from the pipe and printf () writes into the pipe?

3.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system ,vi-editor, shell-interpreter

3.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

Read a list of files from current directory and display the file names to output stream whose files has read,
write, execute permissions.

3.4.a DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

echo "List of Files which have Read, Write and Execute Permissions in Current
Directory" for file in *
do
if [ -r $file -a -w $file -a -x $file
] then
echo $file
fi
done
INPUT: sh
prog3.sh
OUTPUT:
List of Files which have Read, Write and Execute Permissions in Current
Directory pp2.txt

3.4.b DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
main()
{
int fd[2];int n=0, i;
pipe(fd);
if (fork() == 0) {
/* create Child process */
close(1) ; dup(fd[1]) ;
close(fd[0]);
/* try not read from the pipe in this example.So close fd[0]. */ for
(i=0; i < 10; i++) {printf("%d\n",n);
/* Now that stdout has been redirected, printf automatically writes into the pipe. */ n++; }
} else {/* Parent process */close(0) ; dup(fd[0]) ;
/* Redirect the stdin of this process to the pipe*/
close(fd[1]);
/* will not write into the pipe.So we close fd[1]. */
for (i=0; i < 10; i++) {scanf("%d",&n);
/* Now that stdin has been redirected, scanf automatically reads from the pipe. */
9
 printf("n = %d\n",n);
/* try stdout of this has not changed . So this will be shown in the terminal. */ sleep(1);
}}}

3.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between $* and $@.
2. How to read a variable ,assign ,and access it

3.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Read a file name from command line and check it‟s a file or not.
2. Read a file name from command line and check if it read and write permission or not.

3.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. How to check if file is existing, it has read, write and execution permission.

10
 EXPERIMENT 4

4.1 OBJECTIVE
a) Write a shell script that receives any number of file names as arguments checks if every argument
supplied is a file or a directory and reports accordingly. Whenever the argument is a file, the number
of lines on it is also reported.
b) *Illustrate by writing c program where process forks to a child, and create a child process by using
forks and suddenly terminates itself?

4.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system ,vi-editor, shell-interpreter

4.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

Read a list of files from current directory and display the file names to output along with number of lines
of each file

4.4.a DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

echo enter the name
for fname in
* do
if test -f
$fname then
echo "file" $fname
echo "number of lines" `cat $fname | wc -
l` else if test -d $fname
then
echo "dir" $fname
fi
fi
done

INPUT: sh
prog4.sh

OUTPUT:
enter the name
file 3.sh
number of lines 9

4.4.b DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include <stdio.h>
/* for fork() */
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
/* for wait*() */
#include <sys/wait.h>
int main() {
pid_t mypid,
childpid; int status;
mypid = getpid();
printf("Hi. I'm the parent process. My pid is %d.\n", mypid);
childpid = fork();

11
 if ( childpid == -1 ) {
perror("Cannot proceed. fork() error");
return 1;
}
if (childpid == 0) {
printf("Child 1: I inherited my parent's pid as %d.\n", mypid);
mypid = getpid();
printf("Child 1: getppid() tells my parent is %d. My own pid instead is %d.\n", getppid(), mypid);
/* forks another child */
childpid = fork();
if ( childpid == -1 ) {
perror("Cannot proceed. fork() error");
return 1;
}
if (childpid == 0) {
/* this is the child of the first child, thus "Child 2" */
printf("Child 2: I hinerited my parent's PID as %d.\n", mypid);
mypid = getpid();
printf("Child 2: getppid() tells my parent is %d. My own pid instead is %d.\n", getppid(),
mypid);
childpid = fork();
if ( childpid == -1 ) {
perror("Cannot proceed. fork() error");
return 1;
}
if (childpid == 0) {
/* "Child 3" sleeps 30 seconds then terminates 12, hopefully before its parent "Child 2" */
printf("Child 3: I hinerited my parent's PID as %d.\n", mypid);
mypid = getpid();
printf("Child 3: getppid() tells my parent is %d. My own pid instead is %d.\n", getppid(),
mypid);
sleep(30);
return 12;
} else /* the parent "Child 2" suddendly returns 15 */ return 15; }
else {
/* this is still "Child 1", which waits for its child to exit */
while ( waitpid(childpid, &status, WNOHANG) == 0 ) sleep(1);
if ( WIFEXITED(status) ) printf("Child1: Child 2 exited with exit status %d.\n",
WEXITSTATUS(status));
else printf("Child 1: child has not terminated correctly.\n");
}

} else {
/* then we're the parent process, "Parent" */
printf("Parent: fork() went ok. My child's PID is %d\n",
childpid); /* wait for the child to terminate and report about that
*/ wait(&status);
if ( WIFEXITED(status) ) printf("Parent: child has exited with status %d.\n",
WEXITSTATUS(status));
else printf("Parent: child has not terminated normally.\n");
}
return 0;
}

12
4.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. How to write arithmetic multiplication operator in shell.
2. Write down the syntax for nested if statement.

