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DM 02 01 Data Undrestanding

This document provides an overview of data understanding and preparation techniques. It discusses measuring central tendency through mean, median, mode, and other measures. It also covers measuring data dispersion using range, variance, standard deviation, and other statistical techniques. Finally, it explores various graphic displays that can be used like histograms, quantile plots, scatter plots, and Loess curves to visualize and better understand datasets.

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Pallavi Bharti
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24 views35 pages

DM 02 01 Data Undrestanding

This document provides an overview of data understanding and preparation techniques. It discusses measuring central tendency through mean, median, mode, and other measures. It also covers measuring data dispersion using range, variance, standard deviation, and other statistical techniques. Finally, it explores various graphic displays that can be used like histograms, quantile plots, scatter plots, and Loess curves to visualize and better understand datasets.

Uploaded by

Pallavi Bharti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Mining

Part 2. Data Understanding and


Preparation

2.1 Data Understanding

Spring 2010

Instructor: Dr. Masoud Yaghini

Data Understanding
Introduction

Data Understanding
Outline

 Introduction
 Measuring the Central Tendency
 Measuring the Dispersion of Data
 Graphic Displays
 References

Data Understanding
Introduction

 Data Understanding
– To highlight which data values should be treated as noise or
outliers.
 Measures
– Central tendency
 Mean, median, mode, and midrange
– Data dispersion
 Variance, Rang, quartiles, and interquartile range (IQR)

Data Understanding
Introduction

 Such measures have been studied extensively in the


statistical literature.
 From the data mining point of view, we need to
examine how they can be computed efficiently in large
databases.

Data Understanding
Measuring the Central Tendency

Data Understanding
Measuring the Central Tendency

 Measures of Central tendency:


– Mean
– Weighted mean
– Trimmed mean
– Median
– Mode
– Midrange

Data Understanding
Mean

 Mean: The most common and most effective numerical measure


of the “center” of a set of data is the (arithmetic) mean. (sample
vs. population)

 Weighted (arithmetic) mean : Sometimes, each value in a set


may be associated with a weight, the weights reflect the
significance, importance, or occurrence frequency attached to
their respective values.

Data Understanding
Trimmed mean

 Disadvantage of mean
– A major problem with the mean is its sensitivity to extreme (e.g.,
outlier) values.
– Even a small number of extreme values can corrupt the mean.
 Trimmed mean
– the trimmed mean is the mean obtained after cutting off values at
the high and low extremes.
– For example, we can sort the values and remove the top and
bottom 2% before computing the mean.
– We should avoid trimming too large a portion (such as 20%) at
both ends as this can result in the loss of valuable information.

Data Understanding
Median

 Suppose that a given data set of N distinct values is


sorted in numerical order.
 The median is the middle value if odd number of
values, or average of the middle two values otherwise
 For skewed (asymmetric) data, a better measure of the
center of data is the median.

Data Understanding
Mode & Midrange

 Mode is the another measure of central tendency


– The mode for a set of data is the value that occurs most
frequently in the set.
– If each data value occurs only once, then there is no mode.
 The midrange can also be used to assess the central
tendency of a data set
– It is the average of the largest and smallest values in the set.

Data Understanding
Mean, Median, and Mode

 Mean, median, and mode of symmetric versus positively and


negatively skewed data.

 Positively skewed, where the mode is smaller than the median


(b), and negatively skewed, where the mode is greater than the
median (c).

Data Understanding
Measuring the Dispersion of Data

Data Understanding
Measuring the Dispersion of Data

 The degree to which numerical data tend to spread is


called the dispersion, or variance of the data.
 The measures of data dispersion:
– Range
– Five-number summary (based on quartiles)
– Interquartile range (IQR)
– Standard deviation
 Range
– difference between highest and lowest observed values

Data Understanding
Inter-Quartile Range

 For the remainder of this section, let’s assume that the


data are sorted in increasing numerical order.
 The kth percentile of a set of data in numerical order
is the value xi having the property that k percent of
the data entries lie at or below xi.
– The median (discussed in the previous subsection) is the
50th percentile.
 Quartiles:
– First quartile (Q1): The first quartile is the value, where
25% of the values are smaller than Q1 and 75% are larger.
– Third quartile (Q3): The third quartile is the value, where
75% of the values are smaller than Q3 and 25% are larger.
Data Understanding
Inter-Quartile Range

 Inter-quartile range (IQR)


– IQR = Q3 – Q1
– IQR is a simple measure of spread that gives the range
covered by the middle half of the data
 Outlier
– usually, values falling at least 1.5 * IQR, above the third
quartile or below the first quartile.
 Five number summary
– min, Q1, Median, Q3, max
– Contain information about the endpoints (e.g., tails) of the
data

Data Understanding
Five Number Summary

 Boxplot
– Data is represented with a box
– The ends of the box are at the first and third quartiles, i.e.,
the height of the box is IRQ
– The median is marked by a line within the box
– Whiskers: two lines outside the box extend to Minimum
and Maximum
– To show outliers, the whiskers are extended to the extreme
low and high observations only if these values are less than
1.5 * IQR beyond the quartiles.

Data Understanding
Five Number Summary

 Boxplot for the unit price data for items sold at four branches of
AllElectronics during a given time period.

Data Understanding
Variance and Standard Deviation

 Variance (σ2)

 Standard deviation (σ)


– is the square root of variance σ2
– σ measures spread about the mean and should be used only
when the mean is chosen as the measure of center.
– σ =0 only when there is no spread, that is, when all
observations have the same value.

Data Understanding
Graphic Displays

Data Understanding
Graphic Displays

 There are many types of graphs for the display of data


summaries and distributions, such as:
– Bar charts
– Pie charts
– Line graphs
– Boxplot
– Histograms
– Quantile plots
– Scatter plots
– Loess curves

Data Understanding
Histogram Analysis

 Histograms or frequency histograms


– A univariate graphical method
– Consists of a set of rectangles that reflect the counts or
frequencies of the classes present in the given data
– If the attribute is categorical, then one rectangle is drawn
for each known value of A, and the resulting graph is more
commonly referred to as a bar chart.
– If the attribute is numeric, the term histogram is preferred.

Data Understanding
Histogram Analysis

 Example: A set of unit price data for items sold at a


branch of AllElectronics

Data Understanding
Histogram Analysis

 Example: A histogram

Data Understanding
Quantile Plot

 A quantile plot is a simple and effective way to have a


first look at a univariate data distribution.
 Plots quantile information
– For a data xi data sorted in increasing order, fi indicates that
approximately 100 fi% of the data are below or equal to the
value xi
 Note that
– the 0.25 quantile corresponds to quartile Q1,
– the 0.50 quantile is the median, and
– the 0.75 quantile is Q3.

Data Understanding
Quantile Plot

 A quantile plot for the unit price data of AllElectronics.

Data Understanding
Scatter plot

 Scatter plot
– is one of the most effective graphical methods for
determining if there appears to be a relationship, clusters
of points, or outliers between two numerical attributes.
 Each pair of values is treated as a pair of coordinates
and plotted as points in the plane

Data Understanding
Scatter plot

 A scatter plot for the data set of AllElectronics.

Data Understanding
Scatter plot

 Scatter plots can be used to find (a) positive or (b)


negative correlations between attributes.

Data Understanding
Scatter plot

 Three cases where there is no observed correlation between the


two plotted attributes in each of the data sets.

Data Understanding
Loess Curve

 Adds a smooth curve to a scatter plot in order to


provide better perception of the pattern of dependence
 The word loess is short for local regression.
 Loess curve is fitted by setting two parameters:
– a smoothing parameter, and
– the degree of the polynomials that are fitted by the
regression

Data Understanding
Loess Curve

 A loess curve for the data set of AllElectronics

Data Understanding
References

Data Understanding
References

 J. Han, M. Kamber, Data Mining: Concepts and


Techniques, Elsevier Inc. (2006). (Chapter 2)

Data Understanding
The end

Data Understanding

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