ME216 MOM - CHPT 1

Chapter Objectives
✓ Understand the concepts of normal and shear stress

✓ Analyze and design of members subjected on axial load
or shear
Copyright ©2018 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Why Mechanics of Materials?
(Why is Statics not enough?)
• Real world structures are typically designed for
strength, stiffness, and stability considerations.
None of these can be accomplished with what we
have learned in Statics
• Strength: The ability of the structures to carry or

transmit loads.
• Stiffness: The ability of the structures to resist

changes in shape.
• Stability: The ability of the structure to resist

buckling under compressive loads.
2
Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics that studies
the relationships between the external loads applied to a
deformable body and the intensity of internal force acting
within the body. The subject also involves computing the
deformations of the body, and it provides a study of the body’s
stability when the body is subjected to external forces.
3
External Loads
➢ Surface Forces
❖ are caused by the direct contact of one body with the surface of
another.
➢ Concentrated Force idealization
❖ this area is small in comparison with the total surface force can
be idealized as a single concentrated force, which is applied to a
point on the body.
➢ Linear Distributed load idealization
❖ If the surface loading is applied along a narrow area.
➢ Body Force
❖ Is developed when one body exerts a force on another body
without direct physical contact between the bodies.
❖ Gravitation, this force called the weight of the body.
4
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
➢Equations of Equilibrium
5
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
6
Internal Forces
• Fig 1-2a shows in equilibrium by the four external forces.

• Fig 1-2b shows the two parts of the body are then separated, and
a free-body diagram of a distribution on internal forces acting on
the exposed area of the section.
• Fig 1-2c shows resultant force and moment, FR and MRo at any
7
specific point O on the section area.
Internal Forces
➢ Resultant force (FR) and moment (MRo) in
3D:
8
Internal Forces
Coplanar system
of forces
Shear forces,V=>
ΣFy=0
Bending moment,
M=> ΣMo=0
Normal force,
N=>ΣFx=0
9
Internal Forces
➢ Normal force, N=> the force acts perpendicular to the
area. It is developed whenever the external loads tend to
push or pull on the two segments of the body.
➢ Shear force, V=> the shear force lies in the plane of the
area and is developed when external loads tend to cause
the two segments of the body to slide over one another.
10
Internal Forces
➢ Torsional moment or torque, T=> this effect is
developed when the external loads tend to twist one
segment of the body within respect to the other.
➢ Bending moment, M=> the bending moment is caused by
the external loads that tend to bend the body about an axis
lying within the plane of the area.
11
Support Reactions
• The surface forces that develop at the supports
or point of contact between bodies are called
reactions.
• A support produces a force in a particular
direction on its attached member if it prevents
translation of the member in that direction, and it
produces a couple moment on the member if it
prevents rotation.
12
Support Reactions
13
Support reactions for 2D problems
14
Procedure for analysis
• Procedure for analysis to determine the resultant
internal loadings at a point located section of a
body.
Method of sections
➢ Choose segment to analyze.
➢ Determine Support Reactions.
➢ Draw free-body diagram for whole body.
➢ Apply equations of equilibrium
15
Free-body diagram
➢ Keep all external loadings in exact locations before
“sectioning”.
➢ Indicate unknown resultants, N, V, M, and T at the
section, normally at centroid C of sectioned area.
➢ Coplanar system of forces only include N, V, and M.
➢ Establish x, y, z coordinate axes with origin at
centroid
16
Equations of equilibrium
➢ Sum moments at section, about each coordinate axes
where resultants act.
➢ This will eliminate unknown forces N and V, with direct
solution for M (and T).
➢ Resultant force with negative value implies that
assumed direction is opposite to that shown on free-
body diagram.
17
STRESS
Concept of stress
➢ To obtain distribution of force acting over a sectioned
area.
➢ Assumptions of material:
❖ It is continuous
(uniform distribution of matter).
❖ It is cohesive
(all portions are connected together).
18
STRESS
Concept of stress
➢ Consider ΔA in figure below.
➢ Small finite force, ΔF acts on ΔA.
➢ As ΔA →0, ΔF →0.
➢ But stress (ΔF / ΔA) →finite limit (∞), called
STRESS, describes the intensity of the
internal force acting on a specific plane (area)
passing through a point.
19
STRESS
20
STRESS
➢ Tensile stress: normal force “pulls” or
“stretches” the area element ΔA.
➢ Compressive stress: normal force “pushes” or
“compresses” area element ΔA
21
STRESS
shear
22
STRESS
General state of stress
➢ Figure shows the state of stress acting around a
chosen point in a body
Units (SI system)
➢ Newtons per square meter (N/m2)
or a pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m2)
kPa= 103N/m2(kilo-pascal)
MPa= 106N/m2(mega-pascal)
GPa= 109N/m2(giga-pascal)
23
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS
IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
24
➢ Uniform deformation: Bar remains straight
before and after load is applied, and cross
section remains flat or plane during deformation.
➢ In order for uniform deformation, force P be
applied along centroidal axis of cross section.
25
26
27
Maximum average normal stress
➢ For problems where internal force P and x-
sectional A were constant along the
longitudinal axis of the bar, normal stress
σ= P/A is also constant.
➢ If the bar is subjected to several external
loads along its axis, change in x-sectional
area may occur.
➢ Thus, it is important to find the maximum
average normal stress.
➢ To determine that, we need to find the
location where ratio P/A is a maximum
28
Maximum average normal stress
➢ Draw an axial or normal force diagram (plot of P vs.
its position x along bar’s length)
➢ Use equation of σ= P/A for x-sectional area of a
member when section subjected to internal resultant
force P
Sign convention:
➢ P is positive (+) if it causes tension in the member
➢ P is negative (−) if it causes compression
➢ Identify the maximum average normal stress from
the plot
29
example01_02a
continued on next slide

