International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 5 Issue 3, March-April 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Chairside Diagnosis of Periodontal Diseases: A Review

Dr. Sumeet Khanna, Dr. Smarth Khanna, Dr. Parul Goel
PG Student, Department of Periodontology and Implantology,
Desh Bhagat Dental College and Hospital, Gobindgarh, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Dr. Sumeet

A good clinical diagnosis has always been the need of the hour. Proper Khanna | Dr. Smarth Khanna | Dr. Parul
diagnosis is essential for better treatment and planning of the diseases. Goel "Chairside Diagnosis of Periodontal
Customary clinical estimations utilized for periodontal finding are regularly of Diseases: A Review"
restricted convenience as they are pointers of past periodontal illness instead Published in
of present disease action. Subsequently, there is a requirement for creating International Journal
novel demonstrative kits that can identify dynamic diseases, anticipate future of Trend in Scientific
illness crisis or movement and assess reaction to periodontal treatment, and Research and
treatment encouragement in periodontal patients. In this futuristic era, there Development (ijtsrd),
has been a tremendous amount of research in the field of diagnostic tools that ISSN: 2456-6470, IJTSRD37981
can be utilized by a dental practitioners and even periodontists in their day to Volume-5 | Issue-3,
day practice. Distinctive chair side diagnostic kits will be discussed in this April 2021, pp.832-835, URL:
paper which will be useful for appropriate diagnosis, assessing the disease www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37981.pdf
anticipation and proper treatment planning.
Copyright © 2021 by author (s) and
KEYWORD: CHAIR SIDE TESTS, DIAGNOSIS, PERIODONTAL DISEASES, SALIVA International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development Journal. This
is an Open Access article distributed
under the terms of
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Commons Attribution
License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

INTRODUCTION
Periodontitis is a set of provocative infections influencing the fills in as a test in any event, for the most experienced
periodontium, i.e., the tissues that encompass and uphold the clinician. Accentuation on early discovery fills in as a drive
teeth. Periodontitis incorporate progressive loss of the for dealing with the illness with negligibly intrusive and
alveolar bone, and at whatever point left untreated, can financial helpful modalities.5 Consequently, there is a
incite the loosening and subsequent loss of teeth. requirement for creating novel indicative units that can
Periodontitis is caused by the microorganisms that adhere to identify dynamic infection, anticipate future illness crisis or
and grow on the tooth's surfaces, accessible an over- movement and assess reaction to periodontal treatment,
aggressive immune response against these microorganisms.1 treatment encouraging administration of periodontal
An analysis of periodontitis is set up by investigating the soft patient. The accessible chair side indicative units are
gingival tissues around the teeth with a probe and by intended to quantify microbiological, immunologic and
assessing the patient's X-ray films, to decide the amount of hereditary constituent in oral analytic liquids such as saliva
bone loss and the extend of periodontitis around the teeth.2 or gingival crevicular fluid, which can be an indicative of the
diseases.6
Diagnosis is the identification of any condition, disease, or
disorder due to any methodical investigation of the history, The main aim behind the emergence of different diagnostic
assessment of the signs or symptoms, and examination of the tests is that the previous active dynamic disease is analyzed,
study results. Successful prognosis is preposterous without a the less intrusive, the less time devouring and therefore the
viable diagnosis.3 Similarly, a "Periodontal Diagnosis" is a less expensive the required treatment and the better long
significant label that a clinician ties on the periodontal haul visualization for patients with damaging disease.7
disease state of the patient, capturing all his previous
IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIAGNOSTIC KIT8
involvement in the condition. The grouping of signs and side
1. Quantitative.
effects, alongside a detailed history is evoked, reported and
deciphered to reach at a determination. Frequently an exact 2. Exceptionally delicate strategy fit for investigating a
analysis is, the absolute first solid advance step towards the single periodontal site in wellbeing just as disease.
arrangement and execution of an individualized treatment 3. Reproducible and amendable for chair side use.
plan, contributing essentially towards the achievement of 4. Exceptionally explicit.
the treatment.4
5. Easy to perform and Versatile.
It is moderately simple to recognize anatomical damage, 6. Rapid, one or two stage technique.
caused by advanced stage of periodontitis with symptomatic
7. Non-obtrusive and Affordable.
guides. On the other hand, incipient disease identification

