Positively Innovative: Instructions For Use and Handling
Positively Innovative: Instructions For Use and Handling
Positively Innovative: Instructions For Use and Handling
R32
Refrigerants
R32
Instructions for Use and Handling
2
Contents
Foreword 4
1 Characteristics 5
1.1 Characteristics 5
1.2 Flammability 6
1.7 Desiccants 9
2 Safety 11
3 Handling Precautions 12
3
Foreword
R32 has a GWP about one third that of R410A, and it has excellent properties as a
refrigerant. Therefore, the technology has been developed to use it by itself as an
alternative refrigerant to replace R410A.
4
1 Characteristics 1.1 General Characteristics
*1
Global Warming Potential: Based on IPCC 4th Assessment Report 2007,
integration time horizon 100 years. For blends, figures calculated on its basis.
*2
WEEL-TWA value of AIHA (Workplace Environmental Exposure Level; Time-Weighted Average;
American Industrial Hygiene Association)
*3
Calculated value based on the WEEL-TWA value of AIHA of each component.
*4
TLV-TWA value of ACGIH (Threshold limit value; Association Advancing Occupational and
Environmental Health).
5
1.2 Flammability
R32 is flammable, but its flammability is extremely low compared with that
of hydrocarbon refrigerants such as propane. Therefore, R32 is positioned as
a slightly flammable refrigerant. When using R32, applicable regulations and stan-
dards must be observed and results of risk assessment must be considered.
Flammability properties and Flammability classification by the applicable laws, regulations and standards
(Reference) Classification criteria for flammable gases on the applicable laws, regulations and standards
6
1.3 Saturated Vapor Pressure / Temperature Curves
The graph below shows the relationship between temperature and saturated vapor
pressure of R32, in comparison with that of R410A and HCFC-22.
As shown on the graph, R32 has similar vapor pressure to that of R410A.
4.5
3.5
Saturated pressure (MPa ∙ G)
2.5
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature °C
7
1.4 Theoretical Characteristics of Refrigeration Cycle
R32 delivers superior performance in both cooling / heating capacity and energy
efficiency – compared with R410A, volumetric capacity of R32 is about 15%
higher and its COP is about 6% higher (therefore, concerning the climate change
issue, it can contribute to reduce the equipment‘s indirect impact on
CO2 emission). But the discharge gas temperature of R32 is about 20°C higher, so
this feature must be taken into consideration in equipment design.
8
1.6 Water Solubility
Saturated solubility of water to fluorocarbons is generally low, but R32 has
higher solubility of water than existing refrigerants (HCFC, blend HFC refrigerants).
10000
1000
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature °C
1.7 Desiccants
Desiccants may be used to remove moisture from the refrigeration system in order
to prevent capillary blockages due to freezing, and also to prevent polyol ester oils
from thermal deterioration. Synthetic zeolite (Molecular Sieve®, etc.) is an effective
desiccant to use for eliminating water from refrigerant. Molecular sieves that have
smaller pore diameters than the size of the refrigerant molecule are preferable so
that they remove only the water selectively. The table shows the molecular sizes of
the various refrigerants and the relative applicability of different molecular sieves.
9
1.8 Effect on Polymeric Materials
The test results below show the effects of R32 and existing HFCs on polymeric
materials.
Plastics or elastomers, even consisting of the same polymeric ingredients, can have
different natures depending on the processing method and the type and amount of
filler, plasticizer, cross-linker, etc. It may also undergo an unexpected change when
existing with refrigerant oil. Therefore, each material must be tested individually to
determine reliability under actual conditions of use.
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polyvinyl chloride
Polyamide
Polyacetal
Polycarbonate
Polystyrene
ABS resin
Acrylic resin
Plastics
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
10
1.9 Miscibility with Refrigeration Oils
Generally, HFCs are not miscible with mineral refrigerant oils and tend to separate
from these oils.
Synthetic oils such as polyol ester (POE), polyvinyl ether (PVE) and
polyalkylene glycol (PAG) are the recommended types of refrigerant oils to use
for HFC refrigeration systems.
