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    Framework For Policy Analysis: NAME: Samia Younas Roll No: (15-BS-R-46)

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    This document provides a framework for policy analysis. It discusses that policy analysis draws from various disciplines like social sciences, public administration, and economics. Policy analysts aim to answer three types of questions: 1) what values can resolve problems, 2) what facts enhance or limit values, and 3) what actions are needed. There are three approaches to policy analysis: empirical, evaluative, and normative. Empirical looks at cause and effect, evaluative assesses worth, and normative provides recommendations. Policy arguments have six elements: relevant information, claim, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualifier. A public policy framework uses six analytic methods like problem structuring and forecasting to transform five informational components like problems

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    Framework For Policy Analysis: NAME: Samia Younas Roll No: (15-BS-R-46)

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    Samia Younas
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    This document provides a framework for policy analysis. It discusses that policy analysis draws from various disciplines like social sciences, public administration, and economics. Policy analysts aim to answer three types of questions: 1) what values can resolve problems, 2) what facts enhance or limit values, and 3) what actions are needed. There are three approaches to policy analysis: empirical, evaluative, and normative. Empirical looks at cause and effect, evaluative assesses worth, and normative provides recommendations. Policy arguments have six elements: relevant information, claim, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualifier. A public policy framework uses six analytic methods like problem structuring and forecasting to transform five informational components like problems

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    This document provides a framework for policy analysis. It discusses that policy analysis draws from various disciplines like social sciences, public administration, and economics. Policy analysts aim to answer three types of questions: 1) what values can resolve problems, 2) what facts enhance or limit values, and 3) what actions are needed. There are three approaches to policy analysis: empirical, evaluative, and normative. Empirical looks at cause and effect, evaluative assesses worth, and normative provides recommendations. Policy arguments have six elements: relevant information, claim, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualifier. A public policy framework uses six analytic methods like problem structuring and forecasting to transform five informational components like problems

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    24 views6 pages

    Framework For Policy Analysis: NAME: Samia Younas Roll No: (15-BS-R-46)

    Uploaded by

    Samia Younas
    This document provides a framework for policy analysis. It discusses that policy analysis draws from various disciplines like social sciences, public administration, and economics. Policy analysts aim to answer three types of questions: 1) what values can resolve problems, 2) what facts enhance or limit values, and 3) what actions are needed. There are three approaches to policy analysis: empirical, evaluative, and normative. Empirical looks at cause and effect, evaluative assesses worth, and normative provides recommendations. Policy arguments have six elements: relevant information, claim, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualifier. A public policy framework uses six analytic methods like problem structuring and forecasting to transform five informational components like problems

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    FRAMEWORK FOR POLICY ANALYSIS

    NAME: Samia Younas


    Roll no: (15-BS-R-46)

    8th Semester, Batch 2015-2019

    SUBMITTED TO: Muhammad Zahid

    DATED: February 19th, 2019


    William N Dunn defines policy analysis as an “applied social science discipline which uses
    multiple methods of inquiry and argument to produce and transform policy-relevant information
    that may be utilized in political settings to resolve policy problems”. Policy analysis draws from
    a variety of disciples. It borrows not only from social and behavioral sciences but also from
    public administration, law, philosophy, ethics, economics and other branches. Therefore policy
    analysts are expected to answer three different kinds of questions.

    1) Attainment of what values will resolve the problems?


    2) What facts will enhance and limit the attainment of those values?
    3) What actions are necessary to attain those values and resolve the problem?

    Answers to these questions are obtained by using one or more of the three different types of
    ‘approaches to analysis’.

    APPROACHES TO POLICY ANALYSIS AND METHODS OF INQUIRY

    Approaches to analysis include empirical, evaluative and normative approaches. Empirical


    approach is concerned with describing the cause and effect of public policies. Here the main
    question is factual (dose something exists?) and information produced is designative in character.
    The evaluative approach is concerned with the worth or value of the policy. The main question
    addressed here is of what worth it is? And the information produced is evaluative. The last
    approach, normative approach is concerned with recommendations for future actions that may
    resolve public problem.

    Approach Primary Question Type of Information


    Empirical Does it exist? (facts) Designative
    Evaluative Of what worth it is? (value) Evaluative
    Normative What should be done? (action) Advocative

    The above-mentioned information is gathered through multiple analytical procedures:


    description, prediction, evaluation and prescription. Description and prescription helps in
    answering designative questions. Evaluation helps in answering evaluative questions and
    prescription helps in answering advocative questions. These differ not only in terms of the kind
    of questions for which they are appropriate but also on temporal bases.
    Type of Question
    Time Designative Evaluative Advocative
    Before Action Prediction Evaluation Prescription
    (ex-ante)
    After Action Description Evaluation __________
    (ex-post)

    STRUCTURE OF POLICY ARGUMENTS

    Policy arguments reflect the reasons why different segments of the community disagree about
    alternative courses of action available to the governments. Every policy argument has six
    elements. Policy relevant information, Policy claim, Warrant, Backing, Rebuttal and Qualifier.

    1) Policy relevant information: It can contain information about policy problem, policy
    alternatives, actions, outcomes, etc.
    2) Policy Claim: It is the conclusion of a policy argument. When a policy claim follows,
    policy relevant information it implies ‘therefore’.
    3) Warrant: A warrant is an assumption. Its role is to increase the value of policy claim by
    providing additional reasons for it in case if there is a disagreement on that policy claim.
    4) Backing: Backing is done for a warrant which requires additional support and are not
    accepted at face value.
    5) Rebuttal: A rebuttal is a second conclusion under which original claim is unacceptable.
    Policy claims and rebuttals together form the substance for policy issues; disagreements
    among different interest groups.
    6) Qualifier: It expresses the degree to which analyst is certain about a certain policy claim.
    Qualifiers are expressed in the language of probability. When an analyst is certain about a
    claim because its conclusions are wholly deterministic in nature, no qualifier is needed.

    Policy-Relevant Information Therefore Policy (C)laim


    (Q)ualifier
    Pakistan’s current account
    deficit stands at $14 billion The government should
    and its foreign exchange (Probably) take loan from IMF.
    reserves have dwindled to
    $9.6 billion enough to
    cover only two months of
    imports.
    Since Unless
    (W)arrant (R)ebuttal

    Taking loan from IMF Harsh conditions


    is the only fastest way imposed by IMF will
    to come out of deficit further weaken
    problem Pakistan’s economy

    Because (B)acking Because (B)acking

    Devaluation of Rupee Loan cannot be used to


    four times since pay debt to China
    December

    However how well all these efforts work depends on how well and accurately analysts describe
    policy problems.

    PUBLIC POLICY FRAMEWORK:

    Public policy framework consists of five ‘policy informational components’ that are transformed
    into one another by using six policy analytic methods as illustrated in the framework.
    POLICY
    PROBLEMS

    Problem FORECAS-
    Structuring TING

    Practical
    Inference

    POLICY
    POLICY POLICY
    PERFORMANCE ALTERNA-
    OUTCOMES
    TIVES

    Evaluation

    RECOMME-
    Monitoring
    NDATIONS

    POLICY
    ACTIONS

    By using policy analytic methods: problem structuring, forecasting, monitoring, evaluation,


    recommendation, analysts transfer policy informational components: policy problems, policy
    alternatives, policy actions, policy outcomes, policy performance.

    REFERENCE:

    Dunn, W. N. (1981). A Framework for Policy Analysis. In W. N. Dunn, Public Policy Analysis: An
    Introduction (pp. 34-47). Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs.

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