EAPP11 Q2 Mod4 Writing-A-Report Version2

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
English for Academic

and Professional
Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 4
Writing a Report
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

English for Academic and Professional Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Writing a Report
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First Edition, 2020
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
English for Academic

and Professional
Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 4
Writing a Report
This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.
We value your feedback and recommendations.
ii
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
iii
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
OVERVIEW 1
MODULE CONTENT 1
OBJECTIVES 2
PRETEST 3
LESSON 1
Activity 1 10
Activity 2 11
LESSON 2
Activity 1 15
Activity 2 20
Activity 3 21
Activity 4 23
Activity 5 24
Activity 6 24
LESSON 3
Activity 1 26
Activity 2 30
Activity 3 31
Activity 4 32
LESSON 4
Activity 1 34
Activity 2 37
Activity 3 38
Activity 4 39
LESSON 5
Activity 1 41
Activity 2 46
Activity 3 46
Activity 4 47
Activity 5 49
POST TEST 52
REFERENCES 55
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WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
For the Learners:
Congratulations for completing module 3! You have come to module 4.

You are now ready for the next step of learning English for Academic and
Professional Purposes. This module will let you try to write different technical
or scientific reports applicable to your strand. This is already the last part of
the course so give it your best efforts. To learn more effectively, do not forget
to enjoy learning. Good luck!
Module Contents
This is where you start to design and conduct survey that will be useful in
making the various technical and scientific reports. This is something that you can
use in your future profession and also a good background for your research subjects.
These are the competencies covered in the lessons:
 designs, tests and revises survey questionnaires

(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIe-j-7)
 conducts surveys, experiments or observations
 gathers information from surveys, experiments, or observations
 summarizes findings and executes the report through narrative and
visual/graphic forms (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIe-j-11 7)
 writes various reports (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIe-j-12)
1
Objectives
Here are the things that you are expected to learn at the end of this module:
1. determine the objectives and structures of various kinds of reports

2. design, test, and revise survey questionnaires;
3. conduct surveys, experiments or observations;
4. gather information from surveys, experiments, or observations;
5. summarize findings and execute the report through narrative and
visual/graphic forms; and
6. write various reports.
General Instructions
To do well in this module, you need to remember the following:
1. Read texts carefully so that you can easily comprehend what you are
reading.
2. Answer questions with all honesty. Success does not come from
copying from others. It is made possible by trying hard on your own so
that you can learn even from your mistakes.
3. Review your answers. It is safe to go back and think about what you
have written. This can help you lessen if not avoid errors.
4. Follow instructions given and ask if there is something that you did not
understand.
5. Do the tasks given and do not delay in submitting requirements. This
can help you avoid having a pile of unfinished activities.
6. Feel free to communicate with your teacher. There is no harm in asking
for clarification so that you will not be lost in confusion.
7. Remember to review every time you are done answering the activities.
8. Have fun as you learn. This course is very important no matter what your
strand is. When you have fun, you can easily learn the lessons.
2
For the Facilitator:
Your role is to help learners be able to do more critical thinking and

apply strategies that will help them express their ideas. Encourage the
learners to create their own outputs and assist them in the lessons that they
may find difficult. Please take note of the following:
1. Explain to the learners the different parts of the module and how it should
be used.
2. Do not give points to their answers in the process questions; rather, use
their responses as your formative assessment. This will give you an idea
of how the learners process their understanding.
3. Monitor their answers and remember to give feedback whenever
necessary. Every time they submit an output, give your feedback so that
they can immediately correct and adjust.
4. The self -review will help you assess how ready they are for the next
lesson. See what they have chosen so that you can help them if they
have chosen the icon that refers to having more difficulty.
5. Use the What’s More activities as scaffolds for them to do the What I Can
Do activity which is the application part of the lesson.
As a facilitator, you do not need to do lectures since the module is

already talking to the learner. God bless!
WHAT I KNOW
Let us check your prior knowledge about this module’s coverage.

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers in your notebook.
1. What is defined as a general view of someone or something?
A. Design
B. Survey
C. Tally
D. Table
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2. Which type of questions provide options and require respondents to choose one
answer?
A. Enumeration
B. Close-ended
C. Open-ended
D. None of the above
3. Which type of questions allow respondents to express opinions freely?
A. Enumeration
B. Close-ended
C. Open-ended
4. Which of the following is a crucial step in the design of a questionnaire?

A. Pilot test
B. Revise
C. Replace
D. Make format
5. Which method involves asking the respondents directly and personally?

A. Telephone survey
B. Face to Face
C. Online Survey
D. Paper and Pencil
6. Which method can be used for consequential questions?
A. Telephone survey
B. Face to Face
C. Online Survey
D. Paper and Pencil
7. Which is a traditional survey administration method?
A. Telephone survey
B. Face to Face
C. Online Survey
D. Paper and Pencil
8. Which method is ideal for a huge sample size?
A. Telephone survey
B. Mail Survey
C. Online Survey
D. Paper and Pencil
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9. Which method is not as popular as they were due to lower response rates?
A. Telephone survey
B. Mail Survey
C. Online Survey
D. Paper and Pencil
10. What study has a goal to determine what effect a particular treatment has on the
outcome?
A. Survey
B. Observational
C. Experimental
WHAT'S IN
In the previous module, you have learned about writing position papers and
determining objectives and structures of various kinds of reports. This time, you will
start designing survey questionnaires, conducting surveys, gathering information,
summarizing findings and writing various reports.
The diagram below summarizes the coverage of this lesson.
Module Coverage
Survey
• designs • summarizes
• tests • conducts
findings
• revises survey • executes the
report
• gathers
information
Questionnaire Report
Let us start this module, by doing lesson 1 which is focused designing survey
questionnaire which is the first step to be able to get the information you need.
5
The activities you will do will help you go through the journey one step at a time
so you have to accomplish them with care. Have fun!
These are the lessons in this module:
Lesson 1 - Determine the objectives and structures of various kinds of reports
Lesson 2 – Designing the Survey Questionnaire
Lesson 3 – Conducting the Surveys / Experiments / Observations
Lesson 4 – Gathering Information and Summarizing Findings
Lesson 5 – Writing the Reports
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LESSON 1
KINDS OF REPORTS
WHAT I KNOW
Copy the list of items below in your notebook. Identify which one is
familiar to you, you may have encountered or have tried to make it before. Put a check
mark inside the box before the item. You can check as many items that are familiar.
Investigatory Project Book Report
Experiment Journal
Investigative report Liquidation Report
Progress Report Sales/ Inventory Report
Research Report ___________ (name one if not on the list)
WHAT IS IT
Reports are essential to keep an updated account of an event, situation, and

