ARDUINO BASED AUTO RAIL GATE SIGNAL CONTROL SYSTEM

BY

Hafizuddin
ID: 182-15-11763
AND

Md Emrul Hassan
ID: 182-15-11748

This Report Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering

Supervised By

Md. Tarek Habib

Assistant Proffesor
Department of CSE
Daffodil International University

Co-Supervised By

Mr. A. S.M. Farhan Al Haque

Lecturer
Department of CSE
Daffodil International University

DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

DHAKA, BANGLADESH
MAY 2021
 APPROVAL[capital letter, Bold, Font-14, Alignment-middle]

This Project titled “Arduino Based Auto Rail Gate Signal Control System”, submitted
by Hafizuddin, ID; 182-15-11763 and Md. Emrul Hasan, ID182-15-11748 to the
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, has
been accepted as satisfactory for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of B.Sc. in Computer Science and Engineering and approved as to its style and contents.
The presentation has been held on *date*.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

(Name) [Font-12, Bold] Chairman

Designation
Department of CSE [Font-12]
Faculty of Science & Information Technology
Daffodil International University

(Name) Internal Examiner

Designation
Department of CSE
Faculty of Science & Information Technology
Daffodil International University

(Name) External Examiner

Designation
Department of -------
Jahangirnagar University

DECLARATION
2
We hereby declare that, this project has been done by us under the supervision of Md.
Tarek Habib, Assistant Proffesor, Department of CSE Daffodil International
University. We also declare that neither this project nor any part of this project has been
submitted elsewhere for award of any degree or diploma.

Supervised by:

Md. Tarek Habib

Assistant Professor
Department of CSE
Daffodil International University

Co-Supervised by:

Mr. A. S.M. Farhan Al Haque

Lecturer
Department of CSE
Daffodil International University

Submitted by:

Hafizuddin
ID: -182-15-11763
Department of CSE
Daffodil International University

Md. Emrul Hasan

ID: -182-15-11763
Department of CSE
Daffodil International University

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First we express our heartiest thanks and gratefulness to almighty God for His divine
blessing makes us possible to complete the final year project/internship successfully.

We really grateful and wish our profound our indebtedness to Md. Tarek Habib, Assistant
Professor, Department of CSE Daffodil International University, Dhaka. Deep
Knowledge & keen interest of our supervisor in the field of “Field name” to carry out this
project. His endless patience ,scholarly guidance ,continual encouragement , constant and
energetic supervision, constructive criticism , valuable advice ,reading many inferior
draft and correcting them at all stage have made it possible to complete this project.

We would like to express our heartiest gratitude to -----, -----, and Head, Department of
CSE, for his kind help to finish our project and also to other faculty member and the staff
of CSE department of Daffodil International University.

We would like to thank our entire course mate in Daffodil International University, who
took part in this discuss while completing the course work.

Finally, we must acknowledge with due respect the constant support and patients of our
parents.

4
 ABSTRACT
Nowadays everything becomes digitalized. The main aim of our project is to operate and
control the Railway Gate in the proper manner and digital way in order to avoid accidents
in the level crossing. This Automatic Railway Gate Sensor Control System is an
innovative circuit that automatically controls the operation of Railway Gates detecting
when the Train arrives and when the departure of train at the Gate. The intention of the
project is to achieve automatic control at the level crossings when the arrival in the signal
departure of the train takes place replacing the manual gate control. The first part is the
concern with the hardware development where all Electronic components have included.
IR sensors are the input components while buzzer, servo motor, and LCD display are the
output components. These are controlled by the Arduino Uno R3. It will receive the input
signal from the IR sensors and then sends the information to the gate servo motor driver
for opening the gate and closing the gate. Besides, the output signal Arduino will activate
the LCD display and alarm. The IR sensor is fixed at a certain distance from the gate. The
gate is closed when the train crosses the IR sensor and the gate is opened during some
times. This system deals with one of the efficient methods to avoid train accidents. The
second part is a project based on a software program to operate the hardware structure.
The hardware Device is supported by Arduino programming. The proposed system is
more reliable and cost-efficient. From this project, we’ll know how to implement
automation in railway gate control using Arduino. The application of this project
is the direct implementation in the real world.

