Contributors

Linda Abraham, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, Philip J. Bergman, DVM, MS, PhD, Christopher J. Chamness, DVM
FANZCVS DACVIM (Oncology) Director Global Business
Senior Lecturer in Small Animal Medicine Director, Clinical Studies, VCA Antech, Development—Veterinary
Faculty of Veterinary Science Inc. KARL STORZ GmbH & Co. KG
The University of Melbourne Medical Director, Katonah-Bedford Santa Barbara, California
Werribee, Victoria, Australia Veterinary Center Endoscopy—Endoscopic Instrumentation
Stomach—Ulcer Bedford Hills, New York 10507
Small Intestine—Neoplasia Marjorie L. Chandler, DVM, MS, MACVSc,
Karin Allenspach, Dr.med.vet, FVH, PhD, DACVN, DACVIM, DECVIM-CA, MRCVS
DECVIM-CA, FHEA Antonella Borgatti, DVM, MS, DACVIM Senior Lecturer in Clinical Nutrition and
Senior Lecturer and Head of Small Animal (Oncology), DECVIM-CA Small Animal Internal Medicine
Internal Medicine Assistant Clinical Professor of Oncology Head of Small Animal Nutrition Service
Academic Director and Head of Clinical Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Hospital for Small Animals
Investigation Centre College of Veterinary Medicine Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences University of Minnesota University of Edinburgh
Royal Veterinary College St. Paul, Minnesota Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
University of London Chemotherapy Nutritional Approach to Gastrointestinal Disease
North Mymms, Herts, United Kingdom
Large Intestine—Inflammation Mary Bowles, DVM, DACVIM John M. Cullen, VMD, PhD, DACVP
Associate Professor Professor
Kari L. Anderson, DVM, DACVR Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department of Population Health and
Clinical Professor of Medical Imaging Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Pathobiology
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Boren Veterinary Teaching Hospital College of Veterinary Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine Oklahoma State University North Carolina State University
University of Minnesota Stillwater, Oklahoma Raleigh, North Carolina
St. Paul, Minnesota Probiotic Agents Histopathology—Hepatobiliary
Diagnostic Imaging of the Gastrointestinal
Tract—Radiography Mary Beth Callan, VMD, DACVIM Michael J. Day, BSc, BVMS (Hons), PhD,
Professor of Medicine DSc, DECVP, FASM, FRCPath, FRCVS
Sandra M. Axiak, DVM, BS, DACVIM Department of Clinical Studies Professor of Veterinary Pathology
Assistant Professor of Oncology School of Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary Sciences
Department of Veterinary Medicine & University of Pennsylvania University of Bristol
Surgery Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Langford, North Somerset, United Kingdom
Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Coagulopathy Gastrointestinal Inflammation
College of Veterinary Medicine Histopathology—Intestine
University of Missouri Nick Cave, BVSc, MVSc, PhD,
Columbia, Missouri MANZCVS, DACVN Linda DeBowes, DVM, DACVIM, DAVDC
Pancreas—Neoplasia Senior Lecturer in Small Animal Medicine Veterinarian
Centre for Companion Animal Health Shoreline Veterinary Dental Clinic
Marta Planellas Bachs, DVM, MSc, PhD Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Seattle, Washington
Patología Médica Biomedical Sciences Oropharynx—Diseases
Department de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals College of Sciences
Facultad de Veterinària Massey University
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Palmerston North, New Zealand
Bellaterra, Spain Fecal Incontinence
Liver—Neoplastic Disorders Gastrointestinal Gas
Adverse Reactions to Food
Small Intestine—Obstruction

xi
xii Contributors

Olivier Dossin, DVM, PhD, DECVIM-CA Frédéric P. Gaschen, Dr.med.vet, Dr. habil., Massimo Gualtieri, DVM, PhD
Associate Professor of Small Animal DACVIM, DECVIM-CA Professor of Surgery;
Internal Medicine M.L. Martin Professor of Companion Head of Surgery Unit
Department of Clinical Sciences—Clinical Animal Medicine Department of Veterinary Clinical
Research Unit Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Sciences—Section of Surgery
National Veterinary School School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
University of Toulouse-INP Louisiana State University University of Milan
Toulouse, France Baton Rouge, Louisiana Milan, Italy
Endoscopy—Complications Large Intestine—Inflammation Endoscopy—Interventional Endoscopy

Daniel A. Feeney, DVM, MS, DACVR Lorrie Gaschen, DVM, Dr.med.vet., PhD, Kevin A. Hahn, DVM, PhD, DACVIM
Professor of Radiology DECVDI (Oncology)
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Professor of Diagnostic Imaging Chief Medical Officer
College of Veterinary Medicine Section Chief of Diagnostic Imaging Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc.
University of Minnesota Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Topeka, Kansas
St. Paul, Minnesota School of Veterinary Medicine Pancreas—Neoplasia
Diagnostic Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Louisiana State University
Tract—Radiography Baton Rouge, Louisiana Edward J. Hall, MA, VetMB, PhD,
Diagnostic Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract— DECVIM-CA
Theresa W. Fossum, DVM, MS, PhD, Ultrasonographic Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine
DACVIM Tract School of Veterinary Science
Professor of Surgery; University of Bristol
Tom and Joan Chair in Veterinary Surgery Alexander James German, BVSc (Hons), Langford, Bristol, England
Department of Small Animal Clinical PhD, CertSAM, DECVIM-CA, MRCVS Small Intestine—Structure and Function
Sciences Senior Lecturer in Small Animal Medicine Small Intestine—Diagnostic Evaluation
College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Comparative and Molecular
Texas A&M University Medicine Jean A. Hall, DVM, PhD, DACVIM
College Station, Texas Small Animal Teaching Hospital Professor
Liver—Extra Hepatic Biliary Disorders School of Veterinary Science Department of Biomedical Sciences
University of Liverpool College of Veterinary Medicine
Diane Frank, DVM, DACVB Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom Oregon State University
Associate Professor of Animal Behavior Nutritional Assessment and Management—Obesity Corvallis, Oregon
Department of Clinical Sciences Small Intestine—Inflammation Abdominal Pain
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Small Intestine—Bacterial Overgrowth Stomach—Obstruction
University of Montreal Stomach—Dysmotility
Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada Michael H. Goldschmidt, MSc, BVMS,
Behavioral Intervention MRCVS, DACVP David E. Holt, BVSc, DACVS
Professor of Veterinary Pathology; Professor of Surgery
Shelby L. Freda, VMD Head of Surgical Pathobiology Department of Clinical Sciences
Veterinarian Department of Pathobiology School o Veterinary Medicine
East Side Animal Hospital School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania
New York, New York University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Anorectum—Neoplasia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Large Intestine—Ulcer
Anorectum—Neoplasia
Robert Furman, BVMS, MRCVS Tim Hyndman, BSc, BVMS, MANZCVS
Veterinarian Jody L. Gookin, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (SAIM) (Veterinary Pharmacology)
Southern California Veterinary Dental Associate Professor Lecturer in Veterinary Pharmacology
Specialties Department of Clinical Sciences School of Veterinary and Biomedical
San Diego, California College of Veterinary Medicine Sciences
Salivation North Carolina State University Murdoch University
Raleigh, North Carolina Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
Oliver A. Garden, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, Large Intestine—Infection Gastric Cytoprotective Agents
FHEA, MSB, MRCVS, DACVIM, DECVIM-CA
Reader in Internal Medicine and Deborah S. Greco, DVM, PhD, DACVIM Albert E. Jergens, DVM, PhD, DACVIM
Immunology (Internal Medicine) Professor of Medicine
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Senior Research Scientist Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Royal Veterinary College Department of Product Technology College of Veterinary Medicine
Camden Campus, London, United Kingdom Nestle Purina Petcare Iowa State University
Queen Mother Hospital for Animals St. Louis, Missouri Ames, Iowa