4.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a shell script to count number of txt,c and shell programs present in current directory.
2. Write a shell script to count number of only files present in current directory.

4.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is means by relation operator , name any three relation operators present in shell.
2. What is meant by logic operator, and Explain about each operator.

13
 EXPERIMENT 5

5.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a shell script that accepts a list of file names as its arguments, counts and reports the occurrence
of each word that is present in the first argument file on other argument files.

5.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system ,vi-editor, shell-interpreter

5.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

Read list of file names and counts and report the occurrence of each word that is present in the first
argument file on other argument files using comm and grep commands.

5.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

echo Enter file name:
read file1
read file2
a=`comm -2 $file1 $file2`
b=`grep -c $a $file2`
echo Words contained in file one occurred in file two $b times
grep -n $a $file2
INPUT: sh
prog5.sh
Enter file
name: f1
myfile
OUTPUT:
Words contained in file one occured in file two 3 times
1:myfile contains
5:myfile
8:myfile
5.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is difference between comm and diff commands
2. What is the significance of using single and double quotation in echo statement.
3. What are environmental variables.

5.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a script to reverse a given string.
2. Write a script to copy list of file into specified directory.

5.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is difference between grep, egrep and fgrep commands
2. How to copy and paste lines in a vi-editor
3. What are different types of shell and how to move from one shell to other shell

14
 EXPERIMENT 6

6.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a shell script to list all of the directory files in a directory.

6.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system ,vi-editor, shell-interpreter

6.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Read a directory
2. Test given directory is directory file and exist using test options -d
3. If its directory and exist display all the sub directories and files to output stream
4. else display its not directory or not exists.

6.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

echo “ Enter dir name “
read dir
if [ -d $dir ]
then
echo “ Files in $dir are
“ ls $dir
else
echo “ Dir does not exist”
fi

INPUT:
sh Lp6.sh
Enter dir name
Presanna

OUTPUT:
Files in prasanna
are 3.sh
4.sh
pp2.txt

6.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Name few test commands present in unix.
2. Write down the syntax case statement

6.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a shell script to count number of words present in a file without using commands.
2. Write a menu driven shell script to execute a command as 1.for `ls` ,2 for grep and 3 for cat.

6.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of shift statement.
2. What the difference is between break and exit statement.

15
 EXPERIMENT 7

7.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a shell script to find factorial of a given number.

7.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system ,vi-editor, shell-interpreter

7.3 PROFRAM LOGIC

1. Read a filename
2. take a variable i for count and execute expression in for loop ,increment the variable till loop ends,
3. Display the factorial of given number to output stream.

7.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

echo Factorial
echo Enter number:
read n
fact=1
i=1
for((i=1;i<=n;i++))
do
fact=`expr $fact \* $i`
done
echo Factorial of $n is $fact
INPUT:
sh p7.sh
Factorial
Enter number:5
OUTPUT:
Factorial of 5 is 120
7.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the use of while loop.
2. How you do command substitution in shell script.
3. How do you access command line arguments from within a shell script?

7.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a shell script for menu driven to execute a command like 1 for ls,2 for ls –l, etc..
2. Write a shell script to find the sum of digits.

7.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Illustrate the difference between while and for loop.
2. Which operator is used to check string is Null .
3. What is the name of the variable which counts number of arguments passed?

16
 EXPERIMENT 8

8.1 OBJECTIVE
Write an awk script to count the number of lines in a file that do not contain vowels.

8.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system ,vi-editor, shell-interpreter

8.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Initialize total=0 in begin part
2. Using if command check each line to count the number of lines in a file that do not contain vowels
in body part.
3. Display total lines to output stream that do not contain vowels in end part

8.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

BEGIN{ print Displaying number of lines in a file that do not contain vowels
total=0}
{if($0!~/[aeiouAEIOU]/)
total=total + 1}
END{print "The total lines in a file that do not contain vowels:",total}

INPUT:
awk prog8.awk lp1.sh
Displaying number of lines in a file that do not contain vowels

OUTPUT:
The total lines in a file that do not contain vowels:1

8.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Define awk? What are the features of awk script?
2. What is the syntax for awk script?

8.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a awk script to display between lines eg.2 to 8 lines to output stream.
2. Write a awk script to find sum of total salary of all employees of given file.

8.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Illustrate difference between awk and sed.
2. Write a awk command to search given pattern in file if found display to output entire line.

17
 EXPERIMENT 9

9.1 OBJECTIVE
Write an awk script to find the number of characters, words and lines in a file.

9.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system ,vi-editor, shell-interpreter

9.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

Write awk script to find the number of characters, words and lines in a file

9.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

BEGIN{ print Displaying number of characters, words and lines in a
file} {word=words + NF}
{len = length($0)}
{charcount=charcount + len}
END{print The total number of characters, words and lines in a file is:
print("Words:\t",words)
print("Lines:\t",NR)
print("Chars:\t",len) }

INPUT:
awk prog9.awk lp5.sh

OUTPUT:
The total number of characters, words and lines in a file
is: Words:12
Lines:3
Chars:39

9.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. How input file is given to awk script?
2. What is the use of next, getline and exit control actions in awk

9.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a awk script to convert lower case characters to upper case of given file.

