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Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Biodiversity in India and Their Future

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Ind. J. Unani Med., Vol. IX, Iss. 1, pp. 10-17, 2016

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Biodiversity in

India and Their Future Prospects: A Review
ASHISH KUMAR1 AND JNANESHA A C2

CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Research Centre, Boduppal, Hyderabad

Review Paper

Received: 04.04.2016 Revised: 25.04.2016 Accepted: 15.05.2016

ABSTRACT
India is rich in medicinal and aromatic plants covering an extensive area with different
environmental conditions. The geographical position of India, its geomorphology, the presence of
flora of past geological eras and the coexistence and interplay of biotic and non-biotic factors
have defined it as a region of high plant diversity and endemism, a fact that also impacts the
category of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). Man found that a plant which is astringent in
taste will arrest diarrhoea, a plant which is acid to taste will control vomiting and a plant which
is aromatic will control nausea. In the olden days indigenous medicine had attained a very high
standard, and we have stalwarts in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Allopathy and Homeopathy. After
some decades there is a shift within many developing countries from subsistence to commercial
usage. In India, MAP's play an important role in the country's agricultural profile due to
quantitative and qualitative advantages. MAPs cultivation can help small-scale farmers to
strengthen their livelihoods and as a result, greater access to a wider range of assets can be
achieved, and a capacity to build these into successful and sustainable activities. This review
aims at profiling the current state of MAP cultivation in India, and an attempt has been made to
study the various Medicinal plants and Aromatic plants with respect to their commercial uses

No. of Pages: 7 No. of Figs: 01 No. of Tables: 01 References: 22

Keywords: MAP's, Sustainability, flora, agriculture, uses, benefits, biodiversity.

INTRODUCTION healthcare. Medicinal plants (MPs) and herbal

medicines form an important part of the treatment
The herbaceous plants are an integral component in the indigenous medicine systems such as
of everyday life and culture in all over the world Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Traditional Chinese
for centuries. These plants are used in Medicine, Tibetan Medicine and Julu etc. The
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, cooking and in ushering in of modern technologies catapulted
recent years, in food technology as antioxidants. MPs into patent war zone as highly valuable
The Greek flora is rich in native herbaceous plants commodities. Many developed and developing
and the climatic and soil conditions are prevailing countries are actively engaged in bio-mining MPs
with the possibility of their cultivation (Stefanou for therapeutically precious and biologically
et al., 2014). Medicinal plants have been used in active phytochemicals. Many modern drugs for
developing countries for thousands of years. treating constipation to cancer are derived from
World Health organization (WHO) estimated that plant kingdom.
70-80% of the population living in Africa, India
and other developing nations depend on These plants with unique chemical profiles that
traditional healthcare systems for primary offered cures and flavors would soon be much

Correponding author: jnangowda@gmail.com/devashish121@gmail.com

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Ind. J. Unani Med., Vol. IX, Iss. 1, pp. 10-17, 2016

