What are literary devices in fiction

Literary devices are techniques that writers use to express their ideas and enhance their
writing. Literary devices highlight important concepts in a text, strengthen the
narrative, and help readers connect to the characters and themes.

These devices serve a wide range of purposes in literature. Some might work on an
intellectual level, while others have a more emotional effect. They may also work
subtly to improve the flow and pacing of your writing. No matter what, if you're
looking to inject something special into your prose, literary devices are a great place to
start.

Figurative Language
A writer can also use figurative language to create a more interesting and meaningful
story. Figurative language is language used to make a comparison between two
different things. Common figures of speech include the following:

 Simile. A figure of speech in which the writer makes a direct comparison

between two unlike things, usually with the words” like” or “as.” Example: Her
cheeks were as red as cherries…He runs like a race horse.

 Metaphor. A figure of speech in which the writer makes an implied comparison

between two unlike things, without using “like” or “as.”Examples: Love is a
treasure box…Life is a journey, not a destination.

 Personification. A figure of speech in which the writer assigns human qualities

or attributes or abilities to an animal, an object, or an idea. Example: The angry
wind knocked over the chair and slammed the shutters.
 Hyperbole. A figure of speech in which the writer uses to exaggeration or
overstatement for emphasis.
Here are 10 of the most common literary devices:

 Allegory

An allegory is a type of narrative that uses characters and plot to depict abstract ideas
and themes. In an allegorical story, things represent more than they appear to on the
surface. Many children's fables, such as The Tortoise and the Hare, are simple allegories
about morality — but allegories can also be dark, complex, and controversial.

Example: Animal Farm by George Orwell. This dystopian novella is one of modern

literature’s best-known allegories. A commentary on the events leading up to Stalin's
rise and the formation of the Soviet Union, the pigs at the heart of the novel represent
figures such as Stalin, Trotsky, and Molotov.

 Alliteration

Alliteration describes a series of words in quick succession that all start with the same
letter or sound. It lends a pleasing cadence to prose and poetry both. And if you have
any doubts about the impact of alliteration, consider the following unforgettable
titles: Love’s Labour’s Lost, Sense and Sensibility, and The Haunting of Hill House.

Example: “Peter Piper picked a pot of pickled peppers.”

 Allusion

An allusion is a passing or indirect descriptive reference to something. You probably

allude to things all the time in everyday speech, without even noticing.

Example: “This list of literary devices will turn me into a bona fide Mark Twain.”
 Anaphora/ repetition

Anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a series of clauses or

sentences. It’s often seen in poetry and speeches, intended to provoke a emotional
response in its audience.

Example: Martin Luther King’s 1963 “I Have A Dream” speech. “I have a dream that

one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed … and  I have
a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons
of former slave owners will be able to sit together at the table of brotherhood … I have a
dream that little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by
the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.”

 Anastrophe

Anastrophe is a figure of speech wherein the traditional sentence structure is reversed.

So a typical verb-subject-adjective sentence such as “Are you ready?” becomes a Yoda-
esque adjective-verb-subject question: “Ready, are you?” Or a standard adjective-noun
pairing like “tall mountain” becomes “mountain tall.”

Example: “Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing.”
— The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe

 Anthropomorphism /personification

To anthropomorphize is to apply human traits or qualities to a non-human thing such

as objects, animals, or the weather. But unlike personification, in which this is done
through figurative description, anthropomorphism is literal: a sun with a smiling face,
for example, or talking dogs in a cartoon.

Examples: In Disney’s Beauty and the Beast, Mrs. Potts the teapot, Cogsworth the clock,
and Lumière the candlestick are all household objects that act and behave like humans
(which, of course, they were when they weren’t under a spell).
 Colloquialism

Colloquialism is the use of casual and informal language in writing, which can also
include slang. Writers use colloquialisms to provide context to settings and characters,
and to make their writing sound more authentic. Imagine reading a YA novel that takes
place in modern America, and the characters speak to each other like this:

“Good morning, Sue. I hope that you slept well and are prepared for this morning’s science
exam.”

