ADVANCED COMMUNICATION DESIGN FOR MOBILE DISABLING AT

RESTRICTED AREAS

MICROCONTROLLER:-

Features:-

• Compatible with MCS®-51 Products

• 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory – Endurance: 10,000

Write/Erase Cycles

• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Six Interrupt Sources

• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

• Watchdog Timer

• Dual Data Pointer

• Power-off Flag

• Fast Programming Time

• Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)

• Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

Description:-

The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K

bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-
try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-
grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with

In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful

microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications. The AT89S51 provides the following standard
features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data
pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a
full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51
is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two
software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing
the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling
all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset.

RELAY:-

Relay Basics:-

A relay is used to isolate one electrical circuit from another. It allows a low
current control circuit to make or break an electrically isolated high current
circuit path. One example where a relay is useful in car audio is in the power
antenna or remote output of a head unit. We already said that the average
remote lead can only handle about one half of an amp of current. If a circuit
with a large amount of current must be controlled by the remote output lead
of a head unit, a relay could be used to buffer the remote output from the
head unit. The basic relay consists of a coil and a set of contacts. The most
common relay coil is a length of magnet wire wrapped around a metal core.
When voltage is applied to the coil, current passes through the wire and
creates a magnetic field. This magnetic field pulls the contacts together and
holds them there until the current flow in the coil has stopped..
Relay Specifications:-

There are two specifications that you must consider when selecting a relay for
use in an automobile, the coil voltage and the current carrying capability of
contacts. The coil voltage for relays used in automobiles is ~12 volts. This
means that if you apply 12 volts to the coil, it will pull in and stay there until
the applied voltage is removed from the coil. The current rating on relay
contacts tells how much current can be passed through the contacts without
damage to the contacts. Some relays have different current ratings for the NC
contacts (which are held together by spring tension) and the NO contacts
(which are held together by the electromagnet).

DECODER:-

A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the

encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method
used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decoder. In digital
electronics, a decoder can take the form of a multiple-input, multiple-output
logic circuit that converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input
and output codes are different. e.g. n-to-2n, binary-coded decimal decoders.
Enable inputs must be on for the decoder to function, otherwise its outputs
assume a single "disabled" output code word. Decoding is necessary in
applications such as data multiplexing, 7 segment display and memory address
decoding.

The example decoder circuit would be an AND gate because the output of an
AND gate is "High" (1) only when all its inputs are "High." Such output is called
as "active High output". If instead of AND gate, the NAND gate is connected the
output will be "Low" (0) only when all its inputs are "High". Such output is
called as "active low output".
 Example: A 2-to-4 Line Single Bit Decoder

ENCODER:-

A simple encoder circuit can receive a single active input out of 2 n input lines
generate a binary code on n parallel output lines.

For example a single bit 4 to 2 encoder takes in 4 bits and outputs 2 bits. The
illustrated gate level example implements the simple encoder defined by the
truth table, but it MUST be understood that for all the non-explicitly defined
input combinations (i.e. inputs containing 0, 2, 3, or 4 bits) the outputs are
treated as don't cares. Thus this implementation is useless as a priority encoder
and only useful as a simple encoder if some previous circuit guarantees that
there is one and only one bit high in the input or if it is understood that non-

Gate level circuit diagram of a single bit 4-to-2 line encoder

single-active inputs will produce garbage encodings.

I3 I2 I1 I0 O1 O0
0 0 01 0 0
0 0 10 0 1
0 1 00 1 0
1 0 00 1 1

RF TRANSMITTER:-

In general, the function of a radio frequency (RF) transmitter is to modulate an input

signal and a radio frequency power amplifier that is coupled to the modulator to
amplify the modulated input signal. The radio frequency power amplifier is coupled to
an antenna that transmits the amplified modulated input signal. Power amplifiers are
required in radio telecommunication systems to amplify signals before transmitting,
because a radio signal attenuates on the radio path. For efficiency, the amplifier is
often a non-linear amplifier operated near its peak capacity. To avoid distortion of
the transmitted signals due to the non-linearity, the signals are pre-distorted by a
predistorter before they are transmitted. The predistortion is required to prevent
transmitter from transmitting signals on channel bands other than the band assigned
to the transmitter. Digital predistortion may be performed by multiplying the
modulated signals prepared for transmission by a set of predistortion values. The
predistortion values are chosen such that the product values entering the power
amplifier will be distorted by the power amplifier to return to a substantially linear
amplification of the modulated signals