9.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Explain about associative arrays in awk.

18
 EXPERIMENT 10

10.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program that makes a copy of a file using Systems calls

10.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, shell interpreter

10.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Read source filename, destination filename
2. Open given source filename
3. Read the content from file and write to destination file
4. Repeat step 3 till end of file reaches
5. close open files

10.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<string.h>
void main() {
char src[10], dest[10], buff;
int fd,fd1;
printf("enter the source file name \n");
scanf("%s\n",src);
fd=open("src",O_RDONLY);
printf("enter the destination file name\n"
scanf("%s\n",dest);
fd1=open("dest",O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR);
while(read(fd,&buff,1));
wirte(fd1,&buff,1);
printf("The copy of a file is successed");
close(fd);
close(fd1);
}

INPUT: cc
prog10.c
./a.out
entr the source file name:
file1
enter the destination file
name: file2

OUTPUT:
The copy of a file is successes

10.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is meant by file descriptor and user file descriptor starts from which number

10.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a c-program to count number lines in a file.

10.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What are the file descriptors values of keyword, monitor, error.
2. What is the use of lseek() function
19
 EXPERIMENT 11

11.A.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C Program to Implement the Unix command cat using system calls.

11.A.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, shell interpreter

11. A.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Open file which is input given by command line arguments
2. Read content from opened file
3. Display content to output stream
4. Repeat step 2 and step 3 till end of file reach.

11. A.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include<fcntl.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#define BUFSIZE 1
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int fd1;
int n;
char buf;
fd1=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY);
printf("Displaying content of file\n");
while((n=read(fd1,&buf,1))>0)
{
printf("%c",buf);
/* or
write(1,&buf,1); */
}
return (0);
}

INPUT:
cc prog11a.c unit1

OUTPUT:
Displays content of file

11. A.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between open() and fopen()?

11. A.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a c-program to count number words in a file.

11. A.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between read(), write() and scanf, printf respectively

11.B.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C Program to Implement the Unix command ls using system calls

11. B.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS

Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

20
11. B.3 PROGRAM LOGIC
1. Open a directory of given directory name
2. Scan directory and Read file and display filename to output stream
3. Repeat step 2 till eof directory reach.

11. B.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/dir.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define FALSE 0
#define TRUE 1
extern int alphasort();
char pathname[MAXPATHLEN];
main() {
int count,i;
struct dirent **files;
int file_select();
if (getcwd(pathname) == NULL )
{ printf("Error getting pathn");
exit(0);
}
printf("Current Working Directory = %sn",pathname);
count = scandir(pathname, &files, file_select, alphasort);
if (count <= 0)
{ printf("No files in this directoryn");
exit(0);
}
printf("Number of files = %d
\n",count); for (i=1;i<count+1;++i)
printf("%s \n",files[i-1]->d_name);
}
int file_select(struct direct *entry)
{
if ((strcmp(entry->d_name, ".") == 0) ||(strcmp(entry->d_name, "..") == 0))
return (FALSE);
else
return (TRUE);
}

INPUT:
Cc prog11c.c

OUTPUT:
Current Working Directory =/home/prasanna
Number of files:2
Lp1.sh
lp2.sh

11. B.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between lseek() and seekdir();

21
11. B.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT
1. Write a c-program to reverse a file using lseek();

11. B.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between system call and library functions

11.C.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C Program to Implement the Unix command mv using system calls.

11. C.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS

Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

11. C.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Open two files. Read and write mode respectively.
2. Using rename function move file content to another file
3. Remove source file using unlink() function.

11. C.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include<fcntl.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int fd1,fd2;
int n,count=0;
fd1=open(argv[1],O_RDONLY);
fd2=creat(argv[2],S_IWUSR);
rename(fd1,fd2);
unlink(argv[1]);
return (0);
}

INPUT:
cc mv.c file1 file2

OUTPUT:
# creates file2 and copies the content of file1 to file2 and removes file1

11. C.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between cp and mv commands?

11. C.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a C program to move file content to another file without using functions rename and
unlink.
2. Write a C program to copy content from source to destination file

11. C.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is difference between file descriptor and file pointer.

22
 EXPERIMENT 12

12.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program that takes one or more file or directory names as command line input and
reports the following information on the file.
1. file type
2. number of links
3. read, write and execute permissions
4. time of last access
(Note: use /fstat system calls)

12.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

12.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Open a file using fopen() function
2. Read a file and display a file properties to output stream.

12.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *stream;
int buffer_character;
stream=fopen(“test”,”r”);
if(stream==(FILE*)0)
{
fprintf(stderr,”Error opening file(printed to standard error)\n”);
fclose(stream);
exit(1);
}}
if(fclose(stream))==EOF)
{
fprintf(stderr,”Error closing stream.(printed to standard
error)\n); exit(1);
}
return();
}

12.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between stat( ), fstat() and lstat() functions

12.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1.Write a C program to count number of words, lines and characters using system calls

12.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1.List properties of files and different types of files in Linux

23
 EXPERIMENT 13

13.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program to emulate the Unix ls – l command.

