9IG Topic 4 Chemistry
9IG Topic 4 Chemistry
9IG Topic 4 Chemistry
(0620)
Topic 4: Stoichiometry
Binary ionic compounds are compounds that contain only two elements, metal and
non-metal.
Hydrogen and metals lose electrons and form positive ions. The ions have the same
Non-metals gain electrons and form negative ions, with names ending in -ide.
Elements in group 4 don’t usually form ions because they have to lose or gain large
To name an ionic compound just put the positive and negative ions together with the
positive ion first. Ex: K+ and Cl- : potassium chloride,,, Ca2+ and N3- : calcium nitride
Valency: is the number of electrons its atoms lose, gain or share to form a
compound.
Transition elements:
+ 2+
Some transition metals can form one type of ion ex. Ag and Zn
Most transition metals can form more than one type of ion ex.:
Cu+ : copper (I) ion, Cu2O: copper (I) oxide
HCO3- SO32-
Hydrogen carbonate ion Sulfite ion
NO2-
Nitrite ion
1) Na2CO3 ____________________________________________________
2) NaOH _____________________________________________________
3) MgBr2 _____________________________________________________
4) KCl _______________________________________________________
6) FeCl3 ______________________________________________________
7) Zn(OH)2 ___________________________________________________
8) BeSO4 ___________________________________________________
9) Al2S3 _____________________________________________________
Otherwise the one with lower group number comes first and then the name of the
other non-metal, ending with -ide, for example: nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen is in Group V
If both are in the same group, then the one further down the group comes first, for
example: sulfur dioxide, sulfur is lower than oxygen in Group VI so it comes first.
Some compounds which have been known for long times are called by their common
If you’re given picture of a molecule showing all atoms and bonds, we can easily work out
its formula. We do this simply by counting the number and type of each atom, we then
P Cl
1 3
Write the names of the elements in the order listed in the formula.
End the name of the second element with the suffix -ide.
prefix mono- di- tri- tetra- penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca-
number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. Word Equations
We show chemical reactions by chemical equations. The simplest type of equation is a
word equation.
The word equations shows names of the reactants on the left and the names of the
products on the right, the arrow shows that the reaction goes from left to right, from
reactants to products.
Any conditions such as heating or adding a catalyst are written over the arrow because
2. Symbol Equations
A symbol equation is a shorthand way of describing a chemical reaction.
In any chemical reaction, the bonds in the reactants are broken and the new bonds are
Atoms cannot be formed from nothing and cannot be destroyed, so there must be the
In chemical reaction, the mass of the products always equals the mass of the
reactants.
We can balance an equation by counting the number of each type of atom in the reactants
and products.
Hint 1: When balancing symbol equations you must not change any of the formulae.
Always balance by putting large numbers (coefficients) in front of the formulae. For
Hint 3: When brackets are used, the small number at the bottom right of the
They are (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas, (aq) aqueous solution.
State symbols are written after the formula of each reactant and product:
When water or other liquids are reactants or products they can be liquid or gas according
4. Check that the equation is balanced for each type of atom in turn (coefficients should
be simplified).
Checkpoint 1:
a. 2 Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
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b. Mg + ZnSO4 Zn + MgSO4
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The 2Cl- shows that there are two separate chloride ions in solution.
b. Acids, such as HCl hydrochloric acid, H2SO4 sulfuric acid and HNO3 nitric acid
An ionic equation is a special form of a symbol equation that shows only those ions
that react.
In many ionic reactions, only some of the ions take part in the reaction, the ones that do
Step 1: Write down the balanced ionic equation with state symbols.