“Hey Sue, what’d you get up to last night? This science test is gonna suck.”

Example: Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh takes place in Scotland, a fact made undeniably

obvious by the dialect: “Thing is, as ye git aulder, this character-deficiency gig becomes
mair sapping. Thir wis a time ah used tae say tae aw the teachers, bosses, dole punters,
poll-tax guys, magistrates, when they telt me ah was deficient: ’Hi, cool it, gadge, ah’m
jist me, jist intae a different sort ay gig fae youse but, ken?’”

 Euphemism

A euphemism is an indirect, “polite” way of describing something too inappropriate or

awkward to address directly. However, most people will still understand the truth
about what's happening.

Example: When an elderly person is forced to retire, some might say they’re being “put
out to pasture.”

 Flashback

Flashbacks to previous events split up present-day scenes in a story, usually to build

suspense toward a big reveal. Flashbacks are also an interesting way to present
exposition for your story, gradually revealing to the reader what happened in the past.
Example: Every other chapter in the first part of Gone Girl  is a flashback, with Amy’s
old diary entries describing her relationship with her husband before she disappeared.

 Foreshadowing

Foreshadowing is when the author hints at events yet to come in a story. Similar to
flashbacks (and often used in conjunction with them), this technique is also used to
create tension or suspense — giving readers just enough breadcrumbs to keep them
hungry for more. Want to become an expert in foreshadowing? Check out our post on
the subject, which is full of examples.

Example: One popular method of foreshadowing is through partial reveals — the

narrator leaves out key facts to prompt readers’ curiosity. Jeffrey Eugenides does this
in The Virgin Suicides: “On the morning the last Lisbon daughter took her turn at suicide
– it was Mary this time, and sleeping pills, like Therese, the two paramedics arrived at
the house knowing exactly where the knife drawer was, and the gas oven, and the beam
in the basement from which it was possible to tie a rope.”

 Hyperbole

Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement that emphasizes the significance of the

statement’s actual meaning. When a friend says, "Oh my god, I haven't seen you in a
million years," that's hyperbole.

Example: “At that time Bogotá was a remote, lugubrious city where an insomniac rain
had been falling since the beginning of the 16th century.” — Living to Tell the Tale by
Gabriel García Márquez

 Hypophora

Hypophora is much like a rhetorical question, wherein someone asks a question that
doesn't require an answer. However, in hypophora, the person raises a question and
answers it immediately themselves (hence the prefix hypo, meaning 'under' or
'before'). It’s often used when characters are reasoning something aloud.

Example: “Do you always watch for the longest day of the year and then miss it? I
always watch for the longest day in the year and then miss it.” — Daisy in The Great
Gatsby

 Imagery

Imagery appeals to readers’ senses through highly descriptive language. It’s crucial for
any writer hoping to follow the rule of "show, don’t tell," as strong imagery truly paints
a picture of the scene at hand.

Example: “In the hard-packed dirt of the midway, after the glaring lights are out and
the people have gone to bed, you will find a veritable treasure of popcorn fragments,
frozen custard dribblings, candied apples abandoned by tired children, sugar fluff
crystals, salted almonds, popsicles, partially gnawed ice cream cones and wooden sticks
of lollipops.” — Charlotte's Web by E.B. White

 Irony

Irony creates contrast between how things seem and how they really are. There
are three types of literary irony: dramatic (when readers know what will happen before
characters do), situational (when readers expect a certain outcome, only to be surprised
by a turn of events), and verbal (when the intended meaning of a statement is the
opposite of what was said).

Example: This opening scene from Orson Welles’ A Touch of Evil is a great example of

how dramatic irony can create tension.

 Isocolon
If you’re a neat freak who likes things just so, isocolon is the literary device for you.
This is when two or more phrases or clauses have similar structure, rhythm, and even
length — such that, when stacked up on top of each other, they would line up perfectly.
Isocolon often crops up in brand slogans and famous sayings; the quick, balanced
rhythm makes the phrase catchier and more memorable.