R32 R410A
Mineral oil Immiscible Immiscible
POE oil for R410A Separate at 20°C Separate at -10°C
PVE oil for R410A Separate at 20°C Separate at -47°C
Compared with R410A, R32 is less miscible with oils, so use of the refrigeration oils
for R410A may lead to inadequate lubrication due to insufficient oil return. Lub-
ricating oil manufacturers have developed lubricating oils for R32 with improved
compatibility. When using R32 as a single refrigerant, please inquire with lubricating
oil manufacturers.
2 Safety R32 has already been registered at TSCA in the United States and REACH for the
import into the EU through Daikin‘s subsidiary in Europe. It was also examined and
passed in Japan under the “Act on the Evaluation of Chemical Substances and
Regulation of Their Manufacture, etc.” In addition, exhaustive toxicity tests under
Program for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing (PAFT) set up by the world‘s
major fluorocarbon manufacturers have been completed. Since no practical problem
was reported from any of the tests, the safety of the substance is considered to be
equal to or better than that of R410A and HCFC-22.
* 8-hrs TWA (Time Weighted Average) by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)
11
3 Handling Precautions For details, please refer to MSDS.
(3) Storage
Like all other high-pressure gases, store R32 in a cool, dark and well-ventilated
place. If R32 gas is leaked or discharged into the air, it tends to sink to a lower level
and remain there because R32 gas is heavier than air. If R32 gas accumulates to
high concentrations in some area, symptoms of oxygen deficiency may occur to the
person who gets into the area, or accidental combustion of the gas may result. All
containers for high-pressure gases including R32 have a safety device fitted. If the
storage temperature (when the device is a fusible plug) or pressure (when the device
is a spring safety valve) rises above a certain level, the plug may melt or the safety
valve may work so that the gas escapes.
Keep R32 away from heat or open flame. If R32 is combusted or thermally decom-
posed as a result of exposure to flame or heat source like overheated metal, hazar-
dous gas will be generated.
Like other liquefied high-pressure gases, R32 should be prevented from coming into
direct contact with the skin or eyes and from being inhaled.
Emergency treatment methods are shown below.
• If the gas is inhaled
– Move the person to an airy place to rest in a relaxed position.
– Keep the person warm with a blanket, etc.
– If breathing is weak or has stopped, loosen the clothing, secure a respiratory
airway and give artificial respiration.
– Seek medical assistance when needed.
• If liquefied gas gets into the eye
– Wash the eyes out with water for 15 minutes or more. Try to avoid rubbing
your eyes and blinking.
– When needed, seek medical assistance immediately.
– To prevent such accidents, always wear protective goggles when handling
R32.
• If liquefied gas comes into direct contact with the skin