Step 2: Write down all the ions present in the equation. Any reactant or product that is a
Step 3: Cross out the ions that are the same on both sides of the equation. These are
Step 4: Write only the reactants and products that are left to get the ionic equation.
form an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and an aqueous solution of bromine. Write an
Hint: When writing ionic equations, first identify the reactants or products that are
not ionic, these will be solids, liquids or simple molecules like chlorine. It is only then
If two solutions are added together and a precipitate (solid) is formed you can simplify
the method. All you have to do write down the formula of the precipitate as a product
Checkpoint 2:
Write ionic equations for the following reactions:
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Relative atomic mass is the average mass of its isotopes compared with the mass of
Relative molecular mass is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms
We follow exactly the same way for ionic compounds, but these are not molecules, so we
use the term relative formula mass, which is more general and we can apply it to all
compounds.
Examples:
Checkpoint 1:
a. Oxygen; O2 __________________________________________
h. C4H10O ; _____________________________________
j. ammonia; _______________________________
to work out how much metal we can obtain from metal ore.
element in a compound, we use the relative atomic mass of the element and the relative
Mr of the compound
Example:
Percent Composition From Mass Data: If you know the relative masses of each element
in a compound, you can calculate the percent composition of the compound. The percent
Checkpoint 2
e. Glycine CH2(NH2)COOH
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
a. Iron(III) oxide
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b. Sodium carbonate
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
these and other problems, you will have to be able to measure the amount of matter you
have.
To measure matter is to count how many of something you have or to determine its
mass or volume.
Counting objects as big as apples is a reasonable way to measure how much of the object
you have, if the particles are so small like atoms or molecules, counting by particles is not
reasonable.
Chemists also use a unit that is a specified number of particles. The unit is called the
mole.
One mole is 6.02 x 1023 particles (atoms, ions or molecules) of that substance OR
amount of substance that contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms, ions or molecules, we can use
Example:
Number of moles of a substance is related to the number of particles with the following
equation:
Number of moles= number of particles
6.02 x 1023( in mol-1)
Example:
How many moles of water molecules are there in 3 x 10 24 molecules of H2O?
n = 3 x 1024 = 4.98 mol
23
6.02 x 10
Checkpoint 3:
a. How many molecules are there in 0.25 mol of carbon dioxide?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b. Calculate the number of moles of particles in 2.4 x 10 23 atoms of hydrogen H?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c. Calculate the number of particles in:
i. 3 moles of carbon atoms
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
must first determine the number of particles (molecule or formula unit) then multiply by
d. How many molecules and atoms are present in 1 mole of hydrogen gas?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Checkpoint 4:
Number of moles of a substance is related to the molar mass with the following
equation:
Example:
a. 10 g of hydrogen gas
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b. 40 g of water
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c. 54 g of sulfur dioxide
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
d. 43 g of potassium manganate (VII) KMnO4
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- Calculate the mass of the following substances:
b. 150 g of lithium
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Each flask contains the same number of moles, this means that the same volume of gas
Avogadro’s law states that: “ Equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure will contain the same number of particles (6.02 x 1023).”
1 mole of any gas occupy 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure. Room
Molar volume: volume of 1 mole of any gas at r.t.p and it’s equal to 24 dm3.
Example:
Number of moles of a substance is related to the molar gas volume with this equation:
Example 2:
What volume does 11 g of CO2 occupy at r.t.p?
Mass of 1 mole of CO2 = 12 + 32 = 44 g
n = 11 / 44 = 0.25 moles
Volume of CO2 : 0.25 x 24 = 6 dm3
Chemistry 0620, Topic 4 27
Checkpoint 6:
1- Calculate the volume at r.t.p of the following:
a. 0.5 mol of hydrogen, H2
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b. 1 mol of oxygen, O2.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c. 3 mol of carbon monoxide.
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. A hot air balloon was filled with 100 g of gas X. This mass of gas would have occupied
600000 cm3 at r.t.p. if not contained within the hot air balloon. Determine the identity
of gas X.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Chemistry 0620, Topic 4 28
Mole and Solutions Concentrations
When a solute is dissolved in a volume of a solvent, we can measure the concentration of
the solute in two ways, we can either measure its mas or its amount (number of moles).
of solution.
Molar solution: A solution that contains one mole of solute per dm 3 of solution.
