Quant Reflection 1 (Apurva Jagetia)

RECORDING
PRN-20200212060024
NAME- Apurva jagetia
SUBJECT- Quantitative Techniques
REFLECTION
REPORT
REFLECTION NO:1
Topic : Function
Function is binary relation between the two sets of element that associates every element of the first set
to exactly one element of the second set.
Example: X and Y where X is domain and Y is codomain
Here X Diagram of a function, with domain X = {1, 2, 3} and codomain Y =

{A, B, C, D}, which is defined by the set of ordered pairs {(1, D), (2, C), (3, C)}.
Elements of Function :
1. Ordered pair : Lets take example (a1,b1)and (a2,b2) be ordered as pair then (a1,b1)=(a2,b2)if and only
if a1=a2,b1=b2
2. Table ; x y
1 3
2 4
3. Mapping diagram :
Properties of Function:
Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Functions:
 A constant function is a function whose values do not vary, regardless of the input into the
function.
 An increasing function is one where for every x1x1 and x2x2 that satisfies x2x2> x1x1, then
f(x2)≥f(x1)f(x2)≥f(x1). If it is strictly greater than, then it is strictly increasing.
 A decreasing function is one where for every x1x1 and x2x2 that satisfies x2x2> x1x1, then
f(x2)≤f(x1)f(x2)≤f(x1). If it is strictly less than, then it is strictly decreasing.
Graphical Behavior of Functions
function is increasing on an interval if the function values increase as the input values increase within
that interval. Similarly, a function is decreasing on an interval if the function values decrease as the
input values increase over that interval.
 An increasing function is one where for every x1x1 and x2x2 that satisfies x2>x1x2>x1, then
f(x2)≥f(x1)f(x2)≥f(x1). If it is strictly greater than (f(x2)>f(x1))(f(x2)>f(x1)), then it is
strictly increasing.
 A decreasing function is one where for every x1x1and x2x2 that satisfies x2>x1x2>x1, then
f(x2)≤f(x1)f(x2)≤f(x1). If it is strictly less than (f(x2)<f(x1))(f(x2)<f(x1)), then it is strictly
decreasing.
In terms of a linear function f(x)=mx+bf(x)=mx+b, if mm is positive, the function is increasing, if

mm is negative, it is decreasing, and if mm is zero, the function is a constant function.
Constant Functions
In mathematics, a constant function is a function whose values do not vary, regardless of the input
into the function. A function is a constant function if f(x)=cf(x)=c for all values of xx and some
constant cc. The graph of the constant function y(x)=cy(x)=c is a horizontal line in the plane that
passes through the point (0,c).(0,c).
Relative Minima and Maxima

 Minima and maxima are collectively known as extrema.
 A function has a global (or absolute) maximum point at xx* if f(x∗)≥f(x)f(x∗)≥f(x) for all xx.
 A function has a global (or absolute) minimum point at xx* if f(x∗)≤f(x)f(x∗)≤f(x) for all xx.
 A function ff has a relative (local) maximum at x=bx=b if there exists an interval (a,c)(a,c)
with a<b<ca<b<c such that, for any xx in the interval (a,c)(a,c), f(x)≤f(b)f(x)≤f(b).
 A function ff has a relative (local) minimum at x=bx=b if there exists an interval (a,c)(a,c)
with a<b<ca<b<c such that, for any xx in the interval (a,c)(a,c), f(x)≥f(b)f(x)≥f(b).
 Functions don’t necessarily have extrema in them. For example any line,
f(x)=mx+bf(x)=mx+b where mm and bb are constants, does not have any extrema, be
they local or global.
Even and Odd Functions
 The parity of a function does not necessarily reveal whether the function is odd or even.
 Even functions are algebraically defined as functions in which the following relationship holds
for all values of: f(x)=f(−x)f(x)=f(−x).
 An even function is symmetric about the yy-axis: for every point (x,y)(x,y) on the graph, the
corresponding point (−x,y)(−x,y) or vice versa is also on the graph.
 Odd functions are algebraically defined as functions in which the following relationship holds
true for all values of: −f(x)=f(−x)−f(x)=f(−x).
 An odd function is symmetric with respect to the origin: for every point (x,y)(x,y) on the
graph, the corresponding point (−x,−y)(−x,−y) or vice versa is also on the graph. In other
words, rotating the graph 180180 degrees about the point of origin results in the same,
unchanged graph.
Symmetry of Functions
 A function has symmetry if it can be transformed in some way without changing the function.
 A function can be symmetric about a point if it can be rotated a fixed amount around that
point without changing it.
 A function can be symmetric about a line if it can be reflected over that line without changing
it.
One-to-One Functions
 A one-to-one function has a unique output for each unique input.

 Domain restriction can allow a function to become one-to-one, such as in the case of
f(x)=x2f(x)=x2 for x≥0x≥0.
 To check if a function is a one-to-one perform the horizontal line test. If any horizontal line
intersects the graph in more than one point, the function is not one-to-one.
 If every element of a function’s range corresponds to exactly one element of its domain, then
the function is said to be one-to-one.
Various types of function:
1.Cost function
2.Demand function
3.Supply function
4.Algebraic function
5.Production function
6.Profit function
7.Linear function
8.Trigonometric function
9.Logarithmic function
10.Exponential function
OPIC- CONTINOUS FUNCTION
It is a function that does not have abrupt changes in value which is known as discontinuities. A small
change in input results in the change in output. The types of different continuity are as follows:
1.Uniform Continuity
2.Scott Continuity
TOPIC- DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
A differential equation can be defined as an equation which contains one or more terms and the
derivatives of one variable with respect to the other variable.
Formula- f(x)=dy/dx, here x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
Case Example- dy/dx = 5x
TOPIC- MAXIMA AND MINIMA
Maxima and Minima are the largest and smallest value of a function either within the given domain
or within the given range. The maximum and minimum of a set are the greatest and least elements in
the set. It can also be considered as an extreme value of a function.
Case Example- The function of x square has a global unique minimum at x=0.
TOPIC- SIMULTANEOUSLY EQUATION AND SOLUTIONS
It can be defined as a solution to a pair of simultaneously equations x and y of the coordinates of the
point at which the graph cross or intersect. It can also find solutions to simultaneous equations
algebraically too. It includes some methods which are mentioned as follows:
Elimination Method
Substitution Method
TOPIC- MATRIX
Matrix is considered as modern technique of quantitative analysis of managerial economics. Matrix
provide a compact way of representing a system of equations. It is called an m multiply n matrix.
Some types of matrix are as follows:
Row Matrix
Column Matrix
Column Matrix
Square Matrix
Identity Matrix
Rectangular Matrix

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RECORDING

Here X Diagram of a function, with domain X = {1, 2, 3} and codomain Y =

In terms of a linear function f(x)=mx+bf(x)=mx+b, if mm is positive, the function is increasing, if

Relative Minima and Maxima

 A one-to-one function has a unique output for each unique input.

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