organization. These are documents that wishes to inform, analyze or recommend.
Reports are often expressed through oral presentation or written. Common medium of
these reports are speeches, televisions, radios, and films.
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Report writing is making a detailed statement about the company, an event, a
situation and an occurrence which is based from an observation, investigation, and
inquiry.
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS REPORTS
Formal Report – is a complex account either written or oral that uses formal
and structured language and is usually applied in major projects and
organizations.
 Informational - presents result, information and updates and

explains
Examples:
 attendance reports
 annual budget reports
 monthly financial reports
 Analytical - presents, analyzes and draws conclusions from

reports and shows the why and the how of an
occurrence
Examples:
 scientific research
 feasibility reports,
 employee appraisals
 Recommendatory- presents recommendation based on the
results and conclusions
Example:
Recommendation Report
Informal Report – communicates updates, information using free-flowing,

casual and short formats usually about routine and everyday business
Examples:
 Progress Reports
 Feasibility Report
 Literature Review
 Personnel Evaluation
 Report on Sales
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BASIC STRUCTURES OF REPORTS
I. Title page
II. Abstract
III. List of Figures and Tables
IV. Introduction
V. Body (varies according to type of report)
VI. Conclusions
VII. Recommendations
VIII. References
IX. Appendices
How did you find the new information you have learned? I hope it could help
you as you accomplish the exercises that follow. Good Luck!
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WHAT'S MORE
ACTIVITY 1. Fill the grid with details about various reports. You can include
structure, objectives and characteristics and of each type of report. Write your answers
in your notebook.
Before writing the report what shoud the writer do? PLease enumerate activities.
• consider the audience of the report(e.g)

•.
•.
Writing the report requires the following:
• Make a catchy Introduction

•.
•.
•.
•.
•.
•.
•.
•.
To end the report what shall be done to attain the desired purpose?
•.
•.
• .Make recommendations
•.
•.
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WHAT I CAN DO
ACTIVITY 2
Identify the type of reports and describe it according to purpose, and structure.
Write your answers in your notebook.
1. SCHOOL FORM 9 (Report Card)
PURPOSE:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
STRUCTURE:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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2.
accessed from: https://www.sampletemplates.com/business-templates/report/sample-report-in-pdf.html
PURPOSE:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
STRUCTURE:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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Self-Check!
Great job! You have completed Lesson 1 successfully! Before going to the
next lesson, check the icon that best shows your learning experience.
I have understood the lesson well and I can even teach what I
learned to others.
I have understood the lesson but there are still other things that
I need to review and relearn.
I need to do additional work to be able to master the lesson. I

need help in some tasks.
If you checked the first icon, you are ready for lesson 2. If you have checked
the second icon, you need to review the things that you need to relearn. If you have
checked the third icon, it would be best if you read more and ask help from your
teacher, parents or peers in clarifying the lessons that you find difficult. Be honest so
that you will truly improve.
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ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
Write your answers in your notebook.
After doing the activities:
I noticed
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
A question I have is
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
I’m not sure

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
I realized
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
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LESSON 2
DESIGNING THE SURVEY

QUESTIONNAIRE
WHAT'S NEW
ACTIVITY 1. WHAT YOU KNOW
Copy the table below in your notebook. In the K column, write what you know
about survey. In the W column, write what you want to know about it. Leave the L
column blank. We will go back to it later on.
K W L
What I know What I want to know What I learned
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WHAT IS IT
A survey is a general view, examination, or description of someone or

something. A survey also refers to looking carefully and thoroughly at (someone or
something), especially so as to assess them. When you want to survey, you need a
questionnaire to help get the information that you need. A good questionnaire should
be valid, reliable, clear and interesting. When we say,
Valid - it asks what it intends to ask.
Reliable – it gets the same answer if the same

question is posed repeatedly in a short span of
time.
Clear – it is easily understood.
Interesting – it is completed by the respondents

and gets better response rate
The design of the questionnaire should not be taken for granted to be able to
get accurate data. A bad questionnaire may lead to wrong conclusions since data
collected may not be correct.
Remember these when you create a survey questionnaire:
• Ask the right questions

• Use appropriate format
• Arrange the questions logically
Design • Make instructions clear
• Do pilot testing
• Detect flaws
Test
• Make necessary changes