You may be given the amount of solute dissolved in grams, you need to convert
Example:
n = 50 / 40 =1.25 mol
Checkpoint 8
1- Calculate the concentration of the following solutions, in mol dm -3 :
a. 40.0 g of Na2CO3 dissolved in 500 cm3 of water.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b. 50.0 g 0f KOH dissolved in 1200 cm3 of water.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2- Calculate the amount of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, in 1200 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 dilute
sulfuric acid.
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3- Calculate the mass of Ca(OH)2 dissolved in 5000 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm-3 limewater.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4- How many grams of HNO3 will be contained in 25 cm3 of 0.10 mol/dm3 of HNO3 ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mole Ratio:
The mole ratio is the stoichiometric ratio of reactants and products and is the ration of the
coefficients for reactants and products found in the balanced chemical equation.
Example:
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)
2 mol 1 mol 2 mol
mole ratio 2 : 1 : 2
Checkpoint :
1-This equation shows the formation of aluminum oxide, which is found on the surface of
aluminum objects exposed to the air.
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)
a. How many moles of aluminum are needed to form 3.7 mol Al 2O3?
b. How many moles of oxygen are required to react completely with 14.8 mol Al?
c. How many moles of Al2O3 are formed when 0.78 mol O2 reacts with aluminum?
chemical reaction, but they tell you the amounts of substances reacting.
The total mass on the left-hand side of the equation is equal to the total mass on the
Equations can be used to predict the amount of a substance that will be used up or made
in a reaction.
Step 2: Work with whatever numbers you’re provided with to find the number of moles.
Step 3: Using the mole ration from the chemical equation, find the number of moles of
water produced.
Example 2:
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following equation:
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
Calculate the volume of oxygen gas evolved at r.t.p. when 50 cm 3 of 0.1 mol/dm3
H2O2 is decomposed.
1. Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced at r.t.p. when 1.5g of zinc react
with excess sulphuric acid.
b. The volume of hydrogen gas required to completely reduce all the lead (II) oxide.
4. 100g of sodium hydrogen carbonate was heated and decomposed according to the
following equation:
2NaHCO3(s) NaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Calculate:
7. Calculate the mass of silver produced when 0.48g of magnesium reacts completely
with an aqueous solution of silver nitrate.
Mg(s) + 2Ag+(s) Mg2+ (aq.) + 2Ag(s)
This means that the mole ratio of gaseous reactants and products as indicated by a
chemical equation is equivalent to the ratio of their volumes. ( Molar ratio = Volume ratio)
Example:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
1 mol 3 mol 2 mol
We cannot use volumes to determine product when the product or reactant is not in the
gaseous state.
2H2(g) + O(g)
2H2O(l)
2 mol 1 mol 2 mol
Example 1:
The Haber process involves the synthesis of ammonia gas from nitrogen and hydrogen.
Calculate the volume of nitrogen required to react completely with 500 cm 3 of
hydrogen. Calculate the volume of ammonia produced.
Step 1: Write balanced chemical equation and notice they are all gases.
Limiting reagent: The reactant in a chemical reaction that limits the amount of product
that can be formed. The reaction will stop when all of the limiting reactant is consumed.
Excess reactant: The reactant in a chemical reaction that remains when a reaction stops
when the limiting reactant is completely consumed. The excess reactant remains because
the number of moles of the reactant which is not in excess. (limiting reagent)
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Molar ratio 2 : 1 : 2
3/2 2/1
1.5 2 H2 is limiting
Checkpoint:
1. 20.0 cm3 of sulfuric acid, concentration 0.30 mol / dm3, was added to 40 cm3 of sodium
reason .......................................................................................................................
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3. One piece of marble, 0.3 g, was added to 5 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, concentration
1.00 mol / dm3. Which reagent is in excess? Give a reason for your choice.
reagent in excess is
reason __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide
The yield is the amount of product you obtain from the reaction.
In other words, the theoretical yield is the maximum (calculated) yield expected
from a balanced chemical equation.