Example: Veni, vidi, vici (“I came, I saw, I conquered”)

 Juxtaposition

Juxtaposition places two or more dissimilar characters, themes, concepts, etc. side by

side, and the profound contrast highlights their differences. Why is juxtaposition such
an effective literary device? Well, because sometimes the best way for us to understand
something is by understanding what it’s not.

Example: In the opening lines of A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens uses juxtaposition
to emphasize the societal disparity that led to the French Revolution: “It was the best of
times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness,
it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it
was the season of Darkness…”

 Litotes

Litotes (pronounced lie-toe-teez) is the signature literary device of the double negative.

Writers use litotes to express certain sentiments through their opposites, by saying that
that opposite is not the case. Don’t worry, it makes more sense with the examples. 😉

Examples: “You won’t be sorry” (meaning you’ll be happy); “you’re not wrong”

(meaning you’re right); “I didn’t not like it” (meaning I did)

 Metaphor
A metaphor compares two similar things by saying that one of them is the other. As
you'd likely expect, when it comes to literary devices, this one is a heavy hitter. And if a
standard metaphor doesn't do the trick, a writer can always try an extended metaphor:
a metaphor that expands on the initial comparison through more elaborate parallels.

Example: Metaphors are literature’s bread and butter (metaphor intended) — good luck
finding a novel that is free of them. Here’s one from Frances Hardinge’s A Face Like
Glass: “Wishes are thorns, he told himself sharply. They do us no good, just stick into
our skin and hurt us.”

 Metonymy

Metonymy is like symbolism, but even more so. A metonym doesn’t just symbolize
something else, it comes to serve as a synonym for that thing or things — typically, a
single object embodies an entire institution.

Examples: “The crown” representing the monarchy, “Washington” representing the

U.S. government

 Onomatopoeia

Amusingly, onomatopoeia (itself a difficult-to-pronounce word) refers to words

that sound like the thing they’re referring to. Well-known instances of onomatopoeia
include whiz, buzz, snap, grunt, etc.

Example: The excellent children's book Click, Clack, Moo: Cows That Type.“Farmer Brown
has a problem. His cows like to type. All day long he hears: Click, clack, moo. Click, clack,
moo. Clickety, clack, moo.”

 Oxymoron
An oxymoron comes from two contradictory words that describe one thing. While
juxtaposition contrasts two story elements, oxymorons are about the actual words you
are using.

Example: "Parting is such sweet sorrow.” — Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare. (Find 100
more examples of oxymorons here.)

 Paradox

Paradox derives from the Greek word paradoxon, which means “beyond belief.” It’s a
statement that asks people to think outside the box by providing seemingly illogical —
and yet actually true — premises.

Example: In George Orwell’s 1984, the slogan of the totalitarian government is built on

paradoxes: “War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength.” While we might
read these statements as obviously contradictory, in the context of Orwell’s novel, these
blatantly corrupt sentiments have become an accepted truth.

 Personification

Personification uses human traits to describe non-human things. Again, while the

aforementioned anthropomorphism actually applies these traits to non-human things,
personification means the behavior of the thing does not actually change. It's
personhood in figurative language only.

Example: “Just before it was dark, as they passed a great island of Sargasso weed that
heaved and swung in the light sea as though the ocean were making love with
something under a yellow blanket, his small line was taken by a dolphin.” —  The Old
Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway

 Point of view
Point of view is, of course, the mode of narration in a story. There are many POVs an
author can choose, and each one will have a different impact on the reading experience.
To learn more about first, second, and third person POV, check out our comprehensive
guide on the subject.

Example: Second person POV is uncommon because it directly addresses the reader —

not an easy narrative style to pull off. One popular novel that manages to employ this
perspective successfully is Bright Lights, Big Cityby Jay McInerney: “You are not the
kind of guy who would be at a place like this at this time of the morning. But here you
are, and you cannot say that the terrain is entirely unfamiliar, although the details are
fuzzy.”

 Satire

Writers use satire to make fun of some aspect of human nature or society — usually
through exaggeration, ridicule, or irony. There are countless ways to satirize something;
most of the time, you know it when you read it.