• Improve the questionnaire
Revise
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Let us discuss each thoroughly.
DESIGN
 Ask the right questions
Questions may be “close-ended” or “open-ended” and you can use any of

these depending on the data that you want to get from your respondents.
“Close-ended” questions provide options to the respondents and require them

to choose one or more items from the list. This is used if the range of answers are
well known and the options are limited.
For example: Do you have a computer at home? ___yes ___no
“Open-ended” questions allow the respondent to express their opinions freely

and they are not restricted by the options. This is used if the answer options are
multiple and unknown. The answers to the open-ended questions require re-grouping
before analysis.
For example: What are the reasons why students do not have computers
at home? (You can list one or two reasons)
The options available should be comprehensive so that the respondent can find
an option which best suits his answer. You can include an “Other: please specify
________” category as one of the options. You can also let them check as many items
as applicable but be sure to mention it in your options.
For example: Why do you want to have a computer? (You can choose
more than one)
I need it for my projects in school.
I want to play online games.
My friends have computers.
I want to use it for business.
Others: Please specify: ___________________________
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In questions which involve assessing attitudes or giving opinions, a scale with
a range of responses is preferred to a yes/no answer. Likert scale (usually 5-point or
7-point) is a commonly used method.
For example:
Questions Strongly Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree

agree 4 3 disagree 1
5 2
We should have a computer
at home.
In a questionnaire which has many parts, some of which need not be answered
by the respondent, filtering is used to guide the respondent to answer only the relevant
questions. However, you should avoid using too much filtering as this may confuse the
respondents and make the questionnaire complicated.
For example:
Do you have a computer at home? ___ Yes ___ No
If your answer is no, proceed to question no. 4.
Avoid double-barreled questions. It is a common mistake that refers to asking

two things in one question.
For example: Do you have a computer and laptop at home?
Avoid ambiguous questions. Be clear and specific in constructing your

question.
 Use Appropriate Format
This is important because the “look” of the questionnaire may decide whether
the respondent is going to fill it up.
The title should be highlighted and it should reflect the main objective of the
research. If possible, divide the questionnaire into sections according to the content
(e.g. boxes with bold headings) and it should flow smoothly from one section to another
with appropriate filtering.
If your respondents involve older persons, bigger font size should be used.
Finally, a cover letter stating the objective of your study, your affiliations, and, if
appropriate, ensuring confidentiality and how you are going to use the information you
have collected.
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 Arrange the questions
logically
The order of the questions

should flow in a logical sequence.
Start with simple questions and
move to more complex questions.
You can start with the demographic
profile like age, address and others.
 Make instructions clear
Instructions should be very

clear and introductory comments
should be appropriate. Short
instructions help the respondent
understand easily and help them set
their mind on answering the
questions.
The respondent should be

told exactly what is wanted: that
they are to indicate their answers to
each question by placing a check
mark or X in the box beside the
appropriate answer or by writing
From:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Musculoskeletal_s
urvey_Nordic_questionnaire.png
their answer in the space provided
when asked to do so.
TEST
Pilot test is a crucial step in the design of questionnaire before data collection
begins. It will help to detect flaws in the questionnaire in terms of content, grammar
and format.
You can ask your colleagues, family or friends to comment on the

questionnaire. This will pick up any mistakes in terms of content, grammar and format.
This should be followed by asking the potential respondents to answer the
questionnaire and provide their feedback. For those questions which you feel may be
confusing or sensitive, it is important to ask the respondents to comment specifically
during the pilot test.
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REVISE
You will evaluate for general content, organization, and tone, by adding,
deleting, and organizing information if necessary. When revising, it can be helpful to
answer these questions:
Who is your audience?
Are your objectives enough?
Have you included enough information?
Do you have more information than you need?
Have you chosen the proper words to express your ideas?
Are you wordy, repetitive, or inconsistent?
When you have done all of these, you have crafted a good survey
questionnaire. It does not seem easy at first but when you start doing it, you will find
it very helpful.
WHAT'S MORE
ACTIVITY 2. K-W-L
Let us go back to the K-W-L chart. This time you will fill in the L column with
what you learned in this lesson.
K W L
What I know What I want to know What I learned
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ACTIVITY 3. TO CHANGE OR NOT TO CHANGE
Take a look at this questionnaire. Change those parts that you think needs
revision to make it a good survey questionnaire. Revise and rewrite it in your
notebook.
A Survey Questionnaire on Technology Available at Home
Name (optional): __________________________________

Age:
Address:
Please answer the questions honestly.
1. Do you have a computer at home?
____Yes ____No ___Others
2. Do you have an internet connection at home?
____Yes ____No ___Others
3. If your answer in no. 1 is no, what is the reason?
_______________________________________
4. If your answer in no. 2 is yes, what kind of internet connection do you
have?
____ WIFI ____ Line ____Others
5. Do you have an android phone?
____ Yes ____No ____Others
6. How many gadgets do you have at home?
____1 ____2 ____3 or more
7. What kind of gadgets do you have?
____cellphone ____desktop ____laptop
____tablet ____Others
8. Should students have computers or any gadgets home?
____ yes ____no
9. If you answered yes, which of the following are your reasons?
____ It is useful for school works.
____ Everybody has it already.
____ It can be used for business.
____ Others, please specify: _________________
10. If you answered no, which of the following are your reasons?
____ It is expensive.
____ It is not needed.
____ Cellphones can be used in its place.
____ Others, please specify: _________________
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Revised Questionnaire:
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
You have learned the following important points in this lesson:
1. A survey is to look carefully and thoroughly at (someone or something),

especially so as to evaluate them.
2. A survey questionnaire is needed to get the information you need.
3. You must design, test and revise your questionnaire appropriately to
get accurate and reliable information.
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WHAT I CAN DO
ACTIVITY 4. DESIGN
Design your own survey questionnaire about a family’s favorite pastime or

hobby during the Enhanced Community Quarantine days in your community. Write it
in your notebook.
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ACTIVITY 5. TEST
Let your family members and relatives answer your survey questionnaire. List
down what they think about the questionnaire you made. Write their comments in your
notebook.
ACTIVITY 6. REVISE
After the pilot testing, you have listed some areas to be improved. Do the last
step of the process, revise to improve your survey questionnaire. This will be used in
the next lesson.
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Self-Check!
I have understood the lesson well and I can even teach

what I learned to others.
I have understood the lesson but there are still other

things that I need to review and relearn.
I need to do additional work to be able to master the

lesson. I need help in some tasks.
checked the third icon, it would be best if you read more from the links given above
and ask help from your teacher, parents or peers in clarifying the lessons that you find
difficult. Be honest so that you will truly improve.
25
LESSON 3
CONDUCTING THE SURVEYS/

