1.

University of the
MASTER PLANNERS Philippines Catholic Chapel
2. St. Andrew Church
Tomas Mapua in Bel-Air, Makati
- his most enduring contribution is the Mapua institute of 3. Cultural Center of
Technology, which is the oldest architectural school in the country the Philippines
4. Philippines
- the first registered architect in the Philippines and worked with the International Convention Center
Bureau of Public Works 5. Folk Arts Theater
6. National Arts Center
- best works: on Mt. Makiling
1. De La Salle 7. Ninoy Aquino
University – classical revivalist influences International Airport terminal Tower One in Ayala
2. Nurses’ Home at the 8. Mandarin Hotel
Philippine General Hospital compound – Italian renaissance
- most impressive work:
Andres Luna de San Pedro 1. Istana Nurul Iman
- the son of the great Filipino painter Juan Luna (Palace of Religious Light) – the palace of the Sultan of Brunei,
which reinterprets traditional Islamic Southeast Asian motifs based
- best works: on a modernist idiom
1. Legarda Elementary
School – French renaissance Francisco Maňosa
2. Rafael Fernandez - best work:
House – French renaissance and official residence of Corazon 1. Tahanang Filipino
Aquino during her presidency (Coconut Palace) – a luxurious guesthouse at the CCP Complex. It
3. Perez-Samanillo showcased a double roof reminiscent of the salakot (a wide
Building – art deco and modern style brimmed hat) and swing-out (naka-tukod) window borrowed from
4. Crystal Arcade – art the bahay kubo
deco and modern style, precursor of the modern-day shopping mall
5. Perkin’s House – Juan Arellano
also known as “El Nido” (The Nest), awarded first prize in Manila’s - best works:
1925 House Beautiful Contest 1. Legislative Building
(now the National Museum) on Agrifina Circle – neoclassicism
Juan Nakpil 2. Post Office Building
- the first architect to be conferred the National Artist award in 1973 at Liwasang Bonifacio
for “… his outstanding talents and services in creating edifices, both 3. Metropolitan Theater
private and public, that are conceptually well designed and – colorist art deco, considered as the zenith of Art Deco aesthetics
conscientiously executed” in the Philippines, exterior and interior exhibit locally mediated
approaches such as detailing : tropical fruits and flora motifs,
- dictum “ less in more” bamboo banister railings, carved banana and mango ceiling relief,
and Batik mosaic patterns
- best works:
1. Quezon Institute –
superimposed a native touch on the art deco façade through the
high-pitch roof in the central building
SPANISH ARCHITECTURE
2. The Ever Theater – BAHAY NA BATO
the first to use glass as prominent architectural material - brought about 19th century by the changes in society and economy
- 3 possible origins
Pablo Antonio 1. BAHAY KUBO – pointed roof, concept of
- best works: space (“space surrounded by space…”) and ventilation (wide
1. Philippine National window), “silong”, open plan
Bank 2. TRIBAL LEADER’S HOUSE – strong
2. Manila Railroad construction; spacious with many furniture and rooms; elaborate
Company decoration; best materials
3. Far Eastern 3. CONVENTOS – adjacent to the church,
University permanence spaciousness; may have been the local models of
luxury and prestige
Leandro Locsin - earthquake proof : resting on wooden posts mortised on stone,
- the poet of space, known for his lyrical articulation of space as buried on the ground to “dance” with the earthquake
defined by stark modernity, spatial purity, expansive strength, - the PEAK of native Philippine architecture : made the bahay kubo
distinct outlines and straightforward geometry bigger and more extravagant but retained its character

