Rusea’s High School

CSEC Physics

List of Common Formula

NAME SI UNIT FORMULA (WORDS AND SYMBOLS)

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Weight Newton (N) Weight= mass × acceleration due to gravity W = mg

mass
Density Kilogram per meter Density = Ρ=m/V
volume
cubed ( kgm-3)
Relative density 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑠
Relative density = 𝜌𝑟 =
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑤
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑠
Relative density = 𝜌𝑟 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤
Gradient / slope 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑌2 −𝑌1
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = g or S =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑋2 −𝑋1
1 1
Simple Seconds (s) Period = 𝑇=
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓
Pendulum
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑙
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑖 × 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑞𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑓 ( ) 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑔
1 1
Frequency = 𝑓=
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑇

MECHANICS

Moment of a force Newton meter (Nm) Moment = force × perpendicular distance T = F ⊥d

Principle of Sum of clockwise moments = sum of anticlockwise moments

moments 𝐹1 × 𝑑1 + 𝐹2 × 𝑑2 … . . = 𝐹3 × 𝑑3 + 𝐹4 × 𝑑4
Hooke’s Law Force = spring constant × extension F= kx or F= ke
𝑓1
=
𝑓2
𝑒1 𝑒2

Constant Speed Meter per second 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑

Speed = 𝑣=
(m/s) 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
Constant Meter per second 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣−𝑢
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑎=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
acceleration squared (m/s2)
Change in speed Meter per second 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑣=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
(m/s)
Change in velocity Meter per second 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝑠
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣= or 𝑣 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
(m/s)
Velocity Meter per second 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝑠
Velocity = 𝑣= or 𝑣 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡 𝑡
(m/s)
Equations of motion v – final velocity; u – initial velocity; a – acceleration; s – displacement; t –
time
1 (𝑢 + 𝑣)
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑠 = 𝑡
2 2
2 2
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 2𝑎𝑠
Motion in a vertical g - acceleration due to gravity; v - final velocity; u - initial velocity; h - vertical
plane –free fall height; t – time
1
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑔𝑡 ℎ = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑔ℎ
2
Circular motion 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 2 𝑚𝑣 2
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹𝑐 =
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑟

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 2𝜋𝑟

𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = v =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡

Newton’s Law Newton (N) 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 F = ma

Momentum and Kilogram meter per Momentum = mass × velocity ρ = mv

impulse second squared Impulse = change in momentum Σ𝐹 × 𝑡 = 𝑚 × Δ𝑣
(kgms-1) 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑚(𝑣2 − 𝑣1
Rate of change of momentum = Δρ =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
Law of conservation Sum of momentum before collision = Sum of momentum after collision
of linear momentum 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 … = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 …
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 … = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 … )𝑣
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡 ×𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑏 𝑣𝑏
Recoil velocity = 𝑣𝑟 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑟

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Pressure Pascals (Pa) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹 𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = P = =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝐴1 𝐴2
Pressure (due to a fluid) = density × gravity × height P = ρgh
Total pressure =atmospheric pressure + (density × gravity × height) 𝑃𝑇 =
𝑃𝑎 + ρgh
Work Joule (J) Work = force × distance moved W = Fd
Work done = mass × gravity × height W = mgh
Energy Joules (J) Potential Energy = mass × gravity × height 𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
1 1
Kinetic Energy = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 2 𝐸𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2 2
Power Watt (W) 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑊 𝐸
Power = OR Power = 𝑃= 𝑂𝑅
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 𝑡
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ×𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐹𝑠 𝐸
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = OR Power = 𝑃= OR
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 𝑡

Law of conservation Kinetic Energy = Gravitational Potential Energy Ek = E p

of energy 1 𝑣2
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ ∴ 𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ ∴ℎ=
2 2𝑔
Machines 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐿
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑀𝐴 =
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐸
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝐸
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑉𝑅 =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝐿
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 = × 100% 𝜂= × 100%
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑖𝑛
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 = × 100% 𝜂= ×
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑛
100%
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 = × 100%
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 = × 100% 𝜂=
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝐿 ×𝑑𝐿
× 100%
𝐸 ×𝑑𝑔
𝑀𝐴
𝜂= × 100%
𝑉𝑅
THERMAL PHYSICS