EXPERIMENTS/ OBERVATIONS
WHAT'S NEW
ACTIVITY 1. HOW TO DO IT
Now that you have designed a questionnaire, how will you conduct the survey?
Copy the concept map below and fill it with your ideas.
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WHAT IS IT
How will you conduct your survey?
There are a variety of ways through which a survey can be conducted. Each
method of conducting surveys present their own advantages and disadvantages which
are to be considered and weighed carefully before the actual execution of
administering the survey. In addition to the method of administration, there are other
factors that may influence the response rates and results of the survey. You can
choose which among these methods is applicable to you but make sure that it is also
the appropriate method for the survey that you are conducting.
Here are the different methods of conducting a survey
1. Personal Approach
A. Face-to-Face Structured Interview
Pros: Questions on the survey that are asked directly

to the respondent by the researcher usually produce
good response rates if visual materials are required
during the survey. This also provides a great
opportunity for the researcher to observe the
participants.
Cons: There’s a higher chance of bias due to the

interaction between the respondent and the
interviewer. The principle of anonymity is also lost. It is neither ideal if the participants
are located in different geographical areas.
B. Telephone Survey
Pros: This method can be used for asking

consequential questions. It provides anonymity
better than face-to-face interviews.
Cons: Telephone surveys are not ideal for data

gathering which requires the participants to see a
visual material. In addition, telephone calls for
survey purposes are not appropriate if long
questions are to be asked.
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2. Self-Administered Approach
A. Paper-and-Pencil Survey
Pros: A traditional survey administration method, the paper-and-

pencil survey is ideal for respondents who are not computer
literate or do not have an access to the Internet.
Cons: The paper-and-pencil self-administered technique usually

requires the researcher to be present during the administration,
and also necessitates doing the expensive reproduction of
survey questionnaires and the tiring manual distribution of the
questionnaires to the respondents.
B. Online Survey
Pros: The online survey technique is ideal for a survey requiring a huge sample size
and/or a sample whose members live in wide
geographical areas. This is also less
expensive compared to sending survey
through mail. Also, many survey companies
can help you conduct the survey online with
decent precision.
Cons: The members of the sample must be

computer literate in order to answer the
survey questions online. This method may
also require giving an incentive to the
participants.
C. Mail Survey
Pros: This method facilitates easy administering of the

survey. The visual quality of the instrument is also
controlled by reviewing the mails before they are sent.
Anonymity can also be easily achieved through this
technique.
Cons: Mail surveys are not as popular as they were years

ago because there were increasingly lower response rates
from the participants.
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To encourage your respondents to answer and complete the survey, remember
these tips:
1. Follow the KISS principle. “KISS" stands for “Keep It Short and Simple". Higher
response and completion rates are associated with concise, simple, and easy-to-
answer survey questionnaires.
2. Ensure confidentiality (and anonymity, if it applies). Assure the participants that all
their answers will be kept confidential and will only be used for the purpose of the
survey.
3. Look professional, courteous and polite. Saying “please", and “thank you" as well as
guiding the respondent politely are also helpful in motivating the participant to finish
the survey.
In an observational study, the sample population being studied is measured,

or surveyed, as it is. The researcher observes the subjects and measures variables,
but does not influence the population in any way or attempt to intervene in the
study. There is no manipulation by the researcher. Instead, data is simply gathered
and correlations are investigated. Since observational studies do not control any
variable, the results can only allow the researcher to claim association, not
causation (not a cause-and-effect conclusion). Surveys are one form of
an observational study, since the researchers do not influence the outcomes.
For example:
Is there a correlation between attending a review class and scores achieved on

the Examination for this school year? In an attempt to investigate this possible
correlation, a group of students who took the Examination are surveyed. The scores
from students who took a review class are compared with the scores of those that did
not take review class. A statistical analysis is performed on the data. This is an
observational study since the researcher did not manipulate the sample set.
An experimental study has the researcher purposely attempting to influence

the results. The goal is to determine what effect a particular treatment has on the
outcome. Researchers take measurements or surveys of the sample population. The
researchers then manipulate the sample population in some manner. After the
manipulation, the researchers re-measure, or re-survey, using the same procedures to
determine if the manipulation possibly changed the measurements. Since variables are
controlled in a designed experiment, the results allow the researcher to
claim causation (a cause-and-effect conclusion).
29
Here is an example:
Does the color of a basketball influence the number of times a shooter sinks
a basket? A random group of students is chosen and asked to shoot a series of
baskets using a regulation normal-colored basketball. The data is recorded. The
same group is then given a blue colored basketball and the same number of shots
is repeated. The data is again recorded. A statistical analysis is performed. This is
a designed experimental study since the researcher manipulated the
conditions of the study by changing the color of the ball.
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra2/Statistics/STSurveys.html
You will learn more of this in your research subject where you apply the
observational and experimental study.
WHAT'S MORE
ACTIVITY 2. LET’S REVIEW
Before deciding to conduct the survey, list down the methods discussed above
and reasons why you will use and why you will not use each. State it in your own words
and add more if necessary. Write your answers in your notebook.
WHY YOU WILL USE WHY YOU WILL NOT

METHODS
THIS METHOD USE THIS METHOD
30
ACTIVITY 3. COMPARE AND CONTRAST
Fill in this diagram with key details about Observational and Experimental
Study. Write your answers in your notebook.
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
1. You can use different methods in conducting a survey.