Example: The famous adventure novel Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift is a classic

example of satire, poking fun at “travelers' tales,” the government, and indeed human
nature itself.

 Simile

A simile draws resemblance between two things by saying “Thing A is like Thing B,”
or “Thing A is as [adjective] as Thing B.” Unlike a metaphor, a similar does not posit
that these things are the same, only that they are alike. As a result, it is probably the
most common literary device in writing — you can almost always recognize a simile
through the use of “like” or “as.”

Example: There are two similes in this description from Circe by Madeline Miller: “The
ships were golden and huge as leviathans, their rails carved from ivory and horn. They
were towed by grinning dolphins or else crewed by fifty black-haired nereids, faces
silver as moonlight.”

 Symbolism

Authors turn to tangible symbols to represent abstract concepts and ideas in their

stories  Symbols typically derive from objects or non-human — for instance, a dove
might represent peace, or raven might represent death.

Example: In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg (actually
a faded optometrist's billboard) to represent God and his judgment of the Jazz Age.

 Synecdoche

Synecdoche is the usage of a part to represent the whole. That is, rather than an object
or title that’s merely associated with the larger concept (as in metonymy), synecdoche
must actually be attached in some way: either to the name, or to the larger whole itself.

Examples: “Stanford won the game” (Stanford referring to the full title of the Stanford
football team) or “Nice wheels you got there” (wheels referring to the entire car)

Function of Fiction

The function of fiction is to entertain, educate, and inspire the readers and the audience.
Literature in general, and fiction in particular, is capable enough to sweep our
emotions. Therefore, fiction gives the audience an experience beyond their daily lives. It
provides them an insight into the life of the characters, their manners, vicissitudes, and
events related to them. It also is used to point out the flaws and drawbacks of a society,
race, and nation in a manner that it does not touch the boundary of stricture or
criticism. Rather, fiction points out drawbacks, and then suggests solutions for the
individuals and the nations alike. To sum up, fiction can also provide a vent to our
pent-up emotions such as hatred, anger and dislike but in a very light manner without
pointing out specific individuals or groups.

Examples of Fiction in Literature

Example #1: Alice in Wonderland (By Lewis Carrol)

Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll is a good example of fiction. The story narrates
various adventures of the main character, Alice, in a fictitious land full of incredible
creatures and events. Alice has to go through certain magical experiences in the
wonderland. According to the story, one day, while reading book, Alice grows bored,
and notices a white rabbit. She follows the rabbit when it goes into a hole in the ground.

When peeping through the hole, Alice loses her balance and falls in. She floats down
slowly into the hole, and observes everything around her. Then Alice enters
Wonderland, where she witnesses a number of weird things.  This entire magical tale is
fabricated and imaginary, which makes it a good fiction to enjoy.

Example #2: Pride and Prejudice (by Jane Austen)

Another ample example to portray fiction is, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. It is one
of the most famous English novels. Unlike the previous example, this story is set in a
real-life-like setting. All characters are humans, and no magical or strange events take
place in this novel. All of the characters, and the entire story is a made-up narrative,
each element the product of Jane Austen’s imagination. She not only presents the issues
of the contemporary life faced by middle class families, but also daily preoccupations of
the common people. The novel presents a good fiction of actual life of nineteenth
century.

Example #3: Hamlet (by William Shakespeare)

William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is another apt example of fiction. The story of

the play moves around the main character, Prince Hamlet. He is informed by the Ghost
of his father that his uncle murdered his father, King Hamlet, and married his wife and
Hamlet’s mother, Queen Gertrude. The Ghost elicits a promise from Hamlet that he will
avenge his murder by killing the murderer. This becomes Hamlet’s dilemma. He vows
to kill his uncle, but delays it on one pretext or another. Overall, the story is all about
the intrigues and plots of the royal castle of Elsinore in Denmark. The story may have
some connection with the real life events and characters, yet it is completely a fabricated
story created by Shakespeare to entertain the Elizabeth audience of that time.