RF RECEIVER:-

RF Receiver Module RX433:-

This compact radio frequency (RF) receiver module is suitable for remote control or
telemetry applications. The double sided circuit board is pre-populated with Surface
Mount Devices (SMD) and is tuned to 433MHz. No module assembly or adjustments are
required. RF receiver module RX433 receives RF control signals from the 8 channel RF
remote control transmitter K8058 and performs as an RF receiver interface when used
on the 8 channel remote control relay board K8056. (Only one RX433 RF receiver is
needed for full RF remote control operation of the 8 channel relay board K8056). RF
receiver module RX433 is a highly sensitive passive design that is easy to implement
with a low external parts count. (Download datasheet with hook-up schematic below)

RF remote receiver module RX433 can also be used with 433MHz RF Transmitter
TX433N for your custom remote control or telemetry requirements. (However, the
FCC has restrictions on the sale of the TX433N transmitter module in the U.S., so we
don't have these transmitters available).

RF Receiver Module Features:-

• no RF receiver module adjustments required

• stable output
• suitable for RF remote controls, telemetry, ...

Specifications:-

• RF receiver frequency: 433MHz

• receiver range: 220 yards (200m) in open air
• modulation: AM
• modulate mode: ASK
• circuit shape: LC
• sensitivity: 3µVrms
• power supply: 4.5 - 5.5V DC
• data rate: 4800 bps
• receiver selectivity: -106 dB
• channel spacing: 1 MHz
• digital and linear output
• RF receiver module pin numbers
o 1: gnd
o 2: digital output
o 3: linear output
o 4: Vcc
o 5: Vcc
o 6: gnd
o 7: gnd
 o 8: antenna: 11.8" - 13.77" (30cm - 35cm)

POWER SUPPLY:-

A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric
loads. The term is most commonly applied to devices that convert one form of
electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another
form of energy (e.g., mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy. A regulated
power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a specific value;
the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either load current
or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source.

Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any
energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on
its design, a power supply may obtain energy from:

Electrical energy transmission systems. Common examples of this include power

supplies that convert AC line voltage to DC voltage.

 Energy storage devices such as batteries and fuel cells.

 Electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators.
 Solar power.

Circuit diagram for 5V power supply:-

• The5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator IC.
This IC contains all the circuitry needed to accept any input voltage from 8 to 18
volts and produce a steady +5 volt output, accurate to within 5% (0.25 volt). It also
contains current-limiting circuitry and thermal overload protection; so that the IC
won't be damaged in case of excessive load current will reduce its output voltage
instead.
• The 1000µf capacitor serves as a "reservoir" which maintains a reasonable
input voltage to the 7805 throughout the entire cycle of the ac line voltage. The
two rectifier diodes keep recharging the reservoir capacitor on alternate half-cycles
of the line voltage, and the capacitor is quite capable of sustaining any reasonable
load in between charging pulses.
• The 10µf and .01µf capacitors serve to help keep the power supply output
voltage constant when load conditions change. The electrolytic capacitor smoothes
out any long-term or low frequency variations. However, at high frequencies this
capacitor is not very efficient. Therefore, the .01µf is included to bypass high-
frequency changes, such as digital IC switching effects, to ground.
• The LED and its series resistor serve as a pilot light to indicate when the
power supply is on. Use a miniature LED here, so it will serve that function without
being obtrusive or distracting while performing an experiment. By using this LED,
the reservoir capacitor is completely discharged after power is turned off. Then it’s
safe to remove or install components for the next experiment.