Royal Veterinary College Liver—Metabolic Disorders Dyschezia and Tenesmus
Endoscopy—Gastric Endoscopy
North Mymms, Hatfield, United Kingdom
Gastrointestinal Immunology
 Contributors xiii

Susan E. Johnson, DVM, MS, DACVIM Diane Monsein Levitan, VMD, DACVIM Stanley L. Marks, BVSc, PhD, DACVIM
(Internal Medicine) Owner (Internal Medicine, Oncology), DACVN
Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine Peace Love Pets Veterinary Care, PLLC Professor
Service Head—Small Animal Internal Commack, New York Department of Medicine and Epidemiology
Medicine Director School of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Helping Promote Animal Welfare, Inc. University of California, Davis
College of Veterinary Medicine (Helping PAW) Davis, California
The Ohio State University Syosset, New York Diarrhea
Columbus, Ohio Endoscopy—Care and Cleaning of Instruments Enteral/Parenteral Nutrition
Liver—Parenchymal Disorders
Jonathan A. Lidbury, BVMS, MRCVS, Karol Mathews, DVM, DVSc, DACVECC
Chand Khanna, DVM, PhD DACVIM Professor Emeritus
Head, Tumor and Metastasis Biology Graduate Student and Clinical Scientist Department of Clinical Studies
Section; Gastrointestinal Laboratory Ontario Veterinary College
Senior Scientist Department of Small Animal Clinical University of Guelph
Center for Cancer Research Sciences Guelph, Ontario, Canada
National Cancer Institute College of Veterinary Medicine and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Analgesics
Bethesda, Maryland Biomedical Sciences
Cellular Growth/Neoplasia Texas A&M University Dennis J. Meyer, DVM, DACVIM, DACVP
College Station, Texas Executive Director, Navigator Services
Dorothy Laflamme, DVM, PhD, DACVN Liver—Diagnostic Evaluation Principal Clinical Pathologist
Veterinary Nutritionist Charles River Preclinical Services
Research and Development Remo Lobetti, BVSc (Hons), MMedVet Reno, Nevada
Nestle Purina Pet Care (Med), PhD, DECVIM (Internal Medicine) Laboratory Approach—Liver
St. Louis, Missouri Veterinarian
Polyphagia Bryanston Veterinary Hospital Hein P. Meyer, DVM, PhD, DECVIM-CA
Bryanston, South Africa Director, Professional and Veterinary Affairs
Michael R. Lappin, DVM, PhD, DACVIM Esophagus—Infection Hill’s Pet Nutrition—Europe, Middle East,
(Internal Medicine) and Africa
The Kenneth W. Smith Professor in Small Jill E. Maddison, DVM, BVSc (Hons), Prague, Czech Republic
Animal Clinical Medicine DipVetClinStud, PhD, FACVSc, MRCVS Liver—History, Physical Examination
Department of Clinical Sciences Director of Professional Development
College of Veterinary Medicine and CPD Unit Kathryn E. Michel, DVM, MS, BA, DACVN
Biomedical Sciences The Royal Veterinary College Professor of Nutrition
Colorado State University North Mymms, Herts, United Kingdom Department of Clinical Studies
Fort Collins, Colorado Hepatoencephalopathy School of Veterinary Medicine
Anthelmintic Agents University of Pennsylvania
Small Intestine—Infection Joanne Mansell, DVM, MS, DACVP Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Professor Anorexia
Jennifer A. Larsen, DVM, PhD, DACVN Department of Veterinary Pathobiology
Assistant Professor of Clinical Nutrition College of Veterinary Medicine and Takeo Minami, DVM, MS, PhD, JCVS
Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital Biomedical Sciences Histo-Vet
Department of Molecular Biosciences Texas A&M University Pet-Vet
School of Veterinary Medicine College Station, Texas Yokohama, Japan
Stomach—Neoplasia
University of California, Davis Endoscopy—Biopsy Guidelines
Davis, California
Caroline S. Mansfield, BSc, BVMS, MVM, Eric Monnet, DVM, PhD, DACVS, DEVCS
Nutritional Strategies—Pancreas
MANZCVSc, DECVIM-CA Professor of Small Animal Surgery
Patrick LeCoindre, DVM, DECVIM-CA Hill’s Senior Lecturer in Small Animal Department of Clinical Sciences
Veterinarian Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine and
Clinique Véterinaire des Cerisioz Faculty of Veterinary Science Biomedical Sciences
St. Priest, France The University of Melbourne Colorado State University
Endoscopy—Colonic Endoscopy Werribee, Victoria, Australia Fort Collins, Colorado
Laparascopy—Liver and Biliary Tract
Ascites
Michael S. Leib, DVM, MS, DACVIM Gastric Cytoprotective Agents
CR Roberts Professor of Small Animal Stomach—Ulcer Antony S. Moore, BVSc, MVSc, MANZCVS,
Medicine Diplomate ACVIM (Oncology)
Department of Small Animal Clinical Veterinary Oncologist
Sciences Veterinary Oncology Consultants
Virginia Maryland Regional College of Wauchope, New South Wales, Australia
Oropharynx—Neoplasia
Veterinary Medicine
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, Virginia
Endoscopy—Esophageal Endoscopy
xiv Contributors

Federica Morandi, DVM, MS, DACVR, Jan Rothuizen, DVM, PhD, DECVIM-CA Rance Sellon, DVM, PhD, DACVIM
DECVDI Professor of Internal Medicine Associate Professor
Associate Professor of Radiology Department of Clinical Sciences of Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Department of Small Animal Clinical Companion Animals College of Veterinary Medicine
Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University
College of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Pullman, Washington
University of Tennessee Utrecht, The Netherlands Fluid Therapy
Knoxville, Tennessee Liver—History, Physical Examination Immunosuppressive Drugs
Diagnostic Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract—
Nuclear Scintigraphy Craig G. Ruaux, BVSc (Hons), PhD, Robert G. Sherding, DVM, DACVIM
MACVSc, DACVIM Professor Emeritus
Brook Niemiec, DVM, DAVDC, FAVD, BS Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Veterinarian Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine
Southern Cailfornia Veterinary Dental College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University
Specialties Oregon State University Columbus, Ohio
San Diego, California Corvallis, Oregon Icterus
Salivation Nutritional Strategies—Liver and Biliary Tract Esophagus—Diagnostic Evaluation
Vitamins and Minerals
Mark G. Papich, DVM, MS, DACVCP Kenneth W. Simpson BVM&S, PhD,
Professor of Clinical Pharmacology Alexandra Sahora, DVM DACVIM, DECVIM
Department of Molecular Biomedical Oncology Associate Professor of Small Animal Medicine
Sciences The Oncology Service, LLC Director, Simpson Gastroenterology
College of Veterinary Medicine Washington, District of Columbia Research Laboratory
North Carolina State University Cellular Growth/Neoplasia Department of Clinical Sciences
Raleigh, North Carolina College of Veterinary Medicine
Antimicrobial Drugs Sherry Lynn Sanderson, BS, DVM, PhD, Cornell University
DACVIM, DACVN Ithaca, New York
Josep Pastor, DVM, PhD, DECVCP Associate Professor Stomach—Structure and Function
Patología Médica Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Stomach—Inflammation
Department de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals College of Veterinary Medicine Stomach—Infection
Facultad de Veterinària The University of Georgia
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Athens, Georgia Thomas Spillmann, DVM, Dr.Med.Vet.