13.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

13.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Declare and initialize required objects.
2. Read the directory name form the user.
3. Open the directory using opendir() system call and report error if the directory is
not available.
4. Read the entry available in the directory.
5. Display the directory entry ie., name of the file or sub directory.
6. Repeat the step 6 and 7 until all the entries were read.

13.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <dirent.h> int
main (void) {
DIR *dp;
struct dirent *ep;
dp = opendir (".");
if (dp != NULL) {
while (ep = readdir (dp))
printf("%s\n", ep->d_name);
closedir (dp);
}
else
perror ("Couldn't open the directory");
return 0;
}
INPUT: cc 13.c
./a.out
OUTPUT: 2 3 a.out 1 4 …. . 13.c

13.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of 0_CREAT and O_SYNC.

13.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a C-program to simulate `nl` command.

13.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the use of -> operator?

24
 EXPERIMENT 14
14.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program to list for every file in a directory, its inode number and file name

14.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

14.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Read Directory name as input
2. Scan entire directory and display its directory file name and inode number till eof of the directory

14.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include<stddef.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<dirent.h>
main()
{
DIR *dp; Struct
dirent *p;
char dname[20];
Struct stat x;
Printf(“Enter the directory
name:”); Scanf(“%s”,dname);
Dp=opendir(dname);
Printf(“\n FILE NAME \t INODE NUMBER
\n”); While((p=readdir(dp))!=NULL)
{
Printf(“%s\t %/d\n”,p->d_name,x.st_ino);
}
}

INPUT:
cc inode.c –o inode
./inode

OUTPUT:
FILE NAME INODE NUMBER
………….. 4195164
File2.c 4195164
….
File1.c 4195164

14.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the system call that change the directory.
2. List all directory systems calls with example.

14.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1.Write a C-program to display all files using system calls

14.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1.What flag is used to append the data /value in the file.

25
 EXPERIMENT 15

15.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program that demonstrates redirection of standard output to a file. Ex: ls >f1.
/* freopen example: redirecting stdout */

15.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

15.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Open file using freopen() function
2. Redirect of standard to out put to a new file

15.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
freopen ("myfile.txt","w",stdout);
printf ("This sentence is redirected to a file which is given at
output."); fclose (stdout);
return 0;
}

INPUT:
cc 15.c –o file1
./file1

OUTPUT:
This sentence is redirected to a file which is given at output

15.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1.What is the purpose of fopen(),fread(),fwrite() functions

15.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1.Write a C-program to append content of file to another file

15.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Explain different streams in linux
2. Illustrate different types of files in linux

26
 EXPERIMENT 16
16.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program to create a child process and allow the parent to display “parent” and the
child to display “child” on the screen.

16.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

16.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Create child process using fork() function
2. If pid is not equal to zero execute parent block
3. else if pid is equal to zero execute child block
4. Display process id using getpid() and parent process id getppid() functions.

16.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include
<stdio.h> main()
{
int pid;
printf("I'm the original process with PID %d and PPID %d.\n",getpid(),getppid());
pid=fork(); /* Duplicate. Child and parent continue from here.*/
if (pid!=0) {/* pid is non-zero, so I must be the parent */
printf("I'm the parent process with PID %d and PPID %d.\n",getpid(),getppid());
printf("My child's PID is %d.\n", pid);
}
else { /* pid is zero, so I must be the child. */
printf("I'm the child process with PID %d and PPID %d.\n",getpid(),getppid());
}
printf("PID %d terminates.\n",pid); /* Both processes execute this */
}

INPUT:
$cc fork.c ... run the program.
./a.out

OUTPUT:
I'm the original process with PID 13292 and PPID 13273.
I'm the parent process with PID 13292 and PPID 13273.
My child's PID is 13293.
I'm the child process with PID 13293 and PPID 13292.
PID 13293 terminates. ... child terminates.
PID 13292 terminates. ... parent terminates.

16.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What are process identifiers in linux programming.
2. What is process, how you create new process?

16.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a program to find sum of odd numbers of parent process and sum of even numbers
by child process.

16.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Illustrate difference between fork() and vfork() functions.
2. What are different process ids in Linux programming?
27
 EXPERIMENT 17
17.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program to create a Zombie process.

17.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

17.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Create a new child process using fork()
2. If pid is not equal to zero execute parent process and block the process 1000 seconds
3. If pid is equal to zero executer child process and terminate immediately
4. To see already terminated process i.e zombie process open new command prompt and type
ps -a it shows status z means that process is zombie process.