a. Personal Approach – face to face or telephone survey
b. Self-Administered Approach – Paper and pen, online or mail survey
2. Observation study is done when the researcher observes the subjects
and measures variables, but does not influence the population in any
way or attempt to intervene in the study.
3. Experimental study is done when the researcher purposely attempts to
influence the results to determine what effect a particular treatment has
on the outcome.
31
WHAT I CAN DO
ACTIVITY 4. Conduct the Survey
For practice, use the questionnaire you made in lesson 1 to conduct the survey.
You can choose any of the methods discussed. Choose the one that is applicable to
you and safe for you at the same time. Take pictures for documentation purposes.
Remember to apply the tips given in the discussion.
Conduct the survey among 30 respondents within your community. Ask

permission first from your local government by writing a letter to your barangay
captain. Make also a letter addressed to your respondents expressing your purpose
and asking permission from them to allow you to conduct your survey with them. Paste
the pictures in your notebook.
32
Self - Check!
Great job! You have finished Lesson 3 successfully! Before going to the next
lesson, check the icon that best shows your learning experience.
learned to others.
I have understood the lesson but there are still other things
that I need to review and relearn.

checked the third icon, it would be best if you read more from the links given above
33
LESSON 4
GATHERING INFORMATION AND

SUMMARIZING FINDINGS
WHAT'S NEW
ACTIVITY 1. YOUR DRAFT
When you conducted the survey, you have already a lot of information
gathered. What did you do to the answers of the respondents to the surveys? How
did you summarize the information? Write your answers in your notebook.
WHAT IS IT
It is time to gather the information and summarize your findings. What you have
gathered are now considered as data. Data collection is very important in any type
of research study. (Burchfield,1996), (Tim ,1997), (Matt, 2001).
34
Data is referred to as a collection of facts, such as values or measurements,
observation or even just descriptions of things. Data can be classified into Primary
and Secondary Data.
Primary data are those that you have collected yourself or the data collected
at source or the data originally collected by individuals, focus groups, and a panel of
respondents specifically set up by the researcher whose opinions may be sought on
specific issues from time to time (Matt, 2001), (Afonja, 2001).
Secondary data research project involves the gathering and/or use of existing
data for which they were originally collected, for example, computerized database,
company records or archives, government publications, industry analysis offered by
the media, information system and computerized or mathematical models of
environmental processes and so on (Tim ,1997), (Matt, 2001)
There are two kinds of data, although not all evaluations will necessarily include both.
1. Quantitative data are mainly numbers. It refers to the information that is

collected as, or can be translated into, numbers, which can then be
displayed and analyzed mathematically. Quantitative data are Structured
and Unstructured in nature. Structured data can be produced by closed
questions, unstructured data can be produced by open questions.
(Checkland et al 1998), (Matt, 2001), (Burchfield, 1996), (Anyanwu, 2002)
2. Qualitative data is data that is mainly words, sounds or Images. Unlike

numbers or “hard data”, qualitative information tends to be “soft,” meaning
it can’t always be reduced to something definite. That is in some ways a
weakness, but it‟s also a strength. A number may tell (Matt, 2001), ( Afonja,
2001), (Burchfield, 1996)
There are many ways of summarizing your findings based from the data you
have collected. It depends on the type of data you collected. The most common is
the tally and frequency table.
Tally marks are often used to make a frequency distribution table. For
example, let’s say you survey a number of families and find out how many gadgets
they own. The results are 3, 0, 1, 4, 4, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3. The
frequency distribution table will make the data easier to understand.
Number of Gadgets Tally Frequency

0 IIII 4
1 IIII-I 6
2 IIII 5
3 III 3
4 II 2
35
You can also present your data using tables and charts. Pictographs is a way
of showing data using images. Each picture represents a certain frequency.
Month Computers Sold

January
February
March
April
Legend: - 10 computers - 5 computers
Bar graph is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights.
Number of Computers Sold
APRIL
MARCH
FEBRUARY
JANUARY
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Pie graph is a special chart that uses "pie slices" to show relative sizes of data.
Computers Sold
January February March April
36
There are more ways of summarizing findings. After summarizing your findings,
ask yourself, “What did you learn from the data gathered? What do they mean?”
Analyze and make a generalization about it. Draft a paragraph or two of discussion
for each finding in your study. State the finding. Tell the reader how the finding is
important or relevant to your aim and focus.
WHAT'S MORE
ACTIVITY 2. PRESENT IT
Below are sets of data. Present it in the most appropriate way. Explain why
you used that kind of presentation.
A. Number of Cellphones available in every household in Misamis Oriental
1 2 1 3 4 2 2 3 3 4 5
5 5 3 4 2 3 4 5 1 3 4
37
B. Most Frequently Visited Sites by Teenagers
Facebook – 50 students Youtube – 35 students
Netflix – 20 students Yahoo – 30 students
Google – 40 students Lazada – 10 students
ACTIVITY 3. GENERALIZE
Based from the data above, create two (2) generalizations. Draft one
paragraph for discussion of your findings in each set of data. Tell what you have seen
and learned from the data. Analyze and give objective conclusions. Write your
answers in your notebook.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
38
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

1. Data is referred to as a collection of facts, such as values or measurements,
observation or even just descriptions of things
2. Data may be primary or secondary. There are two kinds of data: qualitative
and quantitative data.
3. Findings from data gathered can be summarized in many ways: frequency
table, graphs and charts.
WHAT I CAN DO
ACTIVITY 4. SUMMARIZE
Gather the information you have collected after the survey you have conducted.
Summarize your findings in an organized way. Then, add a paragraph of discussion
after your findings. Write your answers in your notebook.
39
Self-Check!
learned to others.
I have understood the lesson but there are still other things
that I need to review and relearn.

checked the third icon, it would be best if you read from more the links given above
40
LESSON 5
WRITING VARIOUS REPORTS
WHAT'S NEW
ACTIVITY 1. YOUR THOUGHTS
Write your ideas about reports. Write a word or idea about it that starts with
each letter given below. Write your answers in your notebook.
R __________________________________
E __________________________________
P __________________________________
O __________________________________
R __________________________________
T __________________________________
WHAT IS IT
You have done a lot in the previous lesson because you had to summarize the
findings based from the data you have collected. The next step is to write a report
about your findings. You have to change the ideas you have gathered into a written
text that will be understood by the readers, and do justice to your findings. Where do
you start?
41
There are many different types of reports, including business, scientific and
research reports, but the basic steps for writing them are the same. These are:
1. Decide on the 'Terms of reference'
To decide on the terms of reference for your report, read your

instructions and any other information you've been given about the report, and
think about the purpose of the report:
 What is it about?
 What exactly is needed?
 Why is it needed?
 When do I need to do it?
 Who is it for, or who is it aimed at?
2. Decide on the procedure
This means planning your investigation or research, and how you'll write
the report. Ask yourself:
 What information do I need?

