Arts Appreciation / Humanities Handout

January 2018
Khareen B. Culajara

Resources:
Javellana, R. (2018). Understanding, valuing, and living art. Quezon: Vibal
Ortiz, M. A. (2003). Art: perception and appreciation. Makati: University of the East
Panisan, W. et. al. (2015). Art appreciation: Nature, function, and appreciation of the arts in the contemporary society. Malabon: Mutya

MUSICAL ARTS
 Elements of music
o Rhythm – the time element, made up of
 beat – the structural rhythmic or repetitive pulse of music
 tempo – speed of the beat. Italian terms are used to indicate tempo, such as:
 largo – “large” or “labored” = slowest
 Adagio – slow
 Andante – steady but lively
 Moderato – moderate
 Allegro – fast tempo
 Presto – very fast
 Ritardando – gradually slowing down the tempo
 Accelerando – gradually speeding up the tempo
 duration – measure how long a sound last
 meter – beats organized in recurring an recognizable patterns of accent
 a conductor indicates meter through hand gestures
 syncopation – “off the beat” accent, an extra beat between recurring beats
 rubato – subtle changes in tempo. First use in Romantic era, also widely used in K-pop
o Dynamics – relative loudness or softness of the sound
 Pianissimo (pp) – very soft
 Mezzo piano (mp) – moderately soft
 Piano (p) – soft
 Forte (f) – loud
 Mezzo forte (mf) – moderately loud
 Fortissimo (ff) – very loud
 Crescendo – getting louder
 Diminuendo / decrescendo – gradually getting softer
o Melody – linear presentation of pitch
 Pitch – musical sound as high or low
 When notated on the staff – high pitch is placed higher on the staff
 Theme – melody that becomes the basic for a longer musical work
 Chants – melodies popular in Middle Ages
 Chromatic and whole tone scale – 19th and 20th century
 Oriental music uses the pentatonic or five-pitch scale
 Conjunct – smooth and flowing and easy to play
 Disjunct – jumpy and not too smooth, difficult to play
o Harmony – melodies sung together at different pitches; includes chord progression
 Dissonance – harsh-sounding, produced by discordant combination of notes
 Consonance – smooth sounding
 Modality – the harmony of the medieval and the Renaissance modes
 Tonality – focuses on the “home” key
 Atonality – avoids the “home” key
o Tone Color / Timbre – uniqueness of the sound produced by an instrument or a human voice
o Texture – number of individual melodies and their harmony with one another
o Form – structure of the piece
 Strophic – same music for different music. Verses 1,2, and succeeding verses are sung the
same way. Form: AAA.
1
MUSICAL ARTS / DANCE ARTS / THEATRICAL ARTS / CINEMATIC ARTS
  Through-composed – does not repeat or return to any large-scale musical section. Form: ABC
 Binary – both main sections are repeated and represented in the musical notation with the
repeat mark :|| Form ABAB
 Ternary – has three parts in which there is a return to the initial music after contrasting
section. Form: ABA
 Musical Instruments
o Stringed instruments – violin, harp, viola, cello, double bass
o Wind instruments
 Woodwinds – flute, piccolo, clarinet, oboe, English horn,
 Brasses – French horn, trombone, trumpet, tuba
o Percussion – chimes, cymbals, glockenspiel, triangle, kettledrums
o Keyboard instruments
 Instrumental groups
o Orchestra – big gathering of instrumentalists – strings, woodwinds, brasses, and percussion
o Band – smaller in size
o Chamber music – performance for small audiences
o Rondalla – band made up of stringed instruments
 The human voice
o Soprano – high pitched female voice
o Tenor – high pitched male voice
o Alto – low pitched female voice
o Bass – low pitched male voice
o Mezzo-soprano – combination of both soprano and alto
o Baritone – in between tenor and bass