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE

Board of examiners i

Declaration ii

Acknowledgements iii

Abstract iv

CHAPTER

CHAPTER 1: 11

1.1 Infrastructure Mode……………………………………………………… 12

1.2 Level Crossing 13
1.3 History of level Crossing 13
1.4 Objective 13
1.5 Motivation 14
1.6 Application 14
1.7 Outline of the report 14
14

CHAPTER 2:
2.1 Structure of Bangladesh Railway 15
2.2 Existing Railway Signaling System 16
2.3 Railway developments in Bangladesh 16
17
2.4 Flaws in present System
17
2.5 Effects on Analog Rail Gate Control System in Bangladesh
19
2.5.1 Accidental data of Dhaka Railway Division
21
2.5.2 Accidental data of Bangladesh Railway Division
21
2.6 Importance of Auto Rail Gate Control System
22

24
6
CHAPTER 3: 26
3.1 Proposed System 27
3.2 Proposed System Flowchart 28
3.2.1 Flow chart for train detection 29
3.2.2 Flow chart for obstacle detection

30
CHAPTER 4:
30
4.1 Arduino Uno
31
4.2 Arduino IDE
32
4.3 IR Sensor module
33
4.4 Features
34
4.5 L298N Motor Driver
34
4.5.1 Features:
35
4.6 Servo Motor
35
4.6.1 Features of Servo Motor (SG-90)
36
4.7 I2C LCD Display Module .......
36
4.7.1 Features of I2C LCD Display Module
37
4.8 HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
37
4.9 Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Configuration
38
4.10 System Design for Train
39
4.11 Flowchart for Train
40
4.12 System Design for Rail Gate
41
4.13 Flowchart for Rail Gate
41
4.14 System Implementation
44
4.15 Arduino Code for Train
45
4.16 Arduino Code for Auto Rail Gate

46
CHAPTER 5: 47
5.1 Result Analysis for Train 48
5.2 Result Analysis for Auto Rail Gate 49
50
5.3 Experimental Results
5.4 Discussion

CHAPTER 6: 52
6.1 Conclusion 52
6.2 Limitation 53
6.3 Comparison 53
7
 6.4 Future Development

REFERENCES 54-57

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PAGE NO
Figure 2.1: Train accident 10
Figure 3.1: Functional block diagram 14
Figure 3.2: Block diagram of system 15
Figure 3.2: Proposed System Flowcharts 16
Figure 3.3: Flow chart for train detection 17
Figure 3.4: Flow chart for obstacle detection 18
Figure 4.1: An Ardiuno Uno Board- 20
Figure 4.2: A screenshot from the Arduino IDE software 21
Figure 4.3: IR Sensor module 22
Figure 4.5: L298N motor driver 24
Figure 4.6: Servo Motor 25
Figure 4.7: I2C LCD Display Module 26
Figure 4.8: HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor 27
Figure 4.9: System Design circuit for Train 28
Figure 4.10: Flowchart of Train 29
Figure 4.10: System Design circuit for Rail Gate 30
Figure 4.11: System Flowchart for Rail Gate 31
Figure 4.12: Implementation circuit for train 32

8
Figure 4.13: Implementation circuit for auto rail gate 32
Figure 4.14: Implementation circuit (auto rail gate closed) 33
Figure 4.15: Implementation circuit (auto rail gate open) 33
Figure 5.1: Result analysis for Train 37
Figure 5.2: Serial monitor 38
Figure 5.3: Result analysis for Auto Rail Gate 39

LIST OF TABLES
TABLES PAGE NO
Table 1: Accidental data of Dhaka Railway Division 21
Table 2: Accidental data of Bangladesh Railway Division 21