- he produced 71 residences, 81 buildings and sultanate palace - 10 areas

1. GROUND FLOOR – made of coral
- best works: stones, adobe or rubble; with small windows; area include:
a. zaguan – for caruajes, grains 2. INTRAMUROS – famous walled city within a city;
b. quadra – stables seven gates; completed 1872; made of bricks and hard adobe from
c. bodega – old carozas, grains the Pasig River quarries; wall are 45 ft thick and rise 25 ft above the
d. entrasuelo – mezzanine where moat; structures inside the city include:
the valuables are kept, may also house offices or additional a. Fort Santiago
dwelling units b. San Agustin Church
e. patio – enclosed courtyard c. Convent
2. CEREMONIAL STAIRWAY – first three
step (descanzo) made of marble tiles; landing with bastonera; LATE SPANISH PERIOD
remaining steps are made of narra - architectural development
3. LIVING SPACES – wide double doors 1. roofs at 45 degrees gradient or less
may be opened to connect the spaces and create a large hall 2. use of bricks, limestone, hardwood, capiz shells
a. antesala or caida – for (G.I. sheets and clay tiles or “tisa” were imported)
acquaintances; spacious hall separated by callado 3. elaborate lace-like grillwork (1870’s)
b. sala – for friends and 4. transoms with floral and foliate scroll work (1890’s)
intimates; divided by movable screens or biombo 5. 1890’s Art Nouveau brought swirling vines and
c. bedrooms (quarto or silid) – flowers for staircase balustrades, etched or colored glass panels
usually three; contains four-posted beds, armories, chests; replaced capiz
SANTOS with ivory heads and hands are placed at the master 6. emergence of Filipino and foreign architects
bedroom working in the Philippines
d. comedor – dining area; plateria a. FELIX ROXAS – first Filipino architect;
and long table served as architect to the Manila government; studied in England
4. COCINA – kitchen; contains the and Spain
paminggalan (food cabinet) and dispensa (rice storage) b. JUAN HERVAS – a Catalan who was
5. COMON or LATRINA – toilet, sometimes one of the Spanish architects invited to reconstruct Manila after the
with two-passenger water closet earthquake of 1863 and 1880
6. BAÑO or PALIGUAN – bathroom 7. churches
7. ALCOVA – additional quartos a. Sto. Domingo Church, Intramuros
8. VOLADA – flying gallery over the zaguan; b. San Ignacio, Intramuros – first church
protects the interior from heat and rain designed by a Filipino architect
9. AZOTEA – open terrace of stone and c. San Sebastian Church, Manila – only
ceramic placed near the kitchen; with a cistern for gathering rain Gothic church in the Philippines
water 8. brides
10. BALCON – terrace in the living room, a. Fuente de Espana – first bridge to span
jutting out of the house the Pasig River linking Intramuros and Binondo
b. Colgante Bridge – suspension bridge;
- distinctive features only for pedestrians; framework of iron imported from England
1. PERSIANA – large windows with slats
covered with capiz to filter light; unique in Southeast Asia AMERICA PERIOD
2. VENTANILLA – small windows usually at - architectural development
lower portion of the wall 1. a “regime” of reinforced concrete and galvanized
3. CALLADO – open woodwork or tracery; iron
fixed over a window or placed as space dividers 2. Neo-Classical styles
4. BARANDILLAS – wrought iron traceries 3. DANIEL BURNHAM – commissioned by Gov.
on the wall General W.H. Taft to draft the Master Plan for Manila and
5. BANGGERA – where the dishes are kept government buildings (Agri-Finance Building, Senate Building,
among others)
- regional differences 4. MASTER BUILDERS (“maestro de obras”) acquired
Examples: title either from practical experience or completed academic training
1. ILOCOS – sober architecture; Vigan of Master Builder’s course
houses are entirely made of bricks, pilasters embedded on sides, 5. LICEO DE MANILA – first school to open three year
dignified without too much decoration course in architecture
2. CEBU – expansive, ground floor made of 6. TOMAS MAPUA – first licensed architect;
huge coral stones established the second school (followed by UST and Adamson)
3. SOUTHERN TAGALOG – “airy”. Second 7. MASONIC TEMPLE, Escolta – first multi-storey
flanges over the walls of the ground reinforced concrete building in the Philippines
8. CHALET – suburban house; simple design with
verandah in front or around the house; middle-class
MILITARY ARCHITECTURE 9. 1930’s – continued urban development; emergence
- forts and fortresses constructed by Spanish friars as a of multi-storey, multi-family dwellings and commercial structures;
defense against Moro pirates distinct simplification of lines, emphasis on verticality; other
1. REAL FUERZA DE SANTIAGO (Fort Santiago) – architects contradicted the trend by putting horizontal strips of glass
“shrine of freedom”, designed by Father Antonio Cedeno, with window
Diego Jordan as engineer
 POST-WAR ARCHITECTURE
- mediocre design, uncontrolled and hasty rebuilding only
resurrected old designs
- commercial building drew inspiration from contemporary
architecture in the West
- development of community planning
- BUNGALOW – introduced in 1948; one-storey house with wide
picture windows, a lanai and a carport for up to three cars
- modern architecture with a renewed interest in Filipino
motifs
a. use of pointed roofs, lattices, screens,
wood carvings
b. architecture of LEANDRO LOCSIN and
FRANCISCO MANOSA