valued by early humans (Friedman & Adler, 2007). Systematic observation and research led
They have now become the main source for Hippocrates to the conclusion that herbs combine
medicines, seasonings, colorings, preservatives, tasty treat with therapeutic value and thus
and many other similar commodities. Several expressed the following view: "Make food your
diverse lines of data prove that medicinal plants medicine and medicine your food." Hippocrates
represent the oldest and most widespread form of (460 BC), "father of medicine", mentions about 400
medication. Until last century most medicines plants in his books, most of which are medicinal
were derived directly from plant or animal sources and aromatic.
(Craker, Gardner, & Etter, 2003, Craker & Gardner,
2006). Marco Polo's journeys (1254-1324) in tropical
Asia, China, and Persia, and America (1492) as
Other early discoveries of useful medicinal plants well as Vasco De Gama's journeys to India (1498)
lie in several early historic cultures, 1000 to 2000 brought many unknown medicinal plants into
years ago in China, India, and Tibet. The herbal Europe. Botanical gardens sprouted all over the
specialist, or the 'witchdoctor' was seen as a continent, and attempts were made for cultivation
person of influence and stature in these societies of plants imported from the new world.
(Lao, 1999; Cai & Zhen, 2003; Badmaev, 1999;
Steiner, 2003). Distribution of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
(MAP)
About 1000 years ago healers in the Aztec and An analysis of distribution of MAP in natural
Maya Indian cultures of Mexico and Central habitat showed that about 70% of India's MAPs are
America were experimenting with natural curing found in tropical forests of Western and Eastern
substances and exploited at least 132 medicinal ghats, the Vindhyas, Chotta Nagpur plateau,
herbs for the treatment of specific ailments Aravalis and the Himalayas. Studies also showed
(Evans, 2004; Berdan, 2005). that a large percentage of known MAPs occur in
the dry and moist deciduous vegetation area
Hippocrates (460-370 BC), around 400 BC compared to evergreen and temperate regions.
provided us with a list of more than 400 drugs Habit-wise classification showed that about 33%
including substances of herbs and medicinal are trees, 32% herbs, 20% shrubs, 12 % creepers
plants, of which about half are used today. and 3% others (Fig.1).

Per cent Ditribution of MAP's in India

3
12

33
Trees
Herbs
20 Shrubs
Creepers
Others

32

Fig 1: Per cent distribution of MAP's in India.

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Ind. J. Unani Med., Vol. IX, Iss. 1, pp. 10-17, 2016

Medicinal, Aromatic Plants and Their Uses for the development of modified derivatives with
The development of systematic pharmacopoeias enhanced activity and /or reduced toxicity. The
dates back to 3000 BC, when the Chinese were small fraction of flowering plants that have so far
already using over 350 herbal remedies. been investigated have yielded about 120
Ayurveda, a system of herbal medicine in India, therapeutic agents of known structure from about
Sri Lanka and South-East Asia has more than 8000 90 species of plants. Some of the useful plant drugs
plant remedies and using around 35,000-70,000 include Andrographoloide, Sennosides,
plant species. China has demonstrated the best Ajmalicin, Resperine, Withonoids, Asiacoside,
use of traditional medicine in providing the health Bacosides, vinblastine, vincristine, taxol,
care. China has pharmacologically validated and podophyllotoxin, camptothecin, digitoxigenin,
improved many traditional herbal medicines and gitoxigenin, digoxigenin, tubocurarine, morphine,
eventually integrated them in formal health care codeine, aspirin, atropine, pilocarpine,
system. capscicine, allicin, curcumin, artemesinin and
ephedrine among others. In some cases, the crude
Green plants synthesis and preserve a variety of extract of medicinal plants may be used as
biochemical products, many of which are medicaments. On the other hand, the isolation and
extractable and used as chemical feed stocks or as identification of the active principles and
raw material for various scientific investigations. elucidation of the mechanism of action of a drug is
Many secondary metabolites of plant are of paramount importance. Hence, works in both
commercially important and find use in a number mixture of traditional medicine and single active
of pharmaceutical compounds. However, a compounds are very important. Where the active
sustained supply of the source material often molecule cannot be synthesized economically, the
becomes difficult due to the factors like product must be obtained from the cultivation of
environmental changes, cultural practices, plant material. The scientific study of traditional
diverse geographical distribution, labour cost, medicines, derivation of drugs through bio
selection of the superior plant stock and over prospecting and systematic conservation of the
exploitation by pharmaceutical industry. concerned medicinal plants are thus of great
importance. Few important medicinal and
Plants, especially used in Ayurveda can provide
Aromatic plants and their uses are listed in Table 1.
biologically active molecules and lead structures

Table 1: Medicinal and Aromatic plant species in India.

BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY USES
Abelmoschus moschatus Malvaceae Eye disorders, Vomiting, Carminative, Gastric
Adhatoda vesica Acanthaceae Cough, cold, bleeding, menstrual problems
Andrographis paniculata Scanthaceae Fevers, jaundice, diabetes
Asparagus racemosus Liliaceae Strength, acidity and liver complaints, Diabetes
Bacopa monnieri Plantaginaceae Mental clarity and longevity, Ulcers, tumors, asthma
Cassia angustifolia Fabaceae Laxative, Indigestion, jaundice, Anaemia
Centella asiatica Apiaceae Memory enhancer, Neurosis, Physical strength
Costus speciosus Costaceae Fever, cough, Diabetes, Digestive, Stimulant
Clitoria ternatea Fabaceae Diuretic, Ulcer, Visceralgia
Commiphora mukul Burseraceae Arthritis, Gout, Fever, Facial paralysis
Cymbopogon flexuosus Poaceae Skin Disorders & Perfumes
Cymbopogon martini Poaceae Cardio tonic, leprosy & perfumes
Cymbopogon winterianus Poaceae Antiseptic, Bactericidal, Mosquito repellent
....contd. on next page

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Ind. J. Unani Med., Vol. IX, Iss. 1, pp. 10-17, 2016

....contd. from previous page

Eclipta alba Asteraceae Hair, skin, Intestinal worms
Ocimum bacilicum Lamiaceae Perfumery, Cosmetic industries
Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Fever, Cold, cough and skin diseases
Ocimum gratissimum Lamiaceae Skin diseases, bakery, Icecream
Plectranthus amboinicus Lamiaceae Coughs, sore throats and nasal congestion
Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae Anaemia, Fever, Skin diseases
Tinospora cardifolia Menispermaceae Jaundice, Fever, Diabetes, Respiratory disorders
Vetiveria zizanioides Poaceae Vetiver root is cooling, Stimulant and tonic
Vitex negundo Lamiaceae Ulcer, Eye & ear diseases, Pain
Withania somnifera Solanaceae Immunity, Skin diseases, Depression, Strength

Essential Oils most favored method of production of citronella

Essential oils are isolated from Aromatic plant oil from plant material.
materials by various distillation process/methods.
Whereas, other volatile isolates are obtained by Essential oils are generally derived from one or
solvent extraction. Aromatic plants contain more plant parts, such as flowers (e.g. rose,
odorous, volatile, hydrophobic and highly jasmine, carnation, clove, mimosa, rosemary,
concentrated compounds called essential oils. lavander), leaves (e.g. mint, Ocimum spp.,
These are obtained from several organs of the lemongrass, jamrosa), leaves and stems (e.g.
plant such as flowers, buds, seeds, leaves, twigs, geranium, patchouli, petitgrain, verbena,
bark, wood, fruits and roots (Brenes & Roura, cinnamon), bark (e.g. cinnamon, cassia, canella),
2010). The essential oils are complicated mixtures wood (e.g. cedar, sandal, pine), roots (e.g. angelica,
of secondary metabolites consisting of low- sassafras, vetiver, saussurea, valerian), seeds (e.g
boiling-point phenylpropenes and terpenes fennel, coriander, caraway, dill, nutmeg), fruits
(Greathead, 2003). Essential oils are used in a wide (bergamot, orange, lemon, juniper), rhizomes (e.g.
variety of consumer goods such as detergents, ginger, calamus, curcuma, orris) and gums or
soaps, toilet products, cosmetics, oleoresin exudations (e.g. balsam of Peru, balsam
pharmaceuticals, perfumes, confectionery food of Tolu, storax, myrrh, benzoin).
products, soft drinks, distilled alcoholic beverages
(hard drinks) and insecticides. The world Contribution to Sustainable Livelihoods
production and consumption of essential oils and An estimated 50,000 – 70,000 species of higher
perfumes are increasing very fast. Production plants - 1 in 6 of all species - are used in traditional
technology is an essential element to improve the and modern medicine throughout the world, and
overall yield and quality of essential oil. The many more species are important to the growing
traditional technologies pertaining to essential oil market for plant-based cosmetics and other
processing are of great significance and are still products, representing by far the biggest use of the
being used in many parts of the globe. Water natural world in terms of number of species
distillation, water and steam distillation, steam (Leaman, 2008).
distillation, cohobation, maceration and
Today, in many developing and transition
effleurage are the most traditional and commonly
countries these species make an essential
used methods. Maceration is adaptable when oil
contribution to health care, providing the only
yield from distillation is poor. Distillation
effective medicine for the significant proportions
methods are good for powdered almonds, rose
of the population, where other forms of
petals and rose blossoms, whereas solvent
medication are either unavailable or unaffordable.
extraction is suitable for expensive, delicate and
An estimated 80 percent of the population in
thermally unstable materials like jasmine,
Africa and Asia rely largely on these plant-based
tuberose, and hyacinth. Water distillation is the