17.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include
<stdio.h> main(){
int pid;
pid=fork(); /* Duplicate */
if (pid!=0) /* Branch based on return value from fork() */ {
while (1) /* never terminate, and never execute a wait() */
sleep(1000); }
else {
exit(42); /* Exit with a silly number */
}}

INPUT:
$ cc prog17.c
./a.out& ... execute the program in the background.
[1] 13545

OUTPUT:
$ ps
PID TT STAT TIME COMMAND
13535 p2 s 0:00 -ksh(ksh) ... the shell
13545 p2 s 0:00 aombie.exe... the parent process
13536 p2 z 0:00 <defunct> ... the zombie child process
13537 p2 R 0:00 ps
$ kill 13545 ... kill the parent process.
[1] Terminated zombie.exe
$ ps ... notice the zombie is gone now.
PID TT STAT TIME COMMAND
13535 p2 s 0:00 -csh(csh)
13548 p2 R 0:00 ps

17.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Define Zombie process.
2. How to know the status of process using commands.

17.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a C-program to create a child process to convert lower to upper case letters.

17.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Explain different ways to terminate the process?

28
 EXPERIMENT 18
18.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program that illustrates how an orphan is created.

18.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

18.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Create a new child process using fork()
2. If pid is not equal to zero execute parent process block of code and terminates
3. If pid is equal to zero executer child process and block process for 5 seconds in mean
time parent process terminates.
4. To see child process is became orphan process open new command prompt and type
ps -a it shows status O means that process is orphan process.

18.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int pid;
printf("I'm the original process with PID %d and PPID
%d.\n", getpid(),getppid());
pid=fork(); /* Duplicate. Child and parent continue from here.*/
if (pid!=0) /* Branch based on return value from fork() */
{ /* pid is non-zero, so I must be the parent */
printf("I'm the parent process with PID %d and PPID
%d.\n", getpid(),getppid());
printf("My child's PID is %d.\n", pid);
}
else { /* pid is zero, so I must be the child. */
sleep(5); /*Make sure that the parent terminates first. */
printf("I'm the child process with PID %d and PPID %d.\n",
getpid(),getppid());
}
printf("PID %d terminates.\n",pid); /* Both processes execute this */}

INPUT:
$cc prog18.c
./a.out ... run the program.

OUTPUT:
I'm the original process with PID 13364 and PPID 13346.
I'm the parent process with PID 13364 and PPID 13346.
PID 13364 terminates.
I'm the child process with PID 13365 and PPID 1. ...orphaned!
PID 13365 terminates. ... child terminates.

18.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1.Illustrate difference between zombie process and orphan process.

18.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a C program to find given number is Armstrong number or not by parent process.

18.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the child parent process id if child process status is orphan process?
29
 EXPERIMENT 19

19.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program that illustrates how to execute two commands concurrently with a command
pipe. Eg. ls-l|sort.

19.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

19.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Open a directory of given directory name
2. Scan directory and Read file and display filename to output stream
3. Repeat step 2 till eof directory reach.
4. Using stat function test type of file, its permissions and file properties and display to
output stream.

19.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<dirent.h>
main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
struct dirent *p;
DIR *dp; struct
stat b;
dp=opendir(".");
if(dp==NULL)
{
printf("\nDirectory opening problem\n");
return;
}
while((p=readdir(dp))!=NULL)
{
if(stat(p->d_name,&b)<0)
{
printf("\nStat failure \n");
exit(0);
}
switch(b.st_mode & S_IFMT )
{
case S_IFREG: printf(" -
"); break;
case S_IFDIR: printf(" d");

30
 break;
case S_IFCHR: printf(" c");
break;
case S_IFBLK: printf(" b");
break;
case S_IFLNK: printf(" l");
break;
case S_IFSOCK: printf("
s"); break;
case S_IFIFO: printf(" p");
break;
}
if(S_IRUSR & b.st_mode)
printf(" r");
else
printf(" -"); if(S_IWUSR
& b.st_mode) printf(" w");

else
printf(" -");
if(S_IXUSR & b.st_mode)
printf(" x");
else
printf(" -");
if(S_IRGRP & b.st_mode)
printf(" r");
else
printf(" -");
if(S_IWGRP & b.st_mode)
printf(" w");
else
printf(" -");
if(S_IXGRP & b.st_mode)
printf(" x");
else
printf(" -");
if(S_IROTH & b.st_mode)
printf(" r");
else
printf(" -");
if(S_IWOTH & b.st_mode)
printf(" w");
else
printf(" -");
if(S_IXOTH & b.st_mode)
printf(" x");
else
printf(" -");
printf("%3d ",b.st_nlink);
printf("%4d ",b.st_uid);
printf("%4d ",b.st_gid);
printf("%6d ",b.st_size);
printf("%9ld",b.st_ctime);

31
 printf(" %s\n",p->d_name);
}
}

INPUT:
vi 19.c
cc 19.c
./a.out

OUTPUT:
- r w - r w - r - - 1 500 500 1506 1380610351 19.c
- r w - r w - r - - 1 500 500 0 1380523478 2
- r w - r w - r - - 1 500 500 0 1380523478 3
- r w x r w x r - x 1 500 500 6038 1380610357 a.out
- r w - r w - r - - 1 500 500 0 1380523478 1
- r w - r w - r - - 1 500 500 421 1380524812 12.c
- r w - r w - r - - 1 500 500 0 1380523478 4
d r w x - - - - - - 15 500 500 4096 1380609957 ..
d r w x r w x r - x 2 500 500 4096 1380610357 .
- r w - r w - r - - 1 500 500 347 1380523684 13.c

19.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of stat() functions.
2. Define file system?

