MATH

MATRICES & DETERMINANTS

Grade 9 | Topic 1

MATRICES
A rectangular array of real numbers enclosed within brackets 1 3 4
MATRIX
is said to form a matrix. 7 2 0
If a matrix 𝐴 has 𝑚 rows and 𝑛 columns, then the order of 𝐴 is 1 2 3
𝐴=
ORDER OF A MATRIX 1 0 2
𝑚-by-𝑛. is of order 2-by-3.
1 3
𝐴=
Two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 are equal if the order of matrix 𝐴 is equal to −4 2
EQUAL MATRICES 1 2+1
the order of matrix 𝐵 and their corresponding entries are equal. 𝐵=
−4 4 − 2
𝐴=𝐵

TYPES OF MATRICES
ROW MATRIX A matrix is called a row matrix, if it has only one row. 2 −1 7
2
COLUMN MATRIX A matrix is called a column matrix, if it has only one column. 0
1
A matrix 𝐴 is called a rectangular matrix, if the number of its rows is 1 2 3
RECTANGULAR MATRIX 𝐴=
not equal to the number of its columns. 1 0 2

A matrix 𝐴 is called a square matrix, if the number of its rows is 1 3

SQUARE MATRIX 𝐴=
equal to the number of its columns. −4 2

NULL MATRIX A matrix 𝐴 is called a null or zero matrix, if each of its entries is 0. 0 0
𝐴=
0 0
A square matrix 𝐴 is called a diagonal matrix, if at least any one of 0 0 0
DIAGONAL MATRIX the entries of its diagonal is not zero and all non-diagonal entries 𝐴= 0 1 0
are 0. 0 0 3
𝑘 0 0
A diagonal matrix is called a scalar matrix, if all the diagonal entries 𝐴 = 0 𝑘 0 where
SCALAR MATRIX
are same and non-zero. 0 0 𝑘
𝑘 is a constant ≠ 0,1.
1 0 0
A diagonal matrix is called an identity matrix, if all diagonal entries
IDENTITY MATRIX 𝐼= 0 1 0
are 1. It is denoted by 𝐼.
0 0 1

SKEW
SYMMETRIC A square matrix 𝐴 is called symmetric, A square matrix 𝐴 is said to be skew
SYMMETRIC
MATRIX if 𝐴𝑡 = 𝐴. symmetric, if 𝐴𝑡 = −𝐴.
MATRIX

HOW TO FIND THE TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX?

1
2 3
𝐴=
A matrix obtained by changing the rows into columns or columns into rows of a matrix is called 1
0 2
1 1
transpose of that matrix. If 𝐴 is a matrix, then its transpose is denoted by 𝐴𝑡 .
𝐴𝑡 = 2 0
3 2

HOW TO FIND THE NEGATIVE OF A MATRIX?

1 3
𝐴=
Let 𝐴 be a matrix. Then its negative, −𝐴, is obtained by changing the signs of all the entries of 𝐴. −4 2
−1 −3
−𝐴 =
4 −2

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MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
Grade 9 | Topic 1

Any two matrices 𝑀 and 𝑁 are said to be conformable for addition, if the order of 𝑀
CONFORMABILITY FOR ADDITION
is equal to the order of 𝑁.
If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices and 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝐴, then matrix 𝐵 is called additive
ADDITIVE IDENTITY OF A MATRIX
identity of matrix 𝐴.
If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices of the same order such that 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑂 = 𝐵 + 𝐴, then 𝐴
ADDITIVE INVERSE OF A MATRIX
and 𝐵 are called additive inverses of each other.

CONFORMABILITY FOR The matrices 𝑀 and 𝑁 are conformable for multiplication to obtain 𝑀𝑁 if the
MULTIPLICATION number of columns of 𝑀 is equal to the number of rows of 𝑁.
MULTIPLICATIVE IDENTITY Let 𝐴 be a matrix. Another matrix 𝐵 is called the identity matrix of 𝐴 under
OF A MATRIX multiplication, if 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐴 = 𝐵 × 𝐴.
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two non-singular square matrices of the same order. Then 𝐴 and 𝐵
MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE
are said to be multiplicative inverses of each other if 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼. The inverse of
OF A NON-SINGULAR MATRIX
𝐴 is denoted by 𝐴−1 , thus 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼.

LAWS UNDER ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION

Let 𝑀, 𝑁, and 𝑇 be three matrices of the same order, then
• Commutative law under addition: 𝑀 + 𝑁 = 𝑁 + 𝑀
• Associative law under addition: (𝑀 + 𝑁) + 𝑇 = 𝑀 + (𝑁 + 𝑇)
• Commutative law under multiplication: does not hold in general, i.e., 𝑀𝑁 ≠ 𝑁𝑀
• Associative law under multiplication: (𝑀𝑁)𝑇 = 𝑀(𝑁𝑇)
• Left distributive law under multiplication: 𝑀(𝑁 + 𝑇) = 𝑀𝑁 + 𝑀𝑇
• Right distributive law under multiplication: (𝑁 + 𝑇)𝑀 = 𝑁𝑀 + 𝑇𝑀

HOW TO FIND THE DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX?

𝑎 𝑏
Let 𝑀 = be a 2-by-2 matrix. A real number 𝜆 is called determinant of 𝑀, denoted by det 𝑀
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
such that det 𝑀 = = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 = 𝜆
𝑐 𝑑

A square matrix 𝑀 is called singular, if the determinant of 𝑀 is equal to zero.

A square matrix 𝑀 is called non-singular, if the determinant of 𝑀 is not equal to zero.

HOW TO FIND THE ADJOINT OF A MATRIX?

𝑎 𝑏
Adjoint of a square matrix 𝑀 = is obtained by interchanging the diagonal entries and 𝑑 −𝑏
𝑐 𝑑 Adj 𝑀 =
changing the sign of other entries. −𝑐 𝑎

HOW TO FIND THE INVERSE OF A MATRIX USING ADJOINT?

𝑎 𝑏 1
Let 𝑀 = be a square matrix, then 𝑀−1 = Adj 𝐴.
𝑐 𝑑 det 𝐴

LAW OF TRANSPOSE OF PRODUCT (𝐴𝐵)𝑡 = 𝐵 𝑡 𝐴𝑡

LAW OF INVERSE OF PRODUCT (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1
SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS The system of simultaneous linear equations can be solved by using matrix
LINEAR EQUATIONS inversion method or by using Cramer’s rule.

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