– When liquid R32 evaporates into the air, its temperature drops
dramatically.
– Direct contact with the skin in this state may cause frostbite.
– If a large quantity of evaporating liquid R32 comes into direct contact
with the skin, it will cause frostbite, so seek medical assistance immediately.
12
10
0
0
9 0 0 4
70
60
800
40 30308 390 00
8 50 0 41 T =
0
900
HFC−32 370 42
7 200 0
360 K
6 p−h diagram
350
5 340
1 00
4 330
1000
Appendix 1, P-h Diagramm
3 320
310 50
1100
1200 kg·m−3
2
300
290
280 20
1
p / MPa
0.9 273.15
p / MPa
0.8 270
.1
0.7
−1
0
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.6
x=
x = 0.9
−1
260 10
0.5
·K − 1
0.4
2.4
2.6
2.5
2.3
·kg −1
250
kJ
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.6
2.2
1.0
0.9
1.4
1.5
1.1
1.3
1.2
s = 0.80 kJ·kg ·K
2.7
0.3
5
s=
240
0.2
230
−3
T = 225 K kg·m
=2
0.1
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
−1
h / kJ·kg
13
Appendix 2, Thermodynamic Properties (Saturation Table) Refprop Ver.9.0
-50 110.1 1208 3.232 1.589 0.883 117.22 497.27 380.06 0.668 2.371
-49 115.8 1206 3.387 1.591 0.889 118.81 497.77 378.96 0.675 2.366
-48 121.6 1203 3.548 1.593 0.894 120.40 498.26 377.85 0.682 2.361
-47 127.7 1200 3.715 1.594 0.900 122.00 498.74 376.74 0.689 2.355
-46 134.0 1197 3.888 1.596 0.905 123.60 499.23 375.63 0.697 2.350
-45 140.6 1194 4.067 1.598 0.911 125.20 499.70 374.50 0.704 2.345
-44 147.4 1192 4.253 1.600 0.917 126.80 500.17 373.38 0.711 2.340
-43 154.5 1189 4.446 1.602 0.922 128.40 500.64 372.24 0.717 2.335
-42 161.9 1186 4.645 1.604 0.928 130.01 501.11 371.10 0.724 2.330
-41 169.5 1183 4.851 1.606 0.934 131.62 501.56 369.95 0.731 2.325
-40 177.4 1180 5.065 1.608 0.940 133.23 502.02 368.79 0.738 2.320
-39 185.6 1177 5.286 1.610 0.946 134.84 502.47 367.63 0.745 2.315
-38 194.1 1174 5.515 1.612 0.952 136.45 502.91 366.46 0.752 2.310
-37 202.9 1172 5.751 1.614 0.958 138.07 503.35 365.28 0.759 2.306
-36 212.0 1169 5.995 1.616 0.965 139.69 503.78 364.10 0.766 2.301
-35 221.4 1166 6.248 1.619 0.971 141.31 504.21 362.90 0.772 2.296
-34 231.1 1163 6.508 1.621 0.977 142.93 504.63 361.70 0.779 2.292
-33 241.2 1160 6.778 1.624 0.984 144.56 505.05 360.50 0.786 2.287
-32 251.6 1157 7.056 1.626 0.990 146.18 505.47 359.28 0.793 2.282
-31 262.3 1154 7.343 1.629 0.997 147.81 505.87 358.06 0.799 2.278
-30 273.4 1151 7.639 1.631 1.004 149.45 506.27 356.83 0.806 2.273
-29 284.9 1148 7.945 1.634 1.010 151.08 506.67 355.59 0.813 2.269
-28 296.7 1145 8.260 1.637 1.017 152.72 507.06 354.34 0.819 2.265
-27 309.0 1142 8.585 1.639 1.024 154.36 507.45 353.08 0.826 2.260
-26 321.6 1139 8.920 1.642 1.031 156.01 507.83 351.82 0.833 2.256
-25 334.6 1136 9.266 1.645 1.038 157.66 508.20 350.54 0.839 2.252
-24 348.0 1133 9.622 1.648 1.045 159.31 508.57 349.26 0.846 2.248
-23 361.8 1130 9.989 1.651 1.052 160.96 508.93 347.97 0.852 2.243
-22 376.0 1127 10.37 1.654 1.060 162.62 509.28 346.66 0.859 2.239
-21 390.7 1124 10.76 1.657 1.067 164.28 509.63 345.35 0.865 2.235
-20 405.8 1121 11.16 1.661 1.075 165.94 509.97 344.03 0.872 2.231
