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    Physical Science q3-m3 Polarity of Molecules

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    jeanie mae hernal
    This document provides an overview of polarity in molecules. It begins by defining covalent bonds and Lewis structures. It explains that pure covalent bonds involve identical atoms sharing electrons equally, while polar covalent bonds involve different atoms where electrons are shifted toward the more electronegative atom. Electronegativity is introduced as a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons. Examples of polar and nonpolar molecules are used to illustrate these concepts. An activity at the end prompts drawing Lewis structures and identifying molecular geometries.

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    Physical Science q3-m3 Polarity of Molecules

    Uploaded by

    jeanie mae hernal
    156 views4 pages
    This document provides an overview of polarity in molecules. It begins by defining covalent bonds and Lewis structures. It explains that pure covalent bonds involve identical atoms sharing electrons equally, while polar covalent bonds involve different atoms where electrons are shifted toward the more electronegative atom. Electronegativity is introduced as a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons. Examples of polar and nonpolar molecules are used to illustrate these concepts. An activity at the end prompts drawing Lewis structures and identifying molecular geometries.

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    This document provides an overview of polarity in molecules. It begins by defining covalent bonds and Lewis structures. It explains that pure covalent bonds involve identical atoms sharing electrons equally, while polar covalent bonds involve different atoms where electrons are shifted toward the more electronegative atom. Electronegativity is introduced as a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons. Examples of polar and nonpolar molecules are used to illustrate these concepts. An activity at the end prompts drawing Lewis structures and identifying molecular geometries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    156 views4 pages

    Physical Science q3-m3 Polarity of Molecules

    Uploaded by

    jeanie mae hernal
    This document provides an overview of polarity in molecules. It begins by defining covalent bonds and Lewis structures. It explains that pure covalent bonds involve identical atoms sharing electrons equally, while polar covalent bonds involve different atoms where electrons are shifted toward the more electronegative atom. Electronegativity is introduced as a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons. Examples of polar and nonpolar molecules are used to illustrate these concepts. An activity at the end prompts drawing Lewis structures and identifying molecular geometries.

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    Senior High School

    Physical Science
    SECOND SEMESTER
    Third Quarter – Module 3

    Polarity of Molecules
    Lesson 1: Lewis Dot Structure
    Learning Objectives:
    By the end of this section, you will be able to:
    • Describe the formation of covalent bonds
    • Define electronegativity and assess the polarity of covalent bonds

    Lewis Structures

    We also use Lewis symbols to indicate the formation of covalent bonds, which are shown in Lewis
    structures, drawings that describe the bonding in molecules and polyatomic ions. For example, when
    two chlorine atoms form a chlorine molecule, they share one pair of electrons:

    The Lewis structure indicates that each Cl atom has three pairs of electrons that are not used in
    bonding (called lone pairs) and one shared pair of electrons (written between the atoms). A dash (or
    line) is sometimes used to indicate a shared pair of electrons:

    A single shared pair of electrons is called a single bond. Each Cl atom interacts with eight valence
    electrons: the six in the lone pairs and the two in the single bond.

    Pure vs. Polar Covalent Bonds

    If the atoms that form a covalent bond are identical, as in H 2, Cl2, and other diatomic molecules, then
    the electrons in the bond must be shared equally. We refer to this as a pure covalent bond.
    Electrons shared in pure covalent bonds have an equal probability of being near each nucleus.

    In the case of Cl2, each atom starts off with seven valence electrons, and each Cl shares one electron
    with the other, forming one covalent bond:

    Cl+Cl→Cl2

    Cl+Cl→Cl2

    The total number of electrons around each individual atom consists of six nonbonding electrons and
    two shared (i.e., bonding) electrons for eight total electrons, matching the number of valence
    electrons in the noble gas argon. Since the bonding atoms are identical, Cl2 also features a pure
    covalent bond.
    When the atoms linked by a covalent bond are different, the bonding electrons are shared, but no
    longer equally. Instead, the bonding electrons are more attracted to one atom than the other, giving
    rise to a shift of electron density toward that atom. This unequal distribution of electrons is known as
    a polar covalent bond, characterized by a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative
    charge on the other. The atom that attracts the electrons more strongly acquires the partial negative
    charge and vice versa. For example, the electrons in the H–Cl bond of a hydrogen chloride molecule
    spend more time near the chlorine atom than near the hydrogen atom. Thus, in an HCl molecule, the
    chlorine atom carries a partial negative charge and the hydrogen atom has a partial positive
    charge. Figure 2 shows the distribution of electrons in the H–Cl bond. Note that the shaded area
    around Cl is much larger than it is around H. Compare this to Figure 1, which shows the even
    distribution of electrons in the H 2 nonpolar bond.

    We sometimes designate the positive and negative atoms in a polar covalent bond using a lowercase
    Greek letter “delta,” δ, with a plus sign or minus sign to indicate whether the atom has a partial positive
    charge (δ+) or a partial negative charge (δ–). This symbolism is shown for the H–Cl molecule in Figure
    2.

    Figure 2. (a) The distribution of electron density in the HCl molecule is uneven. The electron density is greater around the chlorine
    nucleus. The small, black dots indicate the location of the hydrogen and chlorine nuclei in the molecule. (b) Symbols δ+ and δ–
    indicate the polarity of the H–Cl bond.

    Electronegativity

    Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms
    called electronegativity. Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract
    electrons (or electron density) towards itself. It determines how the shared electrons are distributed
    between the two atoms in a bond. The more strongly an atom attracts the electrons in its bonds, the
    larger its electronegativity. Electrons in a polar covalent bond are shifted toward the more
    electronegative atom; thus, the more electronegative atom is the one with the partial negative charge.
    The greater the difference in electronegativity, the more polarized the electron distribution and the
    larger the partial charges of the atoms.

    Figure 3 shows the electronegativity values of the elements as proposed by one of the most famous
    chemists of the twentieth century: Linus Pauling (Figure 4). In general, electronegativity increases
    from left to right across a period in the periodic table and decreases down a group. Thus, the
    nonmetals, which lie in the upper right, tend to have the highest electronegativities, with fluorine the
    most electronegative element of all (EN = 4.0). Metals tend to be less electronegative elements, and
    the group 1 metals have the lowest electronegativities. Note that noble gases are excluded from this
    figure because these atoms usually do not share electrons with others atoms since they have a full
    valence shell. (While noble gas compounds such as XeO2 do exist, they can only be formed under
    extreme conditions, and thus they do not fit neatly into the general model of electronegativity.)

    Figure 3. The electronegativity values derived by Pauling follow predictable periodic trends with the higher electronegativities
    toward the upper right of the periodic table.
    Activity 1:

    Draw correct Lewis Dot Structures and are able to correctly predict the electronic arrangement and
    molecular geometry. You can also visit google/ youtube/Lewisdotstructure.
    https://www.chem.purdue.edu/vsepr/prelab_answers.html

    1. Draw the best Lewis Dot Structure for each of the following species.

    a) BeF2
    b) BCl3
    c) CCl4
    d) PBr5
    e) SI6

    2. Give the name of the electronic arrangement and the name for the molecular geometry for each of the
    species in question #1.

    3. Draw the best Lewis Dot Structures for each of the following species.

    a) BH2– b) NI3 c) ClF4+ d) SF5–

    4. Give the name of the electronic arrangement and the name for the molecular geometry for each of the
    species in question #3.

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