Bellaterra, Spain Nutritional Strategies—Gastrointestinal Tract Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine
Liver—Neoplastic Disorders Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences
Travis C. Saveraid, DVM, DACVR Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
David J. Polzin, DVM, PhD, DACVIM Founder University of Helsinki
Professor and Chief, Small Animal Internal VetRadiologist, LLC Helsinki, Finland
Medicine Saint Paul, Minnesota Endoscopy—Intestinal Endoscopy
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Diagnostic Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract– Laparascopy—Pancreas
College of Veterinary Medicine CT/MRI
University of Minnesota Anette Spohr, DVM, PhD
St. Paul, Minnesota Michael Schaer, DVM, DACVIM (Internal Owner;
Polyuria/Polydipsia Medicine), DACVECC Veterinarian
Professor Emeritus Faxe Dyrehospital
Keith Richter, DVM, DACVIM College of Veterinary Medicine Copenhagen, Denmark
Hospital Director University of Florida Stomach—Diagnostic Evaluation
Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San Diego Gainesville, Florida
San Diego, California Pancreas—Abscess, Necrosis, Pseudocyst, Phlegmon, Jörg M. Steiner, med.vet., Dr.med.vet., PhD,
Laparoscopy—Instrumentation and Infection DACVIM, DECVIM-CA
Liver—Biopsy Techniques Professor and Director
Gabriela S Seiler, Dr.Med.Vet., DECVDI, Gastrointestinal Laboratory
Mark P. Rondeau, DVM, DACVIM (SAIM) DACVR Department of Small Animal Clinical
Staff Veterinarian Associate Professor of Radiology Sciences
Department of Clinical Studies Department of Molecular Biomedical College of Veterinary Medicine &
School of Veterinary Medicine Sciences Biomedical Sciences
University of Pennsylvania College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&M University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania North Carolina State University College Station, Texas
Liver—Intra-Hepatic Biliary Disorders Raleigh, North Carolina Diagnositc Approach—Pancreas
Diagnostic Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract— Liver—Diagnostic Evaluation
Ultrasonographic Imaging of the Pancreas and Liver Pancreas—Necrosis and Inflammation: Canine
Pancreas—Diagnostic Evaluation
 Contributors xv

Kevin Stepaniuk, BSc, DVM, FAVD, DAVDC Anjop J. Venker van Haagen, DVM, PhD, Penny J. Watson, MA, VetMD, CertVR,
Assistant Clinical Professor DECVS DSAM, DECVIM, MRCVS
Dentistry & Oral Surgery Department Former Associate Professor of Veterinary Ear, Senior Lecturer in Small Animal Medicine
Veterinary Medical Center Nose, Throat Diseases and Clinical Nutrition Department of
University of Minnesota Department of Clinical Sciences of Veterinary Medicine
St. Paul, Minnesota Companion Animals The Queen’s Veterinary School Hospital
Oropharynx—Trauma Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cambridge Veterinary School
Utrecht University University of Cambridge
Jan S. Suchodolski, med. vet., Dr. med. Utrecht, The Netherlands Cambridge, United Kingdom
vet., PhD Esophagus—Structure and Function Liver—Complications of Liver Disease
Clinical Assistant Professor Breed-Relationships—Liver and Biliary Tract
Associate Director Cynthia R. Ward, VMD, PhD, DACVIM
Gastrointestinal Laboratory Professor Craig B. Webb, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM
Department of Small Animal Clinical Chief Inpatient Medicine Associate Professor
Sciences Department of Small Animal Medicine and Department of Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine &
Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Biomedical Sciences
Texas A&M University The University of Georgia Colorado State University
College Station, Texas Athens, Georgia Fort Collins, Colorado
Gastrointestinal Microflora Weight Loss and Cachexia Antioxidant Drugs
Laboratory Approach—Stomach and Small Intestine