-19 421.3 1117 11.57 1.664 1.082 167.61 510.31 342.70 0.878 2.227
-18 437.3 1114 12.00 1.668 1.090 169.28 510.64 341.36 0.885 2.223
-17 453.7 1111 12.43 1.671 1.098 170.95 510.96 340.01 0.891 2.219
-16 470.7 1108 12.88 1.675 1.106 172.63 511.28 338.65 0.898 2.215
-15 488.1 1105 13.35 1.678 1.114 174.31 511.58 337.28 0.904 2.211
-14 506.0 1102 13.82 1.682 1.122 175.99 511.89 335.90 0.911 2.207
-13 524.4 1098 14.31 1.686 1.130 177.68 512.18 334.50 0.917 2.203
-12 543.3 1095 14.82 1.690 1.139 179.37 512.47 333.10 0.924 2.199
-11 562.7 1092 15.34 1.694 1.147 181.07 512.75 331.68 0.930 2.195
-10 582.6 1089 15.87 1.698 1.156 182.76 513.02 330.25 0.937 2.192
-9 603.1 1085 16.42 1.702 1.165 184.47 513.28 328.82 0.943 2.188
-8 624.1 1082 16.98 1.706 1.174 186.18 513.54 327.37 0.949 2.184
-7 645.7 1079 17.56 1.711 1.183 187.89 513.79 325.90 0.956 2.180
-6 667.9 1076 18.16 1.715 1.192 189.60 514.03 324.43 0.962 2.176
-5 690.6 1072 18.77 1.720 1.201 191.33 514.26 322.94 0.968 2.173
-4 713.9 1069 19.40 1.725 1.211 193.05 514.49 321.44 0.975 2.169
-3 737.8 1066 20.04 1.730 1.221 194.78 514.70 319.92 0.981 2.165
-2 762.3 1062 20.71 1.735 1.231 196.52 514.91 318.40 0.987 2.162
-1 787.4 1059 21.39 1.740 1.241 198.26 515.11 316.85 0.994 2.158
0 813.1 1055 22.09 1.745 1.251 200.00 515.30 315.30 1.000 2.154
14
Pressure Density Isobaric specific heat Specific Enthalpy Specific Entropy
Temp. kPa kg/m kJ/kgK kJ/kg kJ/kgK
°C Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Latent Liquid Vapor
1 839.5 1052 22.81 1.750 1.262 201.75 515.48 313.73 1.006 2.151
2 866.5 1048 23.55 1.756 1.272 203.50 515.65 312.15 1.013 2.147
3 894.1 1045 24.31 1.762 1.283 205.26 515.81 310.55 1.019 2.143
4 922.5 1041 25.09 1.767 1.294 207.03 515.96 308.93 1.025 2.140
5 951.4 1038 25.89 1.773 1.306 208.80 516.11 307.31 1.031 2.136
6 981.1 1034 26.71 1.779 1.317 210.58 516.24 305.66 1.038 2.133
7 1012 1031 27.56 1.786 1.329 212.36 516.36 304.00 1.044 2.129
8 1043 1027 28.43 1.792 1.341 214.15 516.47 302.32 1.050 2.126
9 1074 1023 29.32 1.799 1.354 215.94 516.57 300.63 1.057 2.122
10 1107 1020 30.23 1.806 1.367 217.74 516.66 298.92 1.063 2.118
11 1140 1016 31.17 1.813 1.380 219.55 516.74 297.19 1.069 2.115
12 1174 1012 32.14 1.820 1.393 221.36 516.80 295.44 1.075 2.111
13 1209 1008 33.13 1.827 1.407 223.18 516.86 293.68 1.082 2.108
14 1244 1005 34.15 1.835 1.421 225.01 516.90 291.89 1.088 2.104
15 1281 1001 35.19 1.843 1.435 226.84 516.93 290.09 1.094 2.101
16 1318 997.1 36.26 1.851 1.450 228.68 516.95 288.27 1.100 2.097
17 1356 993.2 37.37 1.859 1.465 230.53 516.96 286.43 1.107 2.094
18 1395 989.3 38.50 1.868 1.481 232.39 516.95 284.57 1.113 2.090
19 1434 985.4 39.66 1.877 1.497 234.25 516.93 282.68 1.119 2.087
20 1475 981.4 40.86 1.886 1.514 236.12 516.90 280.78 1.125 2.083
21 1516 977.4 42.08 1.895 1.531 238.00 516.85 278.85 1.132 2.080
22 1558 973.3 43.34 1.905 1.548 239.89 516.79 276.90 1.138 2.076
23 1601 969.3 44.64 1.915 1.566 241.78 516.71 274.93 1.144 2.072
24 1645 965.2 45.97 1.926 1.585 243.69 516.62 272.93 1.150 2.069