19.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a C program to find number of sub directories in given directory.

19.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Which system call is used to remove any type of file.

32
 EXPERIMENT 20
20.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program in which a parent writes a message to a pipe and the child reads the message.

20.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

20.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Create pipe using pipe() function and new process using fork() function
2. If parent process executing write a message to pipe at one end
3. If child process executing read a message from pipe at other end which is written by parent

20.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<unistd.h>
main() {
int pfds[2];
char buf[30];
if(pipe(pfds) == -1) {
perror("Pipe is not created");
exit(1); }
if(!fork()) {
printf("CHILD: Writing to the pipe\n");
write(pfds[1],"Hello World, I am child",23);
printf("CHILD:Exiting");
exit(0); }
else {
printf("PARENT:reading from the pipe\n");
read(pfds[0],buf,23);
printf("PARENT:Received Data is :%s",buf);
}}
INPUT: cc
prog20.c
./a.out

OUTPUT:
CHILD: Writing to the pipe
CHILD:Exiting
PARENT:reading from the pipe
PARENT:Received Data is : Hello World, I am child

20.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What are the return values of pipe function?

20.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Implement two way communication using pipes.

20.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the use of read and write system calls
2. How many processes will create if 4 fork functions executed?
3. Illustrate difference between pipes and named pipes?

33
 EXPERIMENT 21
21.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program (sender.c) to create a message queue with read and write permissions to write 3
messages to it with different priority numbers.

21.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

21.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Create process using msgget(), identify process using a key
2. Declare structure to store message and message type.
3. Using msgsnd() function write a message to message queue.

21.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/ipc.h>
#include<sys/msg.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
main()
{
int qid,len,i;
char s[15];
struct
{
long mtype;
char mtext[15];
}message,buff;
qid=msgget((key_t)10,IPC_CREAT|0666);
if(qid==-1)
{
perror("message queue create failed");
exit(1);
}
for(i=1;i<=3;i++)
{
printf("Enter the message to send\n");
scanf("%s",s); strcpy(message.mtext,s);
message.mtype=i;
len=strlen(message.mtext);
if(msgsnd(qid,&message,len+1,0)==-1)

{
perror("message failed\n");
exit(1);
}
}

34
 }

INPUT: cc
prog21.c

OUTPUT:
Enter the message to send: hi
Enter the message to send: hello, how are you
Enter the message to send: bye

21.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of msgget(),msgsnd(),msgrcv().
2. What is structure of message queue.

21.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Implement message queues like sender and receiver, where receiver can receive the message
in un-order.

21.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Describe use of pipe, fifos and message queues

35
 EXPERIMENT 22

22.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program (receiver.c) that receives the messages (from the above message queue
as specified in (22)) and displays them.

22.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

22.3 i) Connect client and server with socket() fuction.

ii) Provide socket address (port,Ip-address).
iii) Use connect() and bind(),listen() in client and server respectively.
iv) If successful use accept() in server.
v) Use fprintf() and read() for sending and receiving the data for communication between server
and client.
vi) Close the connectrion

22.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/ipc.h>
#include<sys/msg.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
main()
{
int qid,len,i;
char s[15];
struct
{
long mtype;
char mtext[15];
}buff;
qid=msgget((key_t)10,IPC_CREAT|0666);
if(qid==-1)
{
perror("message queue create failed");
exit(0);
}
for(i=1;i<=3;i++)
{
if(msgrcv(qid,&buff,15,i,0)==-1)
{
perror("message failed\n");
exit(0);
}

36
 printf("Message received from sender is %s\n",buff.mtext);
}
}

INPUT:
cc prog22.c
./a.out

OUTPUT:
Message received from sender is: hi
Message received from sender is: hello, how are you
Message received from sender is: bye

22.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. How many message queues can create in linux programming and what are limitations for
message queues?

22.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Implement message queues like sender and receiver, where sender sends number and receiver
can receive the message and find square of received number.

22.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Which system call is used to remove or delete a message queue

37
 EXPERIMENT 23
23.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program to allow cooperating processes to lock a resource for exclusive use, using
a) Semaphores b) flock or lockf system calls.

23.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

23.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Create semaphore and create key using ftok() function
2. Use semctl() to control the process.

23.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<error.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/ipc.h>
#include<sys/sem.h>
int main(void)
{
key_t key;
int semid;
union semun arg;
if((key==ftok("sem demo.c","j"))== -1)
{
perror("ftok");
exit(1);
}
if(semid=semget(key,1,0666|IPC_CREAT))== -1)
{
perror("semget"):
exit(1);
}
arg.val=1;
if(semctl(semid,0,SETVAL,arg)== -1)
{
perror("smctl");
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}

23.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. How to control the process in shared segment

23.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a program for shared memory form of IPC using producer consumer relation in such a
way that consumer should read only after the producer has written some text to the shared memory.