 Philippine Musical Forms

Philippine Musical Forms
Instrumental Vocal Combination
 Solo  Chant  Art song
 Concerto  Pasyon chant  Ballad
 Symphony  Song debate  Choral music
 Chamber Music  Liturgical music
 Marcha / Marching Music  Opera
 Dance music  Kundiman
 Kumintang  Protest songs
 Balse / Waltz  Pinoy Pop
 Habanera / danza
 Jota
 Pandanggo
 Polka
 Rigodon

DANCE ARTS
 Rudolf von Laban – dancer, choreographer, theoretician
o Created a system to annotate movement
o Created dance notation
 Elements of Dance
o Body, Movement, Space, Time ,Energy

Philippine Dance Forms

Participatory Theatrical
Ritual dances and sacred dances Ballet
 Subli Flamenco
 Sayaw sa Obando Tango
 Turumba
 Sinulog
 Singhayag
2
MUSICAL ARTS / DANCE ARTS / THEATRICAL ARTS / CINEMATIC ARTS
  Gapnod
 War Dances
Ethnic and folk dances
 Courtship and wedding dance
 Mimetic dance
 Langka
 Lunsay
 Pangalay
 Martial dance
Hispanic-Influenced Dance Variety show
 Balitaw Bodabil
 Balse Dancing for television
 Escotis Cultural dancing
 Game Dance Jazz
 Habanera Tap Dance
 Jota
 Kumintang
 Kuradang
 Lanceros
 Mazurka
 Pandanggo
 Pantomina
 Paso Doble
 Paseo
 Polka
 Rigodon de Honor
Modern dance Dance in Drama Productions
Aerobic
Ballroom dancing
Disco
Rock and roll
Hiphop

THEATRICAL ARTS
 Elements of Theater
o Literary
 According to Aristotle’s Poetics
 Plot: Preliminary event  Initial incident  Rising Action  Climax  Falling
Action Denouement
 Theme
 Character
 Dialogue
 Music / Rhythm
 Spectacle
o Performance
 Direction, Character Creation
o Technical
 Scenery and Props; Costume and makeup; Style; Sound

Philippine Theater Arts

RITUAL THEATRICAL FORMS
ETHNIC RITUALS DRAMA
 Dramatic simboliko
 Dramatic monologue
 Realism
CATHOLIC COMEDY
 Komedya
Christmas  Moros y cristianos

3
MUSICAL ARTS / DANCE ARTS / THEATRICAL ARTS / CINEMATIC ARTS
  Panunuluyan
 Tatlong Hari SHORT FORMS
 Pastores  Mimetic dance
Lent / Holy Week  Mimetic games
 Osana  Mimetic joust
 Huling Hapunan  Saynete
 Paghuhugas ng Paa
 Siete Palabras SHADOW THEATER
 Sinakulo  Carillo
 Hudas
 Soledad CHILDREN’S THEATER
 Via Crucis  Puppet theater
 Moriones
Easter VARIETY SHOW
Salubong  Bodabil
Fiesta  Velada
Dapit
San Roque MUSICAL THEATER
Flores  Broadway
Pangangaluluwa (Nov. 1)  Opera
 Sarswela

OTHER FORMS
 Absurd
 Brechtian
 Dula-Tula
 Street Theater

CINEMATIC ARTS
 Elements of Film
o Literary Element
 Scripts
 Sequences
o Visual Elements
o Cinematography
o Sound element
o Editing Video and Audio
 Film Grammar
o Single still image – beginning of the film, still image
o Shot – single, continuous recording
o Scene – series of related shots
o Sequence – series of scenes
 Camera Shots
o Extremely wide shot – shows panorama of an environment where the subject is scarcely visible
because he/she is overwhelmed by the surroundings
o Very wide shot – subject is barely visible and is shown within the environment
o Wide shot / Long/Full shot – subject shown in full frame, from head to foot
o Medium shot / midshot – from head to torso
o Close up shot – part of the feature of a subject takes up whole frame
o Medium close up – halfway between MS and CU
o Extreme close up shot – shows extreme detail
o Point of view shot – shows scenery from the point of view of the subject

4
MUSICAL ARTS / DANCE ARTS / THEATRICAL ARTS / CINEMATIC ARTS