Mechanics of Materials, Tenth Edition in SI Units Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
R. C. Hibbeler All Rights Reserved.
example01_02b

example01_02c


example01_06a

example01_06b
example01_07a

example01_07b
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
➢ Shear stress is the stress component that act in the
plane of the sectioned area.
➢ Consider a force F acting to the bar.
➢ For rigid supports, and F is large enough, bar will
deform and fail along the planes identified by AB and
CD.
➢ Free-body diagram indicates that shear force,
V= F/2 be applied at both sections to ensure
equilibrium
41
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS
Average shear stress over each section is:
➢ τ avg=average shear stress at section, assumed to be
same at each pt on the section.
➢ V =internal resultant shear force at section determined
from equations of equilibrium.
➢ A= area of section
➢ Occurs in various types of simple

connections, e.g., bolts, pins, welded
material.
42
Single shear
➢ For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and bonding surface

between the two members are subjected to single shear force,
V= F.
➢ The average shear stress equation can be applied to
determine average shear stress acting on colored section in
(d).
43
Double shear
➢ The joints shown below are examples of double-shear connections, often
called double lap joints.
➢ For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and bonding surface between two
members subjected to double shear force, V= F/2.
➢ Apply average shear stress equation to determine average shear stress
acting on colored section in (d).
44
Double shear
45
Shear Stress Equilibrium
46
ALLOWABLE STRESS
• To properly design a structural member or mechanical

element, it is necessary to restrict the stress in the
material to a level that will be safe.
• Factor of Safety
F fail  fail  fail
F .S . = F .S . = F .S . =
Fallow  allow  allow
DESIGN OF SIMPLE CONNECTION
• For normal force requirement
P
A=
 allow
• For shear force requirement
V
A=
 allow
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

example01_14a

example01_14a

example01_14b

example01_14c

example01_14d
EXAMPLE
The rigid bar AB shown in Fig. 1–29a is supported by a steel rod AC
having a diameter of 20 mm and an aluminum block having a cross
sectional area of 1800 mm2. The 18-mm-diameter pins at A and C are
subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the steel and
aluminum is ( st ) fail = 680 MPa and ( al ) fail = 70 MPa , respectively, and the
failure shear stress for each pin is  fail = 900 MPa , determine the
largest load P that can be applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety
of FS=2.

EXAMPLE
Solution
• The allowable stresses are
( st ) fail
( st )allow = 680
= = 340 MPa
F .S . 2
( al ) fail 70
( al )allow = = = 35 MPa
F .S . 2
 fail 900
 allow = = = 450 MPa
F .S . 2
• There are three unknowns and we apply the equations of equilibrium,
+  M B = 0; P(1.25) − FAC (2) = 0 (1)

+  M A = 0; FB (2) − P(0.75) = 0 (2)

EXAMPLE
Solution
• We will now determine each value of P that creates the allowable stress
in the rod, block, and pins, respectively.
 
• For rod AC, FAC = ( st )allow ( AAC ) = 340 (10 6 )  (0.01)2 = 106 .8 kN
+  M B = 0; P(1.25) − FAC (2) = 0 (1)

P=
(106.8)(2) = 171 kN
• Using Eq. 1, 1.25 +  M A = 0; FB (2) − P(0.75) = 0 (2)
• For block B, FB = ( al )allow AB = 35(10 6 )1800 (10 −6 ) = 63 .0 kN
(63.0)(2) = 168 kN
• Using Eq. 2, P =
0.75

EXAMPLE
Solution
 
• For pin A or C, V = FAC =  allow A = 450 (10 6 )  (0.009 )2 = 114 .5 kN
+  M B = 0; P(1.25) − FAC (2) = 0

P=
(114.5)(2) = 183 kN (1)
• Using Eq. 1, +  M A = 0; FB (2) − P(0.75) = 0 (2)
1.25
• When P reaches its smallest value (168 kN), it develops the allowable
normal stress in the aluminium block. Hence,
P = 168 kN (Ans)


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Chapter Objectives

✓ Understand the concepts of normal and shear stress

Copyright ©2018 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

• Strength: The ability of the structures to carry or

• Stiffness: The ability of the structures to resist

• Stability: The ability of the structure to resist

• Fig 1-2a shows in equilibrium by the four external forces.

continued on next slide

continued on next slide

Copyright ©2018 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright ©2018 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

continued on next slide

continued on next slide

➢ Occurs in various types of simple

➢ For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and bonding surface

• To properly design a structural member or mechanical

• For shear force requirement

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

continued on next slide

continued on next slide

continued on next slide

continued on next slide

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• There are three unknowns and we apply the equations of equilibrium,

+  M B = 0; P(1.25) − FAC (2) = 0 (1)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

+  M B = 0; P(1.25) − FAC (2) = 0 (1)

• For block B, FB = ( al )allow AB = 35(10 6 )1800 (10 −6 ) = 63 .0 kN

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

+  M B = 0; P(1.25) − FAC (2) = 0

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

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