23.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Which system call is used to remove or delete a semaphore?

38
 EXPERIMENT 24

24.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program that illustrates suspending and resuming processes using signals.

24.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

24.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Use kill() to suspend and resume process

24.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include<sys/types.h>
#include<signal.h>
//suspend the process(same as hitting
crtl+z) kill(pid,SIGSTOP);

//continue the process

kill(pid,SIGCONT);
24.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Define signal? Explain how to handle signals.

24.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a program to handle the signals like SIGINT , SIGFPE. SIGQUIT

24.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Which signals cannot catch using signal handler functions.

39
 EXPERIMENT 25

25.1 OBJECTIVE
Write a C program that implements a producer-consumer system with two processes. (using
Semaphores).

25.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

25.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. create semaphore using semget( ) system call
2. if successful it returns positive value
3. create two new processes
4. first process will produce
5. until first process produces second process cannot consume

25.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/ipc.h>
#include<sys/sem.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#define num_loops 2
int main(int argc,char* argv[])
{
int sem_set_id;
int child_pid,i,sem_val;
struct sembuf sem_op;
int rc;
struct timespec delay;
clrscr();
sem_set_id=semget(ipc_private,2,0600);
if(sem_set_id==-1)
{
perror(“main:semget”);
exit(1);
}
printf(“semaphore set created,semaphore setid„%d‟\n
”, sem_set_id);
child_pid=fork();
switch(child_pid)
{
case -1:
perror(“fork”);
exit(1);
case 0:
for(i=0;i<num_loops;i++)
{
sem_op.sem_num=0;

40
 sem_op.sem_op=-1;
sem_op.sem_flg=0;
semop(sem_set_id,&sem_op,1);
printf(“producer:‟%d‟\n”,i);
fflush(stdout);
}
break;
default:
for(i=0;i<num_loops;i++)
{
printf(“consumer:‟%d‟\n”,i);
fflush(stdout);
sem_op.sem_num=0;
sem_op.sem_op=1;
sem_op.sem_flg=0;
semop(sem_set_id,&sem_op,1);
if(rand()>3*(rano_max14));
{
delay.tv_sec=0;
delay.tv_nsec=10;
nanosleep(&delay,null);
}
}
break;
}
return 0;
}

INPUT AND OUTPUT:

semaphore set created
semaphore set id
„327690‟ producer: „0‟
consumer:‟0‟
producer:‟1‟
consumer:‟1‟

25.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Define semaphores? What is their purpose? List and explain the APIs used to create and control
the semaphores.

25.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a C program to remove semaphores using semaphore functions.

25.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Which system call is used to remove or delete a semaphores?

41
 EXPERIMENT 26

26.1 OBJECTIVE
Write client and server programs (using c) for interaction between server and client processes
using Unix Domain sockets.

26.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

26.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Create socket at client side and server side for communication.
2. Server side execute bind and accept function to accept client
3. Client side execute connect function to establish connection between client and server
4. Exchange information through unix domain sockets.
5. Close socket file descriptor after completion of communication.

26.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

int connection_handler(int connection_fd)

{
int nbytes;
char buffer[256];

nbytes = read(connection_fd, buffer,

256); buffer[nbytes] = 0;

printf("MESSAGE FROM CLIENT: %s\n", buffer);

nbytes = snprintf(buffer, 256, "hello from the
server"); write(connection_fd, buffer, nbytes);

close(connection_fd);
return 0;
}

int main(void)
{
struct sockaddr_un address;
int socket_fd, connection_fd;
socklen_t address_length;
pid_t child;

socket_fd = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM,

0); if(socket_fd < 0)
{
printf("socket()
failed\n"); return 1;

42
}

unlink("./demo_socket");

/* start with a clean address structure */

memset(&address, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));

address.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
snprintf(address.sun_path, UNIX_PATH_MAX, "./demo_socket");

if(bind(socket_fd,
(struct sockaddr *) &address,
sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)) != 0)
{
printf("bind()
failed\n"); return 1;
}

if(listen(socket_fd, 5) != 0)
{
printf("listen()
failed\n"); return 1;
}

while((connection_fd = accept(socket_fd, (struct

sockaddr *) &address,
&address_length)) > -1)
{
child = fork();
if(child == 0)
{
/* now inside newly created connection handling process
*/ return connection_handler(connection_fd);
}

/* still inside server process

*/ close(connection_fd);
}

close(socket_fd);
unlink("./demo_socket");
return 0;
}

Client.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(void)
{

43
 struct sockaddr_un address;
int socket_fd, nbytes;
char buffer[256];

socket_fd = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM,

0); if(socket_fd < 0)
{
printf("socket()
failed\n"); return 1;
}

/* start with a clean address structure */

memset(&address, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_un));

address.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
snprintf(address.sun_path, UNIX_PATH_MAX, "./demo_socket");

if(connect(socket_fd,
(struct sockaddr *) &address,
sizeof(struct sockaddr_un)) != 0)
{
printf("connect() failed\n");
return 1;
}

nbytes = snprintf(buffer, 256, "hello from a

client"); write(socket_fd, buffer, nbytes);

nbytes = read(socket_fd, buffer, 256);

buffer[nbytes] = 0;
printf("MESSAGE FROM SERVER: %s\n",
buffer); close(socket_fd);
return 0;
}

26.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Define socket?
2. Differentiate between connection oriented and connection less communication.