Converting K Temp. in Kelvins = temp. in degrees Celsius + 273 T = θ + 273

temperature 0
C Temp. in degrees Celsius = temp. in Kelvins – 273 θ = T − 273
Linear expansion 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Coefficient of linear expansion =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ×𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
∆𝑙
𝛼=
𝑙 × ∆𝜃
Gas Laws TEMPERATURES MUST BE CONVERTED TO KELVIN WHEN
SOLVING PROBLEMS WITH GAS LAWS.
Charles Law T1 – initial temperature; T2 – final temperature; V1 – initial volume ; V2 –
final volume; P1 – initial pressure; P2 – final pressure; k – constant
𝑣 = 𝑘𝑇
𝑣
=𝑘
𝑇
𝑣1 𝑣1
=
𝑇1 𝑇1
Pressure Law P = kT
𝑃
=𝑘
𝑇
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Boyle’s Law 𝑘
𝑃=
𝑉
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑘
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑃2
General gas 𝑃𝑉
=𝑘
equation 𝑇
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Heat capacity J K-1 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸𝐻
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐶=
𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 ∆𝜃
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐶 =𝑚𝑐
Specific Heat -1
J kg K -1 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸𝐻
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑐=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ×𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑚∆𝜃
Capacity
Specific Latent Heat J kg-1 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸𝐻
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑙=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚

Conservation of heat Heat lost = heat gained

energy 𝑚1 𝑐1 ∆𝜃1 = 𝑚2 𝑐2 ∆𝜃2

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 Waves and optics

Wave equation ms-1 v- speed; f- frequency; λ- wavelength

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 × 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆
Speed of sound ms-1 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑
Speed of sound = 𝑣=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡

Speed of an echo ms-1 2 ×𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 2𝑑

Speed of sound = 𝑣=
𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡

Refractive index 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖

Refractive index =
sin 𝑟
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
Refractive index =
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 1
Refractive index =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 2
𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 1
Refractive index =
𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 2
Total internal 1
sin 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 =
reflection 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
Lens u - distance of object from lens (object distance)
v - distance of image from lens (image distance)
f – focal length of lens
P – power
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑣
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑢
1
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
The lens equation 1 1 1
= +
𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑢 𝑣
Young’s double slit 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Static Electricity 1 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹=
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑2
Charge on a particle = number of particles × charge on an electron
Current Electricity 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐼=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
I- current 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ×𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑟 ×𝑙
Q - Charge 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅=
𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
t - time 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 × 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐸 = 𝑄𝑉
P- power 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉
V- voltage / 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉2
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃=
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅
potential difference
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 × 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
R – resistance 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸
E – energy 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
2 𝑉2
𝐸 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑡 𝐸 = 𝐼𝑉𝑡 𝐸 = 𝑄𝑉 𝐸= t
𝑟
𝐸 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡
Series circuit 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 …
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 …
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 …
Parallel circuits 𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2
1 1 1
= + …
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅2
In the case of two resistors : 𝑅𝑇 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯
Transformers 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
= =
𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑝
= =
𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑠
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝑝 𝑉𝑝
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑠
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency of a transformer = × 100%
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

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 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= × 100%
𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑠
𝜂= × 100%
𝐼𝑝 𝑉𝑝
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑝
Transformer: = =
𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑠
Ns > Np - Step-up transformer
Np > Ns - Step- down transformer
PHYSICS OF THE ATOM

Mass number = atomic number + neutron number ( A=Z+N)

Emission of alpha Radioactive parent nuclide daughter nuclide + alpha particles + energy
𝐴 𝐴−4
particles 𝑍𝑋 → 𝑍−2𝑌 + 42𝐻𝑒 + 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Emission of beta Radioactive parent nuclide daughter nuclide + beta particles + energy
𝐴 𝐴 0
particles 𝑍𝑋 → 𝑍+1𝑌 + −1𝑒 + 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
1
Half life The amount remaining = × 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
2𝑛
1
𝐴𝑁 = 𝑛 × 𝐴 0
2
𝐴
log 0
𝐴𝑛
𝑛=
log 2
n- Number of half lives
Einstein’s equation Mass defect = mass of reactants – mass of products
Energy = mass × speed of light squared
E= mc2

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