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Ind. J. Unani Med., Vol. IX, Iss. 1, pp. 10-17, 2016

drugs for their health care needs, and the WHO that have brought about a number of invasions and
(2008) has estimated that in coming decades a led to its wealth and knowledge to different parts
similar percentage of the world population may of the world. The annual per capita consumption
well rely on plant-based medicines. There is also of drugs in the country is around US$ 3, which is
an interest in using aromatic plants in animal the lowest in the world, mainly because traditional
nutrition, in order to replace the use of antibiotics medicines based on sound ancient system of
and ionophoreanticoccidials (Greathead, 2003). medicine are still prevalent in the country. In the
context of growing national and international
Many aromatic plants thrifty worldwide, market for medicinal plants, India is well aware of
with many originating from the Mediterranean the conservation and sustainable use of its natural
area, either in the wild or cultivated (e.g. rosemary, resources.
oregano, sage, thymus, peppermint and garlic)
(Bampidis, Christodoulou, Christaki, Florou- Medicinal plants occupy an important position in
Paneri, & Spais, 2005; Botsoglou et al., 2009; the socio-cultural, health care and spiritual arena
Christaki, Bonos, Giannenas, & Florou-Paneri, of rural people of India. It is known that “Health for
2012). They include chemical substances such as All” continues to be a distant dream for India. With
polyphenols, quinines, flavonols/flavonoids, increase in life expectancy and problems of
alkaloids, polypeptides or their oxygen- overcrowding, air and water pollution, problems
s u b s t i t u t e d d e r i v a t i v e s ( Pe r u m a l l a & of health disorders such as degenerative diseases,
Hettiarachchy, 2011; Negi, 2012; Christaki et al., stress, allergies, diabetes, osteorheumatic
2012). Several of these substances can operate arthritis, neurological and memory disorders are
synergistically, so their bioactivity is enhanced likely to grow. This may affect quality of life,
(Tiwari, 2008). Some bioactive compounds productivity and wellbeing of future generations.
indicate therapeutic value, such as antioxidant India has huge comparative advantage in
and antiseptic activities (Madsen & Bertelsen, medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) sector over
1995; Christaki et al., 2012). As a result, aromatic other countries since it is one of the 12 mega
plants may reduce the risk of cancer or biodiversity centers and having 7% of world's
cardiovascular diseases (Duthie& Brown, 2004; biodiversity. India has medicinal plants in the
Milner, 1994) and may find application as Himalaya to its marine ecosystem and from desert
treatments in curing or managing a wide range of to rain forests. Most medicinal and aromatic plants
ailments such as respiratory diseases and stomach are collected from forest or uncultivated wild
or inflammatory disorders (Kadri et al., 2011; sources but with increasing abiotic and biotic
Christaki et al., 2012). pressures on natural habitat, a number of species
are becoming endangered or threatened. As a
Importance of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants result, it is becoming increasingly difficult to meet
and Sustainable Agriculture in India the demand of ever growing MAPs sector making
India is a land of varied climatic, ethnic, cultural natural sources vulnerable. Further, MAPs are
and linguistic zones with population touching one linked with livelihood of the poorest of the poor in
billion. The country is divided into ten bio- the country.
geographic zones: Trans Himalayan, Himalayan,
Indian deserts, semi-arid areas, western Ghats, Future prospects and constraints
Gangetic plains, northeast India, islands, and
coasts. All ranges of climate (alpine to tropical) Propects
and altitude (sea level to 6,000 m) are available in
the country. The recorded forest area of the 1. Medicinal plants and their derivatives will
country is about 63.73 Mha, which is 19.39% of its continue to play a major role in medical
total area. The region is also one of the places of therapy in spite of advances in chemical
earliest civilizations known to man. From ancient technology and the appearance of cheap,
time, India has been known for its rich resources synthesized, complex molecules from simple

14
Ind. J. Unani Med., Vol. IX, Iss. 1, pp. 10-17, 2016

ones through highly specific reaction Constraints

mechanisms. The reaction involved is either
1. Although India is a leading exporter of
difficult or expensive to duplicate by classical
medicinal plants in the world, the rate of
chemical method. For example in Vitamin A,
growth of these crops in relation to their
disogenin and solasodine of plants, where
economic prospects is not at all satisfactory.
stearic forms are possible, chemical synthesis
The reasons for this apparent backwardness
yields a mixture of the isomers which may be
are many and varied.
difficult to separate. The product obtained by
synthesis may therefore be toxic or have a 2. In spite of the thrust given by the government
different therapeutic effect than what is of India through the institutions like the
obtained in nature. Centre for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
2. Drug development out of medicinal plants is (CIMAP): the Regional Research Laboratories
less costlier than synthetic drug development. (RRL), at Jammu, Bhubaneshwar and Jorhat;
Reserpine is a good example of this. The Directorate of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
synthesis of reserpine costs approximately (DMAPR), National Botanical Gardens, Forest
Rs.1.25/g, whereas, commercial extraction Re s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e s , s t a t e C i n c h o n a
from the plant costs only Rs.0.75 /g. Directorates in Tamil Nadu and West Bengal,
the replenishment of renewable inputs like
3. There has been a tremendous upsurge in the
quality planting material of improved
demand for phytopharmaceutical raw
varieties, developing extension literature,
medicinal herbs and vegetable drugs of Indian
organizing training and quality testing, are
origin from the Western nations. There is also
very limited because of the number of
an increase in domestic demand for raw
medicinal plants as well as their divergent
material used for perfumeries, pharmacies
uses.
and biopesticidal units. The demand for
traditional herbal drugs is also increasing 3. The other major constraint is marketing of the
rapidly mainly because of the harmful effects cultivated raw material because of the quality
of synthetic chemical drugs and also because considerations. Lack of testing facilities at the
of an expansion of pharmacies manufacturing procurement and trading centres together
natural drug formulations. with unscrupulous market handling, results
4. India is the source of cheap labor and skilled in wide fluctuations in prices, often going
manpower which readily absorbs down to uneconomic and unrealistic levels.
technological change and also adopts the Thus, speculative trade has been one of the
same. most serious deterrent to the development of
this enterprise.
5. In addition, these crops have many virtues
like drought hardiness, capability to grow on 4. The systematic cultivation of a few medicinal
marginal lands. They are relatively free from plants has been found to be a discouraging
cattle damage and hence, can be profitably enterprise, mainly because of the
grown in areas where stray cattle or wild uneconomical price they command. For
animals or pilferage is a major problem. As it example the sale price of Phyllanthus amarus
is, medicinal plants are better earners than is as low as Rs.10/kg, making it a commercially
many of the field crops. Since they are new unviable proposal. There is a need for the user
crops, there is an immense scope for further industry to come forward and ensure that the
improvement in their productivity and cultivated product is going to be
adaptability, in order to obtain further homogeneous, in comparison to those
increase in returns. They are suitable for collected from natural sources, where there is
incorporating into various systems of culture possibility for wide variation.
like intercropping, mixed cropping and multi
5. Although most of them are industry oriented
tier cropping.
crops, the pattern of land-holdings does not

15
Ind. J. Unani Med., Vol. IX, Iss. 1, pp. 10-17, 2016

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