 Do I need to do any background reading?
 What articles or documents do I need?
 Do I need to contact the library for assistance?
 Do I need to interview or observe people?
 Do I have to record data?
 How will I go about this?
3. Find the information
Make sure the information you find is relevant and appropriate. Check
the assessment requirements and guidelines and the marking schedule to
make sure you're on the right track. If you're not sure how the marks will be
assigned, contact your teacher.
What you will find out will form the basis, or main body, of your report –
the findings. You have already done this in the previous lessons.
4. Decide on the structure
Reports generally have a similar structure, but some details may differ.
How they differ usually depends on:
 The type of report – if it is a research report, laboratory report, business

report, investigative report, etc.
42
 How formal the report has to be.
 The length of the report.
Depending on the type of report, the structure can include:
 A title page
 Executive summary
 Contents
 An introduction
 Terms of reference
 Procedure
 Findings
 Conclusions
 Recommendations
 References/Bibliography
 Appendices
 The sections, of a report usually have headings and subheadings, which
are usually numbered
5. Draft the first part of your report
Once you have your structure, write down the headings and start to fill
these in with the information you have gathered so far. By now you should be
able to draft the terms of reference, procedures and findings, and start to work
out what will go in the report’s appendix.
As you are writing your draft decide what information will go in the
appendix. These are used for information that:
 is too long to include in the body of the report, or

 supplements or complements the information in the report. For
example, brochures, spreadsheets or large tables.
6. Analyze your findings and draw conclusions
The conclusion is where you analyze your findings and interpret what
you have found. To do this, read through your findings and ask yourself:
 What have I found?

 What's significant or important about my findings?
 What do my findings suggest?
For example, your conclusion may describe how the information you
collected explains why the situation occurred, what this means for the
organization, and what will happen if the situation continues (or doesn't
continue).
43
Don’t include any new information in the conclusion.
7. Make recommendations
Recommendations are what you think the solution to the problem is

and/or what you think should happen next. To help you decide what to
recommend:
 Reread your findings and conclusions.

 Think about what you want the person who asked for the report should
to do or not do; what actions should they carry out?
 Check that your recommendations are practical and are based logically
on your conclusions.
 Ensure you include enough detail for the reader to know what needs to
be done and who should do it.
Your recommendations should be written as a numbered list, and

ordered from most to least important.
8. Draft the executive summary and table of contents
Some reports require an executive summary and/or list of contents. Even

though these two sections come near the beginning of the report you won't be
able to do them until you have finished it, and have your structure and
recommendations finalized.
An executive summary is usually about 100 words long. It tells the
readers what the report is about, and summarize the recommendations.
9. Compile a reference list
This is a list of all the sources you've referred to in the report and uses
APA referencing.
10. Revise your draft report
It is always important to revise your work. Things you need to check

include:
 If you have done what you were asked to do. Check the assignment
question, the instructions/guidelines and the marking schedule to make
sure.
 That the required sections are included, and are in the correct order.
 That your information is accurate, with no gaps.
 If your argument is logical. Does the information you present support your
conclusions and recommendations?
 That all terms, symbols and abbreviations used have been explained.
44
 That any diagrams, tables, graphs and illustrations are numbered and
labelled.
 That the formatting is correct, including your numbering and headings are
consistent throughout the report.
 That the report reads well, and your writing is as clear and effective as
possible.
You might need to prepare several drafts before you are satisfied. If
possible, get someone else to check your report.
From: https://www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz/current-students/study-tips-and-techniques/assignments/how-to-write-a-report/
Let us take a look at this sample report:
This is a report made by a maintenance personnel for the head of the

department. This is an example of a very simple and basic report which you would
also make someday when you work. Check whether these have the essential parts.
To: Mr. June A. Cartie Receiver

From: Ms. Maria M. Sabuer Sender
Date: 27 July 2020 Date
Report on Safety Hazards in the School Subject Heading
1. Purpose Reference to the original
You asked me to prepare a report on actual and potential hazards instructions
in the school. I was asked to present my findings by July 27.
2. Procedure What was done to
2.1 I inspected the school campus at three different times of the investigate the topic
day.
2.2. I interviewed the teachers and students in the campus.
2.3. I examined previous reports on the topic
3. Findings What information was
3.1 Electrical hazards discovered
3.1.1 The power plugs in the office do not have protective cover.
3.1.2. Some fluorescent bulbs are no longer functioning.
3.2. Other Hazards
The tiles in the corridor have small cracks. It has already caused
some passers-by to slip. (See accident report form filed January
12, 2019)
4. Conclusion What the information
4.1. Electrical hazards are easily resolved. suggests.
4.2. The tiles are the only hazards in the corridor.
5. Recommendations Clear and precise list of
5.1. Solve the electrical hazards. Replace what must be changed. suggestions
5.2. Canvass for the replacement of the broken tiles.
References List of References
Actub, A. (2001). Electrical Safety Hazards at J&M Holdings 2001
Safety Reports, 75-80.
45
WHAT'S MORE
ACTIVITY 2. RECALL
Copy the following in your notebook. Check the numbers if the statements
about writing reports are TRUE. If not, leave that number unmarked.
1. There are many types of reports but the basic steps in writing them are
the same.
2. Reports basically have the same structure so their details may not differ.
3. The findings form the basis of your report.
4. Appendices are used for information that may be too long to be included
in your report.
5. The recommendation part is where you analyze your findings.
6. Conclusions are what you think are solutions to the problem.
7. The executive summary tells what the report is about.
8. You need only one draft before you finalize your report.
9. The reference list is no longer needed.
10. You can include any new information in your conclusion.
ACTIVITY 3. ARRANGE THE PARTS
How should the parts be arranged? Rewrite the parts in proper sequence. Write
your answer in your notebook.
 Title page  Findings
 Terms of reference  Procedure