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Different specialized challenges in conventional techniques ultra specific multiplex recognition of salivary protein and
from sample taking to dispersion, cultivation, RNA biomarkers. OFNASET is utilized for the purpose of care
characterization, and identification of isolates and issues multiplex recognition of salivary biomarkers for oral
related with sufficient investigation of microbiologic malignant growth. It analyses saliva for the presence of four
information makes regular symptomatic techniques time salivary mRNA biomarkers (SAT, ODZ, IL-8, and IL-1β) and
consuming and cumbersome.1 In this context chairside two salivary proteomic biomarkers (thioredoxin and IL-8).12
periodontal diagnostic kits provides a quick reports.
Integrated Micro fluidic Platform for Oral Diagnostics
These diagnostic kits can be characterized as Biochemical (IMPOD): A clinical point of care diagnostic test empowers
kits, Genetic kits and Microbiological kits. fast evaluation of an oral disease biomarkers in human saliva
by utilizing a solid dispensable cartridge intended to work in
BIOCHEMICAL KITS
a conservative diagnostic instrument. Quickly (< 10 min)
Biochemical test units utilized in periodontics investigate the
measures MMP-8 in saliva from healthy and periodontally
gingival crevicular liquid (GCF). Since this liquid is retrieved
diseased subjects.15
from periodontal tissues, assessing its constituents, like
inflammatory mediators, host derived enzymes and Electronic Taste Chips (ETC): They are synthetically
extracellular matrix components may give early indications sensitized bead microreactors inside the lab-on-a-chip
of changes. Kits included are: framework and were applied for estimation of CRP and other
biomarkers of inflammation in salivation. With this
Perio-Check (Ac Tech): has 88% sensitivity and 61%
procedure it was conceivable to quantitate the distinction in
specificity. It is the most rapid chair side test for neutral
CRP levels between healthy and patients with periodontal
proteases like collagenases in GCF. The degrees of these
infections and can simultaneously screen several
proteins in GCF have been noted to increment with the
biomarkers.15
advancement of gingival disease as well as development of
established periodontitis. Interproximal areas can't be GENETIC TEST KITS
inspected because of the risk of saliva contamination.9 Different gene polymorphisms are viewed as risk factors for
the inception or movement of periodontal infection.
PerioGard TM: depends on the estimation of protein level,
Kornman et a (1997), found a relationship between the
aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in GCF. The test is
polymorphism in gene encoding for interleukin-1α and
intended to be positive at >800 μIU of AST activity and
interleukin-1β and increased severity of periodontitis.
negative at values less than 800 μIU. One of the major
Although genetic identification is a difficult procedure and
disadvantages of periogard is that it cannot distinguish
requires an experienced hand, however some chairside units
between sites with severe inflammation but with no
are now accessible for its recognition.16
attachment loss from sites with attachment loss.10
MyPerioID: test utilizes saliva to decide patient's genetic
PocketWatchTM: method is use to analyze AST at the
susceptibility to periodontal disease and which patients are
chairside. It is conceivable to distinguish between dynamic
at higher risk of more serious periodontal diseases.
and latent sites. AST action dictated by PocketWatchTM
provides not only an index of cell death but the degree of the PST Genetic Susceptibility Test: It assesses the concurrent
destructive pockets.11 event of allele 2 at the IL-1A +4845 and 1B +3954 loci that
identify individual’s predisposition for the expression of
Prognos-Stik (Dentsply): This framework recognizes the
inflammation and risk for periodontal diseases.5
presence of serine proteinase elastase in GCF sample.10
MICROBIOLOGICAL TEST KITS
Perio2000: framework is planned so that it consolidates the
Counting and Identification of the microflora in periodontal
highlights of a periodontal test with
pocket have been a significant piece of exploration
the measurement of probing depths, to evaluate bleeding on endeavors for a long time. It is assumed that atleast of 300
probing and recognition of unpredictable sulfur mixes in the particular bacterial species can repress the periodontal
periodontal pocket. Sulfide sensor component is employed pocket. A large number of these have not been recognized.
with traditional techniques within the evaluation of The microbiological tests can possibly uphold the finding of
periodontal diseases in patients.12 different types of periodontal infection, to fill in as pointers
of disease commencement and progression and to figure out
Dip Stick Test: The MMP-8 test stick depends on the
which periodontal sites are at higher risk for dynamic
immune-chromatography rule that utilizes two monoclonal
annihilation. These tests mostly focused on spirochetes, Aa,
antibodies explicit for various epitopes of MMP-8. The test
Pg and Pi.
stick results can be distinguished in 5 minutes. The antibody
identifies the two neutrophils and non-PMN-type MMP-8 Evalusite (Kodak): It is a novel membrane immunoassay
isoforms.13 monetarily accessible in Europe and Canada for the
Chairside identification of 3 periodontal microbes. It
TOPAS (Toxicity Prescreening Assay): distinguishes the
includes linkage between the antigen and a layer bound
indirect presence of microorganisms by two markers of
neutralizer to frame an immunocomplex that is uncovered
gingival contamination: bacterial toxins and bacterial
through a calorimetric response. Membrane bound antibody
proteins. This test can be related with the severity of
response in the well explicit to A.actinomycetemcomitans,
inflammation and with the advancement of destructive
P.gingivalis and P.intermedia responds with plaque sample.17
process making the contrast between an active and a latent
periodontal disease.14 OMNIGENE (DMDx): A. actinomycetemcomitans cloned test
and P gingivalis entire genomic test involve the basis of the
Oral Fluid Nano Sensor Test (OFNASET): is a miniature
commercial DMDx identification strategy. For P. gingivalis,
electromechanical framework based on electrochemical
the DNA test examine can give a false negative data.
detection platform that is capable of real time, ultrasensitive,

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Steenbergen et al found the DMDx identification technique to opposed to months after the fact. Chair side diagnostic test
have 96% affectability and 86% particularity for spiked lab kits offer fast, reproducible method of diagnosis and the
examples of A. actinomycetemcomitans and 60% outcomes can be utilized for persistent inspiration too. They
affectability and 82% particularity for lab examples of are helpful particularly in making out the active sites and
P.gingivalis.8 However, in clinical specimens a reverse observing patients post treatment for assessing the reaction
scenario is seen.17 to treatment and disease recurrence. Incorporating new
salivary indicative techniques to clinical practice is critical to
PERIOSCAN: with 99% sensitivity and 55% specificity is a
help dental experts in making basic wellbeing related
chair side diagnostic measure that recognizes an
choices for patients.
accumulation of periodontal microbe’s B. forsythus, P.
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