25 1690 961.0 47.34 1.937 1.604 245.60 516.51 270.91 1.157 2.065
26 1735 956.8 48.74 1.948 1.624 247.53 516.39 268.86 1.163 2.062
27 1782 952.6 50.19 1.960 1.645 249.46 516.25 266.79 1.169 2.058
28 1830 948.3 51.68 1.972 1.667 251.40 516.09 264.69 1.175 2.054
29 1878 944.0 53.20 1.984 1.689 253.35 515.92 262.56 1.182 2.051
30 1928 939.6 54.78 1.997 1.712 255.32 515.72 260.41 1.188 2.047
31 1978 935.2 56.39 2.011 1.736 257.29 515.51 258.22 1.194 2.043
32 2029 930.7 58.06 2.025 1.760 259.28 515.29 256.01 1.201 2.040
33 2082 926.2 59.77 2.040 1.786 261.27 515.04 253.77 1.207 2.036
34 2135 921.7 61.53 2.055 1.813 263.28 514.77 251.49 1.213 2.032
35 2190 917.0 63.34 2.071 1.841 265.30 514.48 249.18 1.220 2.028
36 2245 912.4 65.21 2.088 1.870 267.34 514.17 246.83 1.226 2.025
37 2302 907.6 67.14 2.105 1.901 269.38 513.84 244.46 1.233 2.021
38 2360 902.8 69.12 2.124 1.933 271.45 513.49 242.04 1.239 2.017
39 2418 898.0 71.16 2.143 1.966 273.52 513.11 239.59 1.246 2.013
40 2478 893.0 73.27 2.163 2.001 275.61 512.71 237.09 1.252 2.009
41 2539 888.0 75.44 2.184 2.038 277.72 512.28 234.56 1.258 2.005
42 2601 883.0 77.68 2.206 2.077 279.84 511.82 231.99 1.265 2.001
43 2665 877.8 80.00 2.230 2.117 281.98 511.34 229.37 1.272 1.997
44 2729 872.6 82.39 2.255 2.160 284.13 510.83 226.70 1.278 1.993
45 2795 867.3 84.86 2.281 2.206 286.31 510.29 223.99 1.285 1.989
46 2862 861.9 87.41 2.309 2.254 288.50 509.72 221.22 1.291 1.985
47 2930 856.4 90.05 2.338 2.304 290.71 509.12 218.41 1.298 1.980
48 2999 850.8 92.79 2.369 2.358 292.95 508.48 215.54 1.305 1.976
49 3069 845.1 95.62 2.403 2.416 295.21 507.81 212.61 1.312 1.971
50 3141 839.3 98.55 2.439 2.477 297.49 507.10 209.62 1.318 1.967
51 3214 833.3 101.6 2.477 2.543 299.79 506.36 206.57 1.325 1.962
52 3289 827.3 104.7 2.518 2.613 302.12 505.57 203.45 1.332 1.958
53 3364 821.1 108.0 2.562 2.689 304.48 504.74 200.26 1.339 1.953
54 3441 814.8 111.4 2.609 2.771 306.87 503.86 196.99 1.346 1.948
55 3520 808.3 115.0 2.661 2.859 309.29 502.93 193.64 1.353 1.943
56 3600 801.7 118.7 2.717 2.956 311.74 501.95 190.21 1.360 1.938
57 3681 794.9 122.5 2.778 3.060 314.22 500.92 186.69 1.368 1.933
58 3764 787.9 126.6 2.845 3.175 316.75 499.82 183.07 1.375 1.928
59 3848 780.7 130.8 2.919 3.301 319.32 498.67 179.35 1.382 1.922
60 3933 773.3 135.2 3.001 3.441 321.93 497.44 175.51 1.390 1.917
61 4020 765.7 139.9 3.092 3.597 324.59 496.14 171.56 1.397 1.911
62 4109 757.8 144.7 3.193 3.771 327.30 494.76 167.46 1.405 1.905
63 4199 749.6 149.9 3.308 3.967 330.07 493.29 163.23 1.413 1.899
64 4291 741.1 155.3 3.438 4.190 332.90 491.73 158.83 1.421 1.892
65 4384 732.3 161.1 3.588 4.446 335.80 490.05 154.25 1.429 1.885
66 4479 723.0 167.2 3.761 4.743 338.78 488.26 149.48 1.438 1.878
67 4576 713.3 173.8 3.965 5.092 341.85 486.33 144.48 1.446 1.871
68 4675 703.2 180.8 4.207 5.508 345.02 484.25 139.23 1.455 1.863
69 4775 692.4 188.4 4.501 6.013 348.31 481.99 133.68 1.464 1.855
70 4877 680.9 196.7 4.865 6.639 351.73 479.52 127.78 1.474 1.846
15
R32
Instructions for Use and Handling