 Conclusions
 Contents
 Recommendations
 Appendices
 References/Bibliography
 An introduction
 Executive summary
46
ACTIVITY 4. REPORT IT
Take a look at these data on the Covid-19 Cases. Make a report about this.
Use your notebook for your answers.
47
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

1. The following are the basics steps in writing reports:
a. Decide on the 'Terms of reference'
b. Decide on the procedure
c. Find the information
d. Decide on the structure
e. Draft the first part of your report
f. Analyze your findings and draw conclusions
g. Make recommendations
h. Draft the executive summary and table of contents
i. Compile a reference list
j. Revise your draft report
2. These are the parts of the structure of a report:

a. A title page.
b. Executive summary.
c. Contents.
d. An introduction.
e. Terms of reference.
f. Procedure.
g. Findings.
h. Conclusions.
i. Recommendations.
j. References/Bibliography.
k. Appendices.
48
WHAT I CAN DO
ACTIVITY 5. REPORT
It is time to write your report. After doing all the things that you have completed
from lesson 1 until lesson 3, you are now ready for the last step and that is to make a
written report of the findings you have made. Use the given format discussed in
making your report. Remember to be objective and use your data as basis of your
report. You may use any format you wish as long as the structure is complete and the
information presented are correct. Be creative too! Use a bond paper for your
answers. There is a rubric given to serve as your guide in making the report. Good
Luck and enjoy! This is a very important skill to prepare you for your research subjects
and even for your future profession.
49
RUBRIC:
Category 4 3 2 1
Organization Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are Ideas are not
presented in an presented in an presented in presented in
organized way. organized way. an organized an organized
The parts are The parts are in way. But way. The
in correct correct order. some of the parts are also
order. There is parts are not not in correct
smooth flow. in correct order.
order.
Format The report The report The report did The report did
followed the followed the not follow all not follow the
specified specified the specified specified
format with a format. format. format.
little touch of
creativity.
Content The needed The needed The needed The needed
topics are topics are topics are topics are
completely completely stated in the stated in the
stated in the stated in the report but report but
report. The report. some are there are
topics are missing. several
enhanced. elements
lacking.
Mechanics There are no There are no There are a There are
errors in errors in few errors in several errors
grammar, grammar, grammar, in grammar,
spelling, spelling, spelling, spelling,
punctuation punctuation and punctuation punctuation
and capitalization. and and
capitalization. capitalization. capitalization
Drafts are
presented.
Aesthetics Text, tables, Text, tables, Some Unacceptable
figures are so figures readable portions are appearance
clear and and sloppy and e.g., tables
understandable understandable; difficulty to and figures
as to enhance style is read; style cannot be
report impact; acceptable. needs read or
style enhances improvement. understood,
readability. fonts difficult
to read; style
unclear.
50
Self-Check!
learned to others.
I have understood the lesson but there are still other things that
I need to review and relearn.

If you checked the first icon, you have just completed the course with all efforts
appreciated. If you have checked the second icon, you need to review the things that
you need to relearn. If you have checked the third icon, it would be best if you read
from more the links given above and ask help from your teacher, parents or peers in
clarifying the lessons that you find difficult. Be honest so that you will truly improve.
51
POST ASSESSMENT
Let us check how well you have mastered the lessons in this module.
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers in your notebook.
1. Which of the following is not a part of a report?
A. Title
B. Content
C. Appendices
D. Survey
2. Which tells the reader what the report is about?
A. Conclusion
B. Executive Summary
C. Recommendations
D. References/ Bibliography
3. Which tells what you think the solutions of the problem are?
A. Conclusion
C. Recommendations
4. Which part shows your analysis of the findings?
A. Conclusion
C. Recommendations
5. Which data are mainly numbers?
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Quantitative
D. Qualitative
52
6. Which data are mainly words, sounds or images?
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Quantitative
D. Qualitative
7. What is referred to as a collection of facts, observations, or just descriptions of

things?
A. Data
B. Questions
C. References
D. Appendices
8. What do you call the data that you have collected yourself?
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Quantitative
D. Qualitative
9. Which of the following is a graphical display of data using bars of different

heights?
A. Pie graph
B. Bar graph
C. Pictograph
D. Frequency table
10. Which of the following is a way of showing data using images?
A. Pie graph
B. Bar graph
C. Pictograph
D. Frequency table
53
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
You have read about how to write reports. After doing the activities, review and
reflect on what you have learned. Write your answers in your notebook.
After doing the activities:

I noticed
___________________________________________________________
A question I have is
___________________________________________________________
I wonder why
___________________________________________________________
It seems like
___________________________________________________________
I’m not sure
___________________________________________________________
I realized
___________________________________________________________
I discovered
___________________________________________________________
Visit these links to read more about the lessons discussed:
https://www.monash.edu/rlo/graduate-research-writing/write-the-thesis/writing-the-
thesis-chapters/reporting-and-discussing-your-findings
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/report-writing.html
https://www.slideshare.net/tulikapaul524/report-writingtypes-format-structure-and-
relevance?next_slideshow=1
https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-correspondence-and-reporting/report-
writing/kinds-of-reports/
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5333430/
https://www.sampletemplates.com/business-templates/report/sample-report-in-
pdf.html
54
References:
Estacio, Ma. Joahna M .2016. Developing Reading and Writing Skills. 927 Quezon
Avenue, 1104 Quezon, City: The Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Wyson, John Daryl B. 2016. English for Academic and Professional Purposes.
Quezon City:Vibal Group Inc.
English for Academic Purposes Learner’s Material and Teacher’s Guide. Department
of Education, First Edition, 2016.
https://www.slideshare.net/tulikapaul524/report-writingtypes-format-structure-and-
relevance?next_slideshow=1
accessed report format accessed May 26, 2020
https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-correspondence-and-reporting/report-
writing/kinds-of-reports/
accessed report format writing accessed May 26, 2020
accessed report writing accessed May 26, 2020
accessed report structures accessed May 26, 2020
https://www.sampletemplates.com/business-templates/report/sample-report-in-
pdf.html
accessed report templates accessed May 26, 2020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4797036/
designing survey questionnaire accessed May 20, 2020
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Musculoskeletal_survey_Nordi
c_questionnaire.png
sample questionnaire accessed May 20, 2020
www.dictionary.com
definition of survey accessed May 20, 2020
https://explorable.com/how-to-conduct-a-survey
methods of conducting a survey accessed May 20, 2020
https://publicdomainvectors.org/en/free-clipart/Interview-with-tux-symbol-vector-
image/33188.html
image accessed May 20, 2020
55
https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1447525
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Online_Survey_Icon_or_logo.svg
https://freesvg.org/unread-mail
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra2/Statistics/STSurveys.html
observational and experimental study accessed May 21, 2020
http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jce/papers/Vol15-issue2/I01525965.pdf?id=7568
methods of gathering data May 21, 2020
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/descriptive-
statistics/frequency-distribution-table/
tally and frequency table May 21, 2020
https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/bar-graphs.html
graphs May 21, 2020
https://apps.epscor.w3.uvm.edu/web/streams/PDFFiles/tutorials/Data_Analyses_Tut
orial_Module6.pdf
summarizing findings May 21, 2020
http://dissertationedd.usc.edu/draft-the-summary-of-findings.html
summarizing findings May 21, 2020
https://www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz/current-students/study-tips-and-
techniques/assignments/how-to-write-a-report/
how to write a report May 26, 2020
https://academic.csuohio.edu/duffy_s/Rubrics.pdf
rubrics accessed May 27, 2020
https://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/report-writing.html
reports accessed May 27, 2020
https://www.monash.edu/rlo/graduate-research-writing/write-the-thesis/writing-the-
thesis-chapters/reporting-and-discussing-your-findings
writing reports May 25, 2020
56
57
Activity 1 – Answers vary
Activity 2 – Answers vary (can be stated in own
words as long as it follows the pros and cons)
Lesson 3
Activity 3 – Answers vary (depending on how
they follow the guidelines)
Lesson 2
Lesson 1
Pretest / What I Know
1. B 6. A
2. B 7. D
3. C 8. C
4. A 9. B
5. B 10. C
ANSWER KEY
58
Lesson 4
Activity 2 – Answers vary (but must be clear)
Lesson 5
Activity 2 – Numbers 1,3,4,7 are TRUE so must be checked
Activity 3 – Title, Executive Summary, Content, Introduction,
Terms of Reference, Procedure, Findings, Conclusion,
Recommendations, References, Appendices
Post Test
1. D 6. D
2. B 7. A
3. C 8. A
4. A 9. B
5. C 10. C
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Alternative Delivery Mode (DepEd-ADM)
Office Address: Masterson Avenue, Upper Balulang, Zone 1, Cagayan de

Oro City, Cagayan de Oro, Lalawigan ng Misamis Oriental
Telefax:
Email Address:
59

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

English for Academic

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Published by the Department of Education – Region X – Northern Mindanao.

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Marife A. Abatayo and Ma-an C. Actub

Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr. CESO V

Printed in the Philippines by

English for Academic

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

We value your feedback and recommendations.

For the Learners:

Congratulations for completing module 3! You have come to module 4.

These are the competencies covered in the lessons:

 designs, tests and revises survey questionnaires

1. determine the objectives and structures of various kinds of reports

To do well in this module, you need to remember the following:

Your role is to help learners be able to do more critical thinking and

As a facilitator, you do not need to do lectures since the module is

Let us check your prior knowledge about this module’s coverage.

3. Which type of questions allow respondents to express opinions freely?

4. Which of the following is a crucial step in the design of a questionnaire?

5. Which method involves asking the respondents directly and personally?

6. Which method can be used for consequential questions?

7. Which is a traditional survey administration method?

8. Which method is ideal for a huge sample size?

The diagram below summarizes the coverage of this lesson.

These are the lessons in this module:

Lesson 1 - Determine the objectives and structures of various kinds of reports

Lesson 2 – Designing the Survey Questionnaire

Lesson 3 – Conducting the Surveys / Experiments / Observations

Lesson 4 – Gathering Information and Summarizing Findings

Lesson 5 – Writing the Reports

Investigatory Project Book Report

Investigative report Liquidation Report

Progress Report Sales/ Inventory Report

Research Report ___________ (name one if not on the list)

Reports are essential to keep an updated account of an event, situation, and

TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS REPORTS

 Informational - presents result, information and updates and

 Analytical - presents, analyzes and draws conclusions from

Informal Report – communicates updates, information using free-flowing,

III. List of Figures and Tables

V. Body (varies according to type of report)

• consider the audience of the report(e.g)

Writing the report requires the following:

• Make a catchy Introduction

1. SCHOOL FORM 9 (Report Card)

accessed from: https://www.sampletemplates.com/business-templates/report/sample-report-in-pdf.html

I need to do additional work to be able to master the lesson. I

Write your answers in your notebook.

After doing the activities:

I’m not sure

DESIGNING THE SURVEY

ACTIVITY 1. WHAT YOU KNOW

A survey is a general view, examination, or description of someone or

Valid - it asks what it intends to ask.

Reliable – it gets the same answer if the same

Clear – it is easily understood.

Interesting – it is completed by the respondents

For example: Do you have a computer at home? _yes _no

Do you have a computer at home? _ Yes _ No