26.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a program to design a TCP client – server application which takes IP address, Port number
and string to be echoed as command line inputs in client application and implements echo service.

26.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Explain about IPV6 socket address structure and compare it with IPV4 and unix socket address structures.

44
 EXPERIMENT 27

27.1 OBJECTIVE
Write client and server programs (using c) for interaction between server and client processes
using Internet Domain sockets.

27.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

27.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

1. Connect client and server with socket() fuction.
2. Provide socket address (port, Ip-address) of Internet Domain Sockets.
3. Use connect() and bind(),listen() in client and server respectively.
4. If successful use accept() in server.
5. Use fprintf() and read() for sending and receiving the data for communication between server
and client.
6. Close the connection

27.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

Server.c
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <time.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{
int listenfd = 0, connfd = 0;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;

char sendBuff[1025];
time_t ticks;

listenfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM,

0); memset(&serv_addr, '0', sizeof(serv_addr));
memset(sendBuff, '0', sizeof(sendBuff));

serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(5000);

bind(listenfd, (struct sockaddr*)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr));

45
 listen(listenfd, 10);

while(1)
{
connfd = accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr*)NULL, NULL);

ticks = time(NULL);
snprintf(sendBuff, sizeof(sendBuff), "%.24s\r\n",
ctime(&ticks)); write(connfd, sendBuff, strlen(sendBuff));

close(connfd);
sleep(1);
}
}

Client.c

#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{
int sockfd = 0, n = 0;
char recvBuff[1024];
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;

if(argc != 2)
{
printf("\n Usage: %s <ip of server> \n",argv[0]);
return 1;
}

memset(recvBuff, '0',sizeof(recvBuff));
if((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
{
printf("\n Error : Could not create socket
\n"); return 1;
}

memset(&serv_addr, '0', sizeof(serv_addr));

46
 serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(5000);

if(inet_pton(AF_INET, argv[1], &serv_addr.sin_addr)<=0)

{
printf("\n inet_pton error
occured\n"); return 1;
}

if( connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr)) < 0)

{
printf("\n Error : Connect Failed
\n"); return 1;
}

while ( (n = read(sockfd, recvBuff, sizeof(recvBuff)-1)) > 0)

{
recvBuff[n] = 0; if(fputs(recvBuff,
stdout) == EOF)
{
printf("\n Error : Fputs error\n");
}
}

if(n < 0)
{
printf("\n Read error \n");
}

return 0;
}
27.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Explain about IPV6 socket address structure and compare it with IPV4 and unix socket address
structures.

27.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a program to implement UDP client server application in which client takes an file name from
the command line and sends to the server. Server returns the content of received file to the client.

27.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Which system call is used to UDP Client Server Communication.

47
 EXPERIMENT 28

28.1 OBJECTIVE
Implement shared memory form of IPC

28.2 RESOURCE/REQUIREMENTS
Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler

28.3 PROGRAM LOGIC

i) Create two process ,
ii) Use shmget() to connect the processes.
iii) Take a memory and attach this two process using shmat()
iv) Now both the process can access the common memory.

28.4 DESCRIPTION / PROCEDURE

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define SHMSZ 27
main()
{ char c; int
shmid;
key_t key;
char *shm, *s;
key = 5678;
if ((shmid = shmget(key, SHMSZ, IPC_CREAT | 0666)) < 0)
{ perror("shmget");
exit(1); }
if ((shm = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0)) == (char *) -1)
{ perror("shmat");
exit(1); } s
= shm;
for (c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++)
*s++ = c;
*s = NULL;
while (*shm Linux operating system, vi –editor, c-compiler= '*')
sleep(1);
exit(0);
}

shm_client.c
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define SHMSZ 27
main()
{
int shmid;
key_t key;

48
 char *shm, *s;
key = 5678;
if ((shmid = shmget(key, SHMSZ, 0666)) < 0) {
perror("shmget");
exit(1); }
if ((shm = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0)) == (char *) -1) {
perror("shmat");
exit(1); }
for (s = shm; *s != NULL; s++)
putchar(*s);
putchar('\n');

*shm = '*';

exit(0);
}

28.5 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What are the advantages of using shared memory?
2. shmget() has how many parameters.

28.6 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Write a c-program to implement shred memory among more than one process with effecting
critical region (i.e. synchronization).

28.7 POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Which system call used to assign or allocate memory to the process?

49