9
10
Chapter writing style:
CHAPTER 1
Introduction

1.1 Introduction The growing population and flexibility in recent years in Bangladesh
put pressure on road and railway network control. Railway internal communication
system is one of the most selective modes of travel for passengers and for transportation.
Railway communication is presently considered to be environment friendly, comfortable,
and affordable in a densely populated country like Bangladesh. Efficient connectivity is
creating an enabling scenario for business by reducing the cost of transportation.
Realizing the importance of railway communication System is a separate ministry named,
the Ministry of Railways was accustomed on 04 December 2011, and the railway sector
has been given the highest priority in the Perspective Plan of Bangladesh 2010-2021:
11
Making Vision 2021 A Reality and in the Sixth Five Year Plan of Bangladesh A Railway
Master Plan has been the structural way to be implemented in the next 10 years with an
objective of making railway an effective mode of mass transportation and to meet the
peoples’ demand, we can see our Metrorail service. Since the existing system has major
shortcomings, this thesis is the first step in that direction which will meet the goal of the
Ministry of Railways by making a complete automated railway system. Which one is so
much more functional, quicker and easy than that of a human-controlled? This matter
could hardly be solved without upgrading the subsist system, taking need features of
modern technology. In today’s structure, we know the Railway is the cheapest mode of
transportation, and due to manual operation, accidents are likely to happen. The railway
crossing is that area where the rail line intersects with the other vehicle road which is
used by car transportation or other vehicles. To prevent accidents a system named Level
Crossing way has been developed. But in the early days, all the level crossings are
operated by humans. So human interference was mandatory. But manual control is not
erroring free. The manual railway gate is opened or closed by an appointed employee
who was informed from the nearest railway station when the train is arriving. There are
also many level crossings in Bangladesh that are unmanned. So, they are potentially
dangerous for road users. In Bangladesh, we must develop a prototype to be implemented
to automatically control the railway gate upon arrival as well as the departure of the train.
The project is not too expensive but should reliable for use. So we used Arduino Uno
which is quite reliable as well as affordable.
1.2 Level Crossing
A level crossing is an intersection where a railway line crosses a road or path at the same
level, as opposed to the railway line crossing over or under using a bridge or tunnel. The
term also applies when a light rail line with separate right-of-way or reserved track
crosses a road in the same fashion. Other names include railway level crossing, grade
crossing, road through railroad, railroad crossing, train crossing, and RXR.
1.3 History of level crossing
The history of level crossings depends on the location, but often early level crossings had
a flagman in a nearby booth who would, on the approach of a train, wave a red flag or
lantern to stop all traffic and clear the tracks. Gated crossings became commonplace in
12
many areas, as they protected the railway from people trespassing and livestock, and they
protected the users of the crossing when closed by the signalman/gateman. In the second
quarter of the 20th century, manual or electrical closable gates that barricaded the
roadway started to be introduced, intended to be a complete barrier against intrusion of
any road traffic onto the railway. Automatic crossings are now commonplace in some
countries as motor vehicles replaced horse-drawn vehicles and the need for animal
protection diminished with time. Full, half or no barrier crossings superseded gated
crossings, although crossings of older types can still be found in places. New technology
is advancing to create new ways of protecting the railway from users of a level crossing,
with one of the most recent being obstacle detection scanners fitted to some crossings in
Europe. In rural regions with sparse traffic, the least expensive type of level crossing to
operate is one without flagmen or gates, with only a warning sign posted. This type has
been common across North America and in many developing countries.
1.4 Objective
Our main objectives are:

 Safety and quality of services

 Accurate gate open/close.
 Less human intervention.
 Reduce extra employee in railway system
 Making a smart rail gate system.

1.5 Motivation
It was decided that a project will be nice as for full filament of the requirement of 4 th
year 2 nd semester project. Nowadays, a number of people die due to human error while
crossing the railway gate. The major errors include no proper control flow of traffic,
manual operation of traffic gates. If mechanism is automatic, the margin of error becomes
less. Hence, can save lives of people through this concept. Using Arduino, We can
emphasis on systematic flow of traffic and therefore avoid tension at junction. Arduino
Based Auto Rail Gate Control System.