% yield = Actual mass ( mass obtained/given) x 100
Theoretical mass ( mass expected/calculated)
Example:
Using 25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 2.24 mol / dm3, 3.86 g of crystals were obtained.
Calculate the percentage yield.
Checkpoint:
1. The following method is used to make crystals of hydrated nickel sulphate. An excess of
nickel carbonate, 12.0 g, was added to 40 cm3 of sulphuric acid, 2.0mol/dm3. The unreacted
nickel carbonate was filtered off and the filtrate evaporated to obtain the crystals.
NiCO3 + H2SO4 NiSO4 + CO2 + H2O
NiSO4 + 7H2O NiSO4.7H2O
Mass of one mole of NiSO4.7H2O = 281 g
Mass of one mole of NiCO3 = 119 g
(ii) The experiment produced 10.4 g of hydrated nickel sulphate. Calculate the percentage yield.
The maximum number of moles of NiSO4 .7H2O that could be formed =
2. 100 g of calcium carbonate was reacted with excess dilute sulfuric acid to form
Percentage Purity:
When you make something in a chemical reaction and separate it from the final
mixture, it will not be pure. It will have impurities mixed with it, for example
small amounts of unreacted substances or another product. You can work out the %
purity of the product you obtained like this:
Example:
A 5.00 g sample of impure lead(II) nitrate was heated. The volume of oxygen formed was
0.16dm3 measured at r.t.p. The impurities did not decompose. Calculate the percentage of
lead(II) nitrate in the sample.
2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
Number of moles of O2 formed = .......................................
1. 100 g of calcium carbonate was reacted with excess dilute sulfuric acid to form 20
g of carbon dioxide. What is the percentage purity of the sample of calcium
carbonate used?
2. When 4.3 g of copper was heated in oxygen, 3.2 g of copper (II) oxide was
obtained. Calculate the percentage purity of copper.
This means that the mole ratio of gaseous reactants and products as indicated by a
chemical equation is equivalent to the ratio of their volumes. ( Molar ratio = Volume ratio)
Example:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
1 mol 3 mol 2 mol
We cannot use volumes to determine product when the product or reactant is not in the
gaseous state.
2H2(g) + O(g)
2H2O(l)
2 mol 1 mol 2 mol
Example 1:
The Haber process involves the synthesis of ammonia gas from nitrogen and hydrogen.
Calculate the volume of nitrogen required to react completely with 500 cm3 of
hydrogen. Calculate the volume of ammonia produced.
After cooling, the volume of the gases remaining was 90cm3. Aqueous sodium hydroxide was
added to remove carbon dioxide, 30 cm3 of oxygen remained. All volumes were measured at
r.t.p.
(ii) Use the above volume ratio to find the mole ratio in the equation below and hence find
2. 20 cm3 of a hydrocarbon was burnt in 175 cm3 of oxygen. After cooling, the volume of
the remaining gases was 125 cm3. The addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide removed carbon
(iii) Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon and the balanced equation for the reaction.
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The molecular formula (M.F) of a compound shows the actual number and kind of atoms
The empirical formula (E.F) of a compound shows the simplest whole number ratio
The structural formula of a compound shows how the atoms are bonded in a molecule.
The formula of any compound is the number of moles of each element in the
compound.
Example:
1. 0.48 g of magnesium was burnt in oxygen to produce0.80 g of magnesium oxide.
Determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
c. A 6.20 g sample of aluminium oxide, analysed and found to contain 3.28 g of aluminium.
The molecular formula can be derived from empirical formula if we are given either
i) molar mass, or ii) relative molecular mass of the compound.
Example:
1. A gaseous oxide of nitrogen contains 30.4% nitrogen and 69.6% oxygen by mass. The
molar mass of the oxide of nitrogen is 92.0 g/mol. Determine its molecular formula.
The number of water molecules present in the formula of a salt is known as the water of
crystallization.
Example: anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) combines with water molecules to form
Checkpoint:
shown below: