Learning Insights #3

LEARNING INSIGHTS #3
Name of Student: JENNIFER D. SAYONG

Program/Course: DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION
Subject: ED. 703 MULTIVARIATE ANALAYSIS
Professor: DR. MA. MYRNA PEPITO
Date: April 10, 2021
Topic/Topics Discussed: Correlation and Regression
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
Reporter: LISA D. SUPERALES

My Learning Insights:
The most commonly used techniques for investigating the relationship

between two quantitative variables are correlation and linear regression. Correlation
quantifies the strength of the linear relationship between a pair of variables, whereas
regression expresses the relationship in the form of an equation. For example, in
patients attending an accident and emergency unit (A&E), we could use correlation
and regression to determine whether there is a relationship between age and urea
level, and whether the level of urea can be predicted for a given age.
• Correlation analysis is used to quantify the association between two

continuous variables (e.g., between an independent and a dependent variable
or between two independent variables).
• Regression analysis is a related technique to assess the relationship between

an outcome variable and one or more risk factors or confounding variables.
The outcome variable is also called the response or dependent variable and
the risk factors and confounders are called the predictors, or explanatory or
independent variables. In regression analysis, the dependent variable is
denoted "y" and the independent variables are denoted by "x".
Topic/Topics Discussed:
 SPEARMAN RHO
 THE CONTINGENCY COEFFICIENT
 KENDALL RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
Reporter: RONELYN R. CATAPTE
 The Spearman's rank-order correlation is the nonparametric version of the Pearson

product-moment correlation. Spearman's correlation coefficient, (ρ, also signified
by rs) measures the strength and direction of association between two ranked
variables.
 The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (Spearman’s correlation, for short) is
a nonparametric measure of the strength and direction of association that exists
between two variables measured on at least an ordinal scale. It is denoted by the
symbol rs (or the Greek letter ρ, pronounced rho). The test is used for either ordinal
variables or for continuous data that has failed the assumptions necessary for
conducting the Pearson's product-moment correlation.
o The contingency coefficient is a coefficient of association that tells whether
two variables or data sets are independent or dependent of each other. It is
also known as Pearson’s Coefficient (not to be confused with Pearson’s
Coefficient of Skewness).
 Kendall's rank correlation provides a distribution free test of independence
and a measure of the strength of dependence between two variables.
 Spearman's rank correlation is satisfactory for testing a null hypothesis of
independence between two variables but it is difficult to interpret when the null
hypothesis is rejected. Kendall's rank correlation improves upon this by
reflecting the strength of the dependence between the variables being
compared.
 Consider two samples, x and y, each of size n. The total number of possible
pairings of x with y observations is n(n-1)/2. Now consider ordering the pairs
by the x values and then by the y values. If x3 > y3 when ordered on both x
and y then the third pair is concordant, otherwise the third pair is discordant. S
is the difference between the number of concordant (ordered in the same
way, nc) and discordant (ordered differently, nd) pairs.

 QUALITY AND IMPROVEMENT ( X, PC CHART)
 TYPE OF CONTROL CHARTS
Reporter: ETHYLE D. WEIGEL
LEARNING Insights:
 Quality control charts represent a great tool for engineers to monitor if a
process is under statistical control. They help visualize variation, find and
correct problems when they occur, predict expected ranges of outcomes and
analyze patterns of process variation from special or common causes. Quality
control charts are often used in Lean Six Sigma projects and DMAIC projects
under the control phase and are considered as one of the seven basic quality
tools for process improvement.
 A control chart is one of many process improvement techniques. It is not the
answer to all your problems. Nor should a control chart be used alone. There
are always other process improvement tools that should be used along with
control charts.
 A control chart is used to monitor a process variable over time. That variable
can be in any type of company or organization - service, manufacturing, non-
profit and, yes, healthcare. It provides a picture of the process variable over
time and tells you the type of variation you are dealing with as you move
forward with continuous improvement. This understanding of variation is the
key to using control charts effectively.

 QUALITY AND IMPROVEMENT ( X, PC CHART)
 TYPE OF CONTROL CHARTS
Reporter: CECILE E. GOLIMLIM
 The x-bar and R-chart are quality control charts used to monitor the mean and
variation of a process based on samples taken in a given time. The control
limits on both chats are used to monitor the mean and variation of the process
going forward. If a point is out of the control limits, it indicates that the mean or
variation of the process is out-of-control; assignable causes may be suspected
at this point. On the x-bar chart, the y-axis shows the grand mean and the
control limits while the x-axis shows the sample group. Let’s take a look at
the R code using the qcc package to generate a x-bar chart.
 R-chart
 In order to use the R-chart along with the x-bar chart, the sample size n must
be greater than 1 and less than 11. For bigger samples, the s-chart must be
used instead to monitor the standard deviation of the sample rather than its
range. On the R-chart, the y-axis shows the range grand mean and the control
limits, while the x-axis shows the sample group. Once you have created a x-
bar chart, you will only need to add the following lines of code to generate the
R-chart.

 Testing the significance of beta

 Analysis of Variance for linear regression
 Test for Linearity of Regression
Reporter: ARTEMIO CASPE, JR.
 The beta coefficients can be negative or positive, and have a t-value and
significance of the t-value associated with each.
 The beta coefficient is the degree of change in the outcome variable for every
1-unit of change in the predictor variable.
 The t-test assesses whether the beta coefficient is significantly different from

zero. If the beta coefficient is not statistically significant
 If the beta coefficient is significant, examine the sign of the beta.

 If the beta coefficient is positive, the interpretation is that for every 1-unit
increase in the predictor variable, the outcome variable will increase by the
beta coefficient value.
 If the beta coefficient is negative, the interpretation is that for every 1-unit
increase in the predictor variable, the outcome variable will decrease by the
beta coefficient value.

 Multiple Regression Analysis
Reporter: NICOLE KAYE R. COMORA
 Regression analysis is always performed in software, like Excel or

SPSS. The output differs according to how many variables you have
but it’s essentially the same type of output you would find in a simple
linear regression. There’s just more of it:
 Simple regression: Y = b0 + b1 x.
 Multiple regression: Y = b0 + b1 x1 + b0 + b1 x2…b0…b1 xn.
 The output would include a summary, similar to a summary for simple
linear regression, that includes:
o R (the multiple correlation coefficient),
o R squared (the coefficient of determination),
o adjusted R-squared,
 The standard error of the estimate.

 Correlation and Regression Analysis
Reporter: ESTELA SUAREZ
 Correlation analysis-A high correlation means that two or more

variables have a strong relationship with each other, while a weak
correlation means that the variables are hardly related.
 Regression analysis- An independent variable is an input,
assumption, or driver that is changed in order to assess its impact on
a dependent variable.
 The most commonly used techniques for investigating the relationship
between two quantitative variables are correlation and linear
regression. Correlation quantifies the strength of the linear relationship
between a pair of variables, whereas regression expresses the
relationship in the form of an equation

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LEARNING INSIGHTS #3

Name of Student: JENNIFER D. SAYONG

Topic/Topics Discussed: Correlation and Regression

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient

Reporter: LISA D. SUPERALES

The most commonly used techniques for investigating the relationship

• Correlation analysis is used to quantify the association between two

• Regression analysis is a related technique to assess the relationship between

 THE CONTINGENCY COEFFICIENT

 KENDALL RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

Reporter: RONELYN R. CATAPTE

 The Spearman's rank-order correlation is the nonparametric version of the Pearson

Name of Student: JENNIFER D. SAYONG

 QUALITY AND IMPROVEMENT ( X, PC CHART)

 TYPE OF CONTROL CHARTS

Reporter: ETHYLE D. WEIGEL

Name of Student: JENNIFER D. SAYONG

 QUALITY AND IMPROVEMENT ( X, PC CHART)

 TYPE OF CONTROL CHARTS

Reporter: CECILE E. GOLIMLIM

Name of Student: JENNIFER D. SAYONG

 Testing the significance of beta

Reporter: ARTEMIO CASPE, JR.

 The t-test assesses whether the beta coefficient is significantly different from

 If the beta coefficient is significant, examine the sign of the beta.

Name of Student: JENNIFER D. SAYONG

 Multiple Regression Analysis

Reporter: NICOLE KAYE R. COMORA

 Regression analysis is always performed in software, like Excel or

Name of Student: JENNIFER D. SAYONG

 Correlation and Regression Analysis

Reporter: ESTELA SUAREZ

 Correlation analysis-A high correlation means that two or more

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