1.6 Application
13
Railway safety is the most crucial aspect of railways all over the world. This is the
cheapest mode of transportation all over the world, and therefore, accidents are bound to
happen due to carelessness manual operations. The main application of Arduino Based
Auto Rail Gate Control System is given below:
1.Automatic railway gate control systems reduce the time for which gate remains closed.
2.This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level crossing where the chances of
accidents is higher and reliable operation is required.
3.Automatic operation prevents errors due to manual operation.
4.The security system of the rail gate will be smart.
5.The rail gate will maintain automatically.
6.Lastly, no human resource is required. This makes its running cost very low compared
to manned gates.

1.7 Outline of the report

Here we describe six chapters. First chapter just introduce about our project. In second
chapter we describe about background study. In this chapter give us deep knowledge
about components. Third chapter give the overview of proposed system. Fourth chapter
we explain about design of our system and implementation. In fifth chapter we discuss
about result of this project. In sixth chapter we give conclusion of our report

CHAPTER 2

Background Study

14
2.1 Structure of Bangladesh Railway
Bangladesh Railway (reporting mark BR), is the state-owned rail transport agency of
Bangladesh. It operates and maintains the entire railway network of the country. BR is
controlled by the Directorate General of Bangladesh Railway under the Ministry of
Railways along with Bangladesh Railway Authority (BRA) and which works for policy
guidance of BR. Key features of BR are the coexistence of several gauges, Broad gauge,
Meter gauge and dual gauge, and the separation of the system by the Jamuna River
(Brahmaputra) into a Western and Eastern Zone of operations with only one bridge, the
2003 Jamuna Bridge, connecting the two zones. Bangladesh Railway covers a length of
2,855 route kilometers and employs 34,168 people. BR operates international, intercity
and suburban rail systems on its multi-gauge network.
15
2.2 Existing Railway Signaling System
Semaphore signals are the old style signals seen widely throughout the railway network;
where each signal has an assembly with an arm mounted on a mast, where the arm can
move through two or three different positions at different angles, each position providing
a distinct signaling message. Color-light signals are assemblies of lamps that indicate
different messages by means of different colors of lamps that are lighted. Color-light
signals were introduced in 1928 but were slow to take off. In recent years many older
semaphore signals have been replaced by color-light signals. However, both the
Semaphore signals and Color light signals exist in the Bangladesh Railway system, but
the share of Color-light signals has been increasing. There are two types of systems: fixed
and moving block signaling. In a fixed block signaling system, the position of each train
is known only by the block section(s) that it occupies. The separation between trains is
maintained by imposing the restriction that each block section be occupied by at most one
train at a time. Block section lengths, train speeds, and train lengths are, therefore,
important parameters of fixed block signaling. In a moving block signaling system, the
position of each train is known continuously, thus permitting better regulation of the
relative distances. This requires an efficient communication system between line signals,
cabs, and control centers. [3] Presently railway-crossing gates are operated manually. At
the level crossings the railway gates are operated manually by the gate keeper, after
receiving the arrival of a train. After a train starts to leave a particular station, the
stationmaster delivers the message to the next gate and this loops goes on till the train
reach its particular destination. The message is being passed with the help of
telecommunication services. From 1984, Bangladesh Railway went for an advancement
of the telecommunication 17 systems and subsequently laid optical fiber-based digital
telecommunication network as major share of line. The telecommunication network
spans approximately over 1800 km and connects about 250 railway stations. The
telecommunication system provides about 250 train control telephones and the same
number of station-to-station telephones. About 70% of railway networks is under optical
fiber-based communications system [3]. Before that Bangladesh Railway used
telecommunication facilities from Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB)
16
up to late eighties. These facilities were landline based, prone to interference and were
unreliable. Even now there is no centralized system which will keep tracks of a train that
could be located centrally

2.3 Railway developments in Bangladesh

The expansion of BR has been blocked since 1947. Only 80km rail line has been
constructed for the last 50 years. Whereas more than 1,200km rail lines are under the risk
of operation that has resulted due to negligence, privation of maintenances and
insufficient fund allocation. One of the major problem is shortage of locomotive routes,
the trains need to suffer an excess of traffic caused by the lack of routes [4]. This results
to major delays frequent cancelations and most direly innumerous accidents at the rail
crossing point in the busy street areas. Although the present government has put a light
regarding this matter. present government of bangladesh has decided to convert railway
sector into a developing one by implementing various projects. These include 50 short,
medium and long term projects worth Tk 18,310 crore. For implementing these projects
quickly, government has prepared a draft working plan and AL government is strong
minded to implement these working plans as soon as possible [5].

2.4 Flaws in present System

“Unguarded level crossing, frequent mechanical and human failures, dilapidated rail
tracks and outdated signaling system were the main reasons behind 590 rail accidents this
year [6].” (The Daily Star, December 10, 2010). This statement and statics is a clear
evidence that the death tolls are occurring mainly because of the outdated railway
systems that is still used in our countries. Most forms of train control in our country
involve movement authority being passed from those responsible for each section of a
rail network (e.g., a signalman or stationmaster) to the train crew. Bangladesh Railway
covers a length of 2,855 route kilometers and employs 34,168 people [7]. Human error is
not indented but it is a common 18 phenomenon that cannot be avoided and the
sufferings for these errors could be dreadful. “They said this year the number of
derailments is significantly high, but the majority of the deaths occurred at unguarded and
unauthorized level crossings. As many as 53 accidents occurred this year at level
17
crossings around the country, killing about 22 persons. Mostly, collision between road
traffic and train caused the accidents. In a few incidents, pedestrians were run over by
trains while they were crossing the rail track at level crossings [6].” (The Bangladesh
Today, October 23, 2014) Even the authorizations of BR is concerned about the matter,
"Accident at level crossing is our major concern since we don't have any control over it
[6]," said Mohammad Shahjahan, additional director general (operations) of BR. The
common problem is depending on the man power at the level crossings where continuous
attention is needed. The ADG said, "Level crossings sprouted up without any
authorization from the railway and it is very difficult to guard them. We protested this
practice many times but no one listened [6].” (The Daily Star, December 10, 2010). “At
many level crossings, the railway has not been able to provide approach warning signals
and road signals, he added [6].” At present, the country's 2855 km rail network has some
1,403 level crossings whereas only 250 level crossing gates are operated by gatemen
round the clock [6]. Faulty (crack, uproot) railroad is another common reason of the rail
accidents and damages. Rail tracks guide the trains, acting as the low-friction surface on
which the train runs and often transferring the weight of the train to the ground below
producing heat, sometimes this heat results in overlapping on the joints of the still rails or
uprooting the tracks which causes major derailments. “Suspected opposition activists
derailed a train in Gaibandha in northern Bangladesh Wednesday, killing at least four
people, authorities said. At least 40 more people were injured in the early morning
derailment of the Padmarag Express near the Bonarpar train junction, the Bangladesh
Sangbad Sangstha news agency reported. Bangladesh railway officials said fishplates had
been removed, causing three coaches and the train's engine to jump the tracks [9].” (UPI,
December 04, 2013). “Yesterday in Kishoreganj, a Chittagong-bound mail train derailed
while coming from Bahadurabad of Mymensingh. Railway and local sources said four
compartments of the train came off the track around 3:30pm, leaving 20 people injured.
They said faults in the rail track inadequate stone support and weak sleeper caused the 19
accident. The derailments most of the time happened on branch lines because the
condition of those is worse. There were 489 derailments this year. Though the
derailments did not cause any deaths, properties of BR were damaged in the accidents,
Shahjahan noted. [6]” Head-to-head collision of the trains often occurs in our country.
18
“Train accidents are common in Bangladesh because of poor signaling and rundown
tracks [10].” (Daily News, December 8, 2010) “Apparently, due to signaling fault, the
Ekota Express went to the line-1 and hit Lamon Express, leaving two dead on the spot
and at least 30 passengers injured.” (Dhaka Tribune, April 13, 2014). Railway record
shows there were eight incidents of disregarding signal in 2013.According to the reports
of Bangladesh Railway, during the year 2011-2012, there occurred a total of 154 train
accidents on the Bangladesh Railway consisting of 1 cases of collisions, 138 cases of
derailments and 16 cases of trains running into obstructions. In 2009, 60 people died in
train accidents. Of them 51 died in collisions between train and road traffic at the level
crossings. The death toll was 53 in 2008 in 893 train accidents [11]. According to the
Bangladesh Railway, around 5050 train accidents occurred in the country between 2000
and 2009 [6] and caused 50+ deaths per year.

2.5 Effects on Analog Rail Gate Control System in Bangladesh

Bangladesh Railway has two different types of level crossing; Guarded/ Controlled level crossing
& Unguarded/ Uncontrolled level crossing. In case of guarded level crossings, currently swing
type gates, moveable barriers, or chains are used during the passage of train over the level
crossing. The gate or moveable barrier is usually maintained and operated by railway watchmen.
The watchmen make sure no train passes until the level gates of level crossing are closed by
them. Theses gates are either operated manually or mechanically. On the other hand, in case of
unguarded level crossing, no such arrangement is used this enhances the danger of accidents
between the vehicles passing the road and moving train. Currently, 42 railway level crossings
and 6 railway stations are available alone in Dhaka city between Jurine and Abdullahpur. Among
them, 29 level crossings are authorized, 13 are unauthorized (Bangladesh Railway, 2008), 20 are
connected with major roads and the rest 22 are connected with minor roads. 20 Overall,
Bangladesh Railway has almost 2541 level crossing gates, where 1413 level crossing gates are
authorized and 1128 are unauthorized. Bangladesh Railway has manually operated level
crossing protection system where a person at the gate actuates the level crossing protection,
acts when he receives communication from the signals room by means of a telephone call. Since
it is mainly based on human operations, there is a likelihood that it may fail due to human
errors. Due to some natural human errors train accidents have become very common especially

19
 in Dhaka city. Most of the unwanted events occur due to the lack of precise control of train
engine, track and traffic gates/rail crossing. Sometimes, in uncontrolled level crossing, obstacle
is present due to traffic jam and human error.
Fig 2.1 Train Accidents
At least 11 people, including a newly married couple, have been killed while five others
injured when a train hit a microbus carrying a bridal party at a level crossing in
Sirajganj's Ullapara upazila. Sirajganj Government Railway Police Station OC Harun
Majumder said: "The incident happened around 6:45 pm on Monday when Dhaka-bound
Padma Express from Rajshahi crashed into the microbus while it was trying to cross the
rail tracks through the level crossing in Panchakroshi area." "The incident left five
passengers of the microbus dead on the spot and seven others injured while four others
died on their way to the hospital. Later, two more injured people died while undergoing
treatment,"

2.5.1 Accidental data of Dhaka Railway Division

Year of the In Level Level % of Accidents Accidents in Affected
Accidents Dhaka Crossing Crossin Level in Unauthorized Vehicle in
Railway in g in Crossing Authorized Level Level
Divisio Dhaka Dhaka Accident Level Crossing Crossing
n Railway City s in Crossing Gates Accidents
Division Dhaka Gates
City
2009 246 36 18 53% 15 3 18
and
2010

Table 1: Accidental data of Dhaka Railway Division

20
2.5.2 Accidental data of Bangladesh Railway Division

Year (July- Derailments Train Running Others Total Numbers

June) Accidents Into Accidents of Accidents
Obstruction
1998-99 304 49 5 358
2007-08 419 25 3 447
2008-09 408 34 7 449
2010-11 403 34 2 439
2011-12 392 18 1 411
2012-13 138 16 154
2013-14 133 15 3 151
2014-15 158 18 1 177
2015-16 292 20 312
2016-17 123 43 166
2017-18 44 33 3 80
2018 –19
2019-20
2020-21

Table 2: Accidental data of Bangladesh Railway Division

2.6 Importance of Auto Rail Gate Control System

Accidents can be reduced by developing Arduino Based Auto Rail Gate Control System
in Bangladesh. Provide an automatic railway gate at a Level crossing & replacing the
gates operated by the gatekeeper to:
 Reduce the time for closing and opening the gates.
21
  Higher reliability as it is not subjected to manual errors.
 Provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents
CHAPTER 3 Proposed System

