COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES

CORSE CODE EmTe 1012

CORSE TITLE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNEMENT

SECTION R

PROPOSED BY ABAYINEH YASAB

I.D NO 1200016
1,Discuss emerging technologies? Emerging
technology is a term generally used to describe a new
technology, but it may also refer to the continuing development
of an existing technology; it can have slightly different meaning
when used in different areas, such as media, business, science,
or education. The term commonly refers to technologies that
are currently developing, or that are expected to be available
within the next five to ten years, and is usually reserved for
technologies that are creating, or are expected to create,
significant social or economic effects.

Emerging digital technologies have generated new

opportunities while creating new legal challenges, particularly
related to copyrights, trademarks, patents, royalties, and
licensing. For example, the development of new digital
communication technologies and media has given rise to novel
issues relating to the digital reproduction and distribution of
copyrighted works. The federal government, affected industries,
and groups advocating for the public interest have taken (and
continue to take) action to craft appropriate protections and
offer legal certainty to copyright owners, digital technology
companies, the public, and other inter
2 discuss the difference between industrial revolution (IR 1.0-
IR 4.0)?

1st Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century through the use of steam
power and mechanisation of production. What before produced threads on simple
spinning wheels, the mechanised version achieved eight times the volume in the
same time. Steam power was already known. The use of it for industrial
purposes was the greatest breakthrough for increasing human productivity. Instead
of weaving looms powered by muscle, steam-engines could be used for power.
Developments such as the steamship or (some 100 years later) the steam-powered
locomotive brought about further massive changes because humans and goods could
move great distances in fewer hours.
 

2nd Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution began in the 19th century through the discovery
of electricity and assembly line production. Henry Ford (1863-1947) took the idea
of mass production from a slaughterhouse in Chicago: The pigs hung from conveyor
belts and each butcher performed only a part of the task of butchering the animal. Henry
Ford carried over these principles into automobile production and drastically altered it
in the process. While before one station assembled an entire automobile, now the
vehicles were produced in partial steps on the conveyor belt - significantly faster and
at lower cost.
 

3rd Industrial Revolution

The Third Industrial Revolution began in the ’70s in the 20th century through partial
automation using memory-programmable controls and computers. Since the
introduction of these technologies, we are now able to automate an entire production
process - without human assistance. Known examples of this are robots that perform
programmed sequences without human intervention.
 

4th Industrial Revolution

We are currently implementing the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This is characterised
by the application of information and communication technologies to industry and
is also known as "Industry 4.0". It builds on the developments of the Third Industrial
Revolution. Production systems that already have computer technology are
expanded by a network connection and have a digital twin on the Internet so to
speak. These allow communication with other facilities and the output of information
about themselves. This is the next step in production automation. The networking of
all systems leads to "cyber-physical production systems" and therefore smart
factories, in which production systems, components and people communicate via
a network and production is nearly autonomous.
When these enablers come together, Industry 4.0 has the potential to deliver some
incredible advances in factory environments. Examples include machines which can
predict failures and trigger maintenance processes autonomously or self-organized
logistics which react to unexpected changes in production.
And it has the power to change the way that people work. Industry 4.0 can pull
individuals into smarter networks, with the potential of more efficient working. The
digitalization of the manufacturing environment allows for more flexible methods of
getting the right information to the right person at the right time. The increasing use of
digital devices inside factories and out in the field means maintenance professionals
can be provided with equipment documentation and service history in a timelier
manner, and at the point of use. Maintenance professionals want to be solving
problems, not wasting time trying to source the technical information that they need.

3 define data and discuss how it is studied using the data science
discipline? Data are units of information, often numeric, that are collected through observation.
In a more technical sense, data are a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables about one
or more persons or object .data is different types of information that usually is formatted in a
particular manner. All the software is divided into two major categories, and those are programs
and data.. Data science is an inter-disciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes,
algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data,[1]
[2]
 and apply knowledge and actionable insights from data across a broad range of application
domains. Data science is related to data mining, machine learning and big data

4 define artificial intelligence (IA) and list down its types ?

the term artificial intelligence (AI) refers to any human-like intelligence exhibited by a computer,
robot, or other machine. In popular usage, artificial intelligence refers to the ability of a computer
or machine to mimic the capabilities of the human mind—learning from examples and
experience, recognizing objects, understanding and responding to language, making decisions,
solving problems—and combining these and other capabilities to perform functions a human
might perform, such as greeting a hotel guest or driving a car.

Types of AI

Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types, there are mainly two types of the main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI,
A. Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:

➢ Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence. The most
common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.
➢ Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task.
Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits

2. General AI:
➢ General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a
human.
➢ The idea behind the general AI to make such a system that could be smarter and think like a human
on its own.
➢ Currently, there is no such system exists which could come under general AI and can perform any
task as perfect as a human.
3. Super AI: ➢ Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than a human with cognitive properties. This refers to
aspects like general wisdom, problem solving and creativity. It is an outcome of general AI.

B. Based on the functionality

1. Reactive Machines
➢ Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
➢ Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
➢ These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.

2. Limited Memory
➢ Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
➢ These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.

3. Theory of Mind
➢ Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact
socially like humans.

4. Self-Awareness
➢ These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
➢ Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

5 what is internet of things (IoT) and discuss how it works ?

➢ The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to the 2020 conceptual framework is expressed through a
simple formula such as: IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors Generally, The Internet of Things (IoT)
is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
 IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or
people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. IoT is a network of devices that can
sense, accumulate and transfer data over the internet without any human intervention. The internet of
things (IoT) has found its application in several areas such as connected industry, smart-city, smart-
home, smart-energy, connected car, smart agriculture, connected building and campus, health care,
logistics, among other domains

how it work?
An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded processors, sensors and
communication hardware to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments. IoT
devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or another edge device
where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices
communicate with other related devices and act on the information they get from one another. The
devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can interact with the devices.
For instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access