Modulated magnetoelectrolysis is a technique that combines pulse plating and magnetoelectrolysis to overcome problems with electrodeposition like stratification and thickness inhomogeneity. The study uses interferometry to map concentration fields and particle image velocimetry to map velocity fields under modulated Lorentz force distributions. Results show the formation and rise of less concentrated zones near electrodes initially, leading to compression of convection over time. Modulating current in an inhomogeneous magnetic field generates characteristic time scales and velocity field structures that impact concentration boundary layers and allow more efficient magnetoelectrolysis.
Modulated magnetoelectrolysis is a technique that combines pulse plating and magnetoelectrolysis to overcome problems with electrodeposition like stratification and thickness inhomogeneity. The study uses interferometry to map concentration fields and particle image velocimetry to map velocity fields under modulated Lorentz force distributions. Results show the formation and rise of less concentrated zones near electrodes initially, leading to compression of convection over time. Modulating current in an inhomogeneous magnetic field generates characteristic time scales and velocity field structures that impact concentration boundary layers and allow more efficient magnetoelectrolysis.
Modulated magnetoelectrolysis is a technique that combines pulse plating and magnetoelectrolysis to overcome problems with electrodeposition like stratification and thickness inhomogeneity. The study uses interferometry to map concentration fields and particle image velocimetry to map velocity fields under modulated Lorentz force distributions. Results show the formation and rise of less concentrated zones near electrodes initially, leading to compression of convection over time. Modulating current in an inhomogeneous magnetic field generates characteristic time scales and velocity field structures that impact concentration boundary layers and allow more efficient magnetoelectrolysis.
Modulated magnetoelectrolysis is a technique that combines pulse plating and magnetoelectrolysis to overcome problems with electrodeposition like stratification and thickness inhomogeneity. The study uses interferometry to map concentration fields and particle image velocimetry to map velocity fields under modulated Lorentz force distributions. Results show the formation and rise of less concentrated zones near electrodes initially, leading to compression of convection over time. Modulating current in an inhomogeneous magnetic field generates characteristic time scales and velocity field structures that impact concentration boundary layers and allow more efficient magnetoelectrolysis.
Magitta Uhlemann2, Stefan Odenbach1 1. Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Technische Universitaet Dresden, D-01069 Dresden, Germany 2. Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, P.O. Box 27 01 16, D-01171 Dresden, Germany xuegeng.yang@tu-dresden.de
Electrodeposition is frequently affected by natural convection leading to an
inhomogeneous deposit due to the growth of the concentration boundary layer along the cathode. It has been shown that the Lorentz force-driven convection, arising from the coupling between the magnetic field B and the electric current, j, can considerably improve the morphology of the deposits. However, the problem of their inhomogeneous thickness remains under steady-state conditions of the Lorentz force- driven convection. Even more, the efficiency of the latter decreases with increasing process duration due to stabilizing density stratification formed in the cell interior. A clear image of the velocity and concentration distribution is needed to have a better understanding of the MHD effects on the electrolysis process. In this study we use a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to map the concentration field and particle image velocimetry to map the velocimetry field. We studied first the complex dynamics during the start-up process of natural convection in presence of an opposing Lorentz force-driven convection. It is characterized by the formation of a bubble-like zone of less concentrated solution at the bottom of the cathode and its subsequent rise along the cathode (the reverse process occurs at the anode). The growth of these zones is the origin of a permanent compression of the Lorentz force-driven convection towards the center of the cell. The resulting decay is closely linked to the formation of stabilized vertical density stratification inside the cell. In order to overcome the problem of stratification and increase the efficiency of the MHD convection, we developed a novel technique consisting in the combination of pulse plating and magnetoelectrolysis. Inside the experimental cell a modulated Lorentz force distribution is generated by modulating the electric current inside an inhomogeneous magnetic field. The characteristic time scales and structure of the velocity field belonging to both the start-up and the decay of the Lorentz force-driven convection was discussed. Furthermore we analyze the corresponding impact on the concentration boundary layers at both electrodes. Finally, potential applications of the technique are addressed. This work was financially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) in form of the collaborative research centre SFB 609 Electromagnetic Flow Control in Metallurgy, Crystal Growth and Electrochemistry.
1. G. Hinds et al, J. Phys. Chem. B 105(2001) 9487.
2. X. Yang, K. Eckert et al. Electrochim. Acta, 54(2008), 352. 3. X. Yang, K. Eckert et al. Electrochem. Comm. 11(2009), 318.
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