22
3.1 Proposed System

Our proposed system is Arduino Based Auto Rail Gate Control System In the proposed
system, sensors are used to detect the train arrival and departure. The System uses three
different sensors to control the rail arrival and departure. Arduino is used for program the
sensors. As shown in functional diagram of our proposed model in Fig. 1. The following
materials and components are used in this proposed system for automatic gateway control
system. The block diagram as shown in Fig. 1, describes the working of our proposed
system. Where an Arduino is used for connecting devices like IR sensor, Servo Motor. In
the Proposed Model the servo motor is used for monitoring of cross Way and IR sensors
is used to detect the motion of objects nearby the crossway, which when detects the train
or motion of any other vehicle nearby the crossway it takes the corresponding action of
whether opening or closing the gateway at the crossing

Fig 3.1 Functional block diagram

23
Line following car acts as the train .This line following car normally consists of either
four wheels, two wheels or single wheel. The line following car was designed to follow a
line that may be a physical spot on the floor. The sensor was mounted with the robot in
order to communicate with microcontroller in sensing the line that had drawn by line
tracer on a white surface or vice versa. The project is constructed using an Arduino
Board(UNO) as a microcontroller, two servo motors, 12V DC supply , and car frame.
The block diagram of the system is shown in Figure 2.

Fig 3.2 Block diagram of system

24
3.2 Proposed System Flowchart

Fig 3.3 Proposed System Flowchart

25
3.2.1 Flow chart for train detection

Fig 3.4 Flow chart for train detection

26
3.2.2 Flow chart for obstacle detection

Fig 3.5 Flow chart for obstacle detection

27
CHAPTER 4
Design
Methodology and
Implementation

28
4.1 Analysis of System Elements
In this experiment we are going to use a different type of elements and they are
explained below:
(a) Arduino Uno board
(b) Arduino IDE software
(c) IR sensor
(d) L298N Motor Driver
(e) Servo Motor
(f) Digital display
(g) HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Those parts are explained in further value with how to
program them and use them with codes below.

4.2 Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery. There is a
software called “Arduino IDE” which is essential to the arduino, and used to program the
arduino and push that software onto the arduino. To start the project first we need to
connect the arduino to a PC, using the
included data connector which provides
power supply to the Arduino, and see
how the software is used.

Fig 4.1: An Arduino Uno Board.

4.3 Arduino IDE

29
The Arduino IDE is the software used to program the Arduino. The IDE stands for “Integrated
Development Environment”, it is a cross-platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that
is written in the programming language Java. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from
the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures.

30
31
Some Other Instructions:
Thesis/Project Size: Minimum 30 page limit for Bachelor program
Page Setup: Left- 1.25"
Right-1.25"
Top: 1.0-1.25"
Bottom-1.0-1.25"
Orientation- Portrait
Paragraph Line Spacing: 1.5
Column: Single column
Font: Time New Roman
Header: Bold, Capital letter, Alignment-Center, Font-14
Inner Text: Font-12, Plain text
Reference: Font-10
All references to books, papers, and other publications must be fully and correctly
quoted. There are several methods of quoting references. One is to state the name of the
author and a serial number in the main text with the full details of the reference in the
Reference section of the report, for example:

In the text:
....The analysis of the algorithms has been extensively reviewed by Yorozu et al. [1]
and will ....

In the References section:

[1] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical
media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987.

Conference/Journal Papers:

32
[1] Author1, Author2, and Author3, “Paper Title”, Conference/Journal, Volume, page number, Month and
year.

Example:
[1] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical
media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987.

Books:
[2] Author, Book Title, Edition/Volume, Publisher, Year, Page number

Example:
[2] T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. L. Rivest, C. Stein, Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd Edition, The MIT
Press, 2009, pp. 120-122.

Websites:
[3] Name/Title of the Website, available at << https://URL>>, last accessed on Date at Time.

Example:
[3] Learn about Wikipedia, available at << http://www.wikipedia.org/>>, last accessed on 06-06-2019 at
12:00 PM.

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