Robert J. Washabau, VMD, PhD, DACVIM Cynthia R.L. Webster, DVM, DACVIM
Viktor Szatmári, DVM, PhD, DECVIM-CA Professor of Medicine and Department Chair Professor
(Cardiology) Director of the Comparative Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences
Assistant Professor Program School of Veterinary Medicine
Chief Section Cardiology and Pulmonology Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Tufts University
Department of Clinical Sciences of College of Veterinary Medicine North Grafton, Massachusetts
Companion Animals University of Minnesota Cytoprotective Agents—Hepatobiliary
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine St. Paul, Minnesota
Utrecht University Integration of Gastrointestinal Function Elias Westermarck, DVM, PhD,
Utrecht, The Netherlands Constipation DECVIM-CA
Liver—Vascular Disorders Dysphagia and Gagging Professor
Regurgitation Department of Equine and Small Animal
Kendall Taney, DVM, DAVDC, FAVD Vomiting Medicine
Partner Diagnostic Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract— Faculty Veterinary Medicine
Center for Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Assessment of Gastrointestinal Motility University of Helsinki
Antidiarrheal Agents
Surgery Helsinki, Finland
Antiemetic Agents
Gaithersburg, Maryland Enzyme Supplementation
Antifungal Drugs
Oropharynx—Structure and Function Breed-Relationships—Pancreas
Antispasmodic Agents
Laxative Agents
David C. Twedt, DVM, DACVIM Maria Wiberg, DVM, PhD
Prokinetic Agents
Professor Clinical Professor
Oropharynx—Dysmotility
Department of Clinical Sciences Esophagus—Inflammation
Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine & Esophagus—Obstruction Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Biomedical Sciences Esophagus—Dysmotility University of Helsinki
Colorado State University Stomach—Infection Helsinki, Finland
Fort Collins, Colorado Stomach—Dysmotility Pancreas—Insufficiency
Laparascopy—Liver and Biliary Tract Small Intestine—Dysmotility
Chelating Agents Large Intestine—Structure and Function Brian Wilcock, DVM, PhD
Large Intestine—Diagnostic Evaluation Professor Emeritus
Thomas John Van Winkle, VMD, DACVP Large Intestine—Obstruction Department of Pathobiology
Professor of Pathology Large Intestine—Dysmotility Ontario Veterinary College
Department of Pathobiology Large Intestine—Ulcer University of Guelph
Large Intestine—Neoplasia
School of Veterinary Medicine Guelph, Ontario, Canada:
Anorectum—Diagnostic Evaluation
University of Pennsylvania Chief Pathologist
Anorectum—Obstruction
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Anorectum—Dysmotility Histovet Surgical Pathology
Histopathology—Pancreas Pancreas—Structure and Function Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Pancreas—Necrosis and Inflammation: Feline Histopathology—Stomach
Liver—Structure and Function Histopathology—Colon
Breed-Relationships—GI Tract
xvi Contributors

Michael D. Willard, DVM, MS, DACVIM Panagiotis G. Xenoulis, DVM, Dr.med.vet., Debra L. Zoran, DVM, PhD, DACVIM-SAIM
Professor of Small Animal Medicine and PhD Associate Professor
Surgery Clinical Scientist Chief of Medicine
Department of Small Animal Clinical Gastrointestinal Laboratory Department of Small Animal Clinical
Sciences Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and
Texas A&M University College of Veterinary and Biomedical Biomedical Sciences
College Station, Texas Sciences Texas A&M University
Hemorrhage (Gastrointestinal) Texas A&M University College Station, Texas
Endoscopy—Biopsy Guidelines College Station, Texas Anorectum—Structure and Function
Esophagus—Neoplasia Diagnostic Approach—Pancreas Anorectum—Inflammation
Small Intestine—Malabsorption Pancreas—Necrosis and Inflammation: Canine Anorectum—Infection
Liver—Extra Hepatic Biliary Disorders Pancreas—Diagnostic Evaluation