Dr. Ranojit Kumar Dutta (DRD)

Lecture-04
Course Code: PHY101 (DBA)

Course Title: Introduction to Physics
Date: 29/05/2021
Dr. Ranojit Kumar Dutta

(DRD)
Assistant Professor
GED, Faculty of Science and Engineering 1
Lecture 04:
Introduction to Physics:
Carnot‘s Cycle, Carnot‘s Engine, Entropy, Efficiency
2
Carnot’s Cycle
A cycle in which the working substance starting from a given condition of

temperature, pressure and volume is made to undergo two successive
expansions (one isothermal and another adiabatic), and then two
successive compressions (one isothermal and another adiabatic), and
then brought back finally to its initial condition, is called Carnot’s cycle.
3
4
Applications of thermodynamics law
5
Carnot’s Cycle
6
Carnot’s Cycle
Isothermal process: When a gas

undergoes a change in pressure and
volume at constant temperature, the gas is
said to undergo an isothermal change, and
the process in which the change takes
place is called isothermal process
7
Carnot’s Cycle
Adiabatic process: The process in which a

system neither receives heat nor rejects
heat is called adiabatic process.
8
Carnot’s Cycle
Figure 4 illustrates
the operation of the
common four-stroke
gasoline engine. The
four steps shown
complete this heat
engine’s cycle,
bringing the gasoline-
air mixture back to its
original condition.
Figure 4. In the four-stroke internal combustion gasoline engine, heat transfer into work takes place in the cyclical process shown here. The piston
is connected to a rotating crankshaft, which both takes work out of and does work on the gas in the cylinder. (a) Air is mixed with fuel during the
intake stroke. (b) During the compression stroke, the air-fuel mixture is rapidly compressed in a nearly adiabatic process, as the piston rises with
the valves closed. Work is done on the gas. (c) The power stroke has two distinct parts. First, the air-fuel mixture is ignited, converting chemical
potential energy into thermal energy almost instantaneously, which leads to a great increase in pressure. Then the piston descends, and the gas
does work by exerting a force through a distance in a nearly adiabatic process. (d) The exhaust stroke expels the hot gas to prepare the engine for
another cycle, starting again with the intake stroke. 9
Carnot’s Cycle
10
Carnot’s Engine
Carnot’s Engine: The device which transforms

heat energy into mechanical energy is called heat
engine. In order to explain this phenomenon
theoretically French Engineer Sadi Carnot
proposed an ideal engine. This engine is called
Carnot’s engine.
Carnot’s engine consists of the following parts and

components:
1) Cylinder, A: Carnot’s engine consists a cylinder

A whose three walls are made of thermally
insulated material. Its lower end is made of
conducting material. This cylinder is fitted with
frictionless insulated piston P and filled with
working substance. 11
Carnot’s Engine
2) Heat source, M: The heat source M is an
warm object having high thermal capacity.
The absolute temperature T1 of heat source
always remains constant.
3) Heat sink, N: An object N at lower

absolute temperature T2 acts as a heat sink.
Its thermal capacity is very high.
Temperature T2 always remains constant
T2<<T1.
4) Platform, S: This platform S is made of

insulating material on which the cylinder can
be placed. Heat source and heat sink can
also be placed on it and can be removed
12
without friction.
Carnot’s Engine
M P N
13
Carnot’s Engine
Working : The Carnot engine has the following

four stages of operations.
1. Isothermal expansion 2. Adiabatic
expansion 3. Isothermal compression 4.
Adiabatic compression.
Let us consider one mole of an ideal gas

enclosed in the cylinder. Let V1, P1 be the
initial volume and pressure of the gas
respectively. The initial state of the gas is
represented by the point A on
the PV diagram. The cylinder is placed
over the source which is at the
temperature T1.
14
Carnot’s Engine
Isothermal expansion
The piston is allowed to move slowly

outwards, so that the gas expands. Heat is
gained from the source and the process is
isothermal at constant temperature T1. In
this process the volume of the gas
changes from V1 to V2 and the pressure
changes from P1 to P2. This process is
represented by AB in the indicator diagram
(Fig.).
Q1 = W1 = ∫v1v2 PdV = RT1loge(V2/V1) =
area ABGEA ...(1)
15
Carnot’s Engine
Adiabatic expansion
The cylinder is taken from the source and
is placed on the insulting stand and the
piston is moved further so that the volume
of the gas changes from V2 to V3 and the
pressure changes from P2 to P3 . This
adiabatic expansion is represented by BC.
Since the gas is thermally insulated from
all sides no heat can be gained from the
surroundings. The temperature of the gas
falls from T1 to T2.
∴ W2 = ∫ v1v2PdV = R/(γ-1) . (T1-T2)= Area
BCHGB ...(2)
16
Carnot’s Engine
Isothermal compression
The cylinder is now placed on the sink at a
temperature T2. The piston is moved slowly
downward to compress the gas isothermally.
This is represented by CD. Let (V4, P4) be the
volume and pressure corresponding to the
point D. Since the base of the cylinder is
conducting the heat produced during
compression will pass to the sink so that, the
temperature of the gas remains constant at T2
Let Q2 be the amount of heat rejected to the
sink and W3 be the amount of work done on
the gas in compressing it isothermally.
Q2 = W 3 = ∫v1v2-PdV = -RT2loge(V4/V3) = - area
ABGEA ...(1)
17
Carnot’s Engine
Adiabatic compression
The cylinder is now placed on the

insulating stand and the piston is further
moved down in such a way that the gas is
compressed adiabatically to its initial
volume V1 and pressure P1. As the gas is
insulated from all sides heat produced
raises the temperature of the gas to T1.
This change is adiabatic and is
represented by DA. Let W4 be the work
done on the gas in compressing it
adiabatically from a state D (V4 , P4) to the
initial state A (V1, P1).
∴ W 4 = - ∫v1v2PdV = -R/(γ-1) . (T1-T2)=
Area BCHGB ...(4)
18
Carnot’s Engine
Work done by the engine per cycle
Total work done by the gas during one cycle of
operation is (W1 + W2). Total work done on the gas
during one cycle of operation is (W 3 + W 4). ∴ Net
work done by the gas in a complete cycle
W = W 1 + W 2 -(W 3 + W 4)
But W 2 = W 4
∴ W = W1 - W3
W = Q1 - Q2
Also, W = Area ABGEA + Area BCHGB - Area
CDFHC - Area DAEFD
(i.e) W = Area ABCDA
Hence in Carnot heat engine, net work done by the gas
per cycle is numerically equal to the area of the loop
representing the cycle.
19
Entropy
20
Entropy
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics:
The definition of ΔS is strictly valid

only for reversible processes, such
as used in a Carnot engine.
However, we can find ΔS precisely
even for real, irreversible processes.
The reason is that the entropy S of a
system, like internal energy U,
depends only on the state of the
system and not how it reached that
condition.
Figure 2. When a system goes from state 1 to state 2, its entropy changes by the same amount ΔS, 21
whether a hypothetical reversible path is followed or a real irreversible path is taken.
Entropy
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics:

Entropy is a property of state. Thus
the change in entropy ΔS of a system
between state 1 and state 2 is the
same no matter how the change
occurs. We just need to find or
imagine a reversible process that
takes us from state 1 to state 2 and
calculate ΔS for that process. That will
be the change in entropy for any
process going from state 1 to state 2.
(See Figure 2.)
Figure 2. When a system goes from state 1 to state 2, its entropy changes by the same amount ΔS, whether a 22
hypothetical reversible path is followed or a real irreversible path is taken.
Efficiency
All real engines are less efficient than the Carnot engine because
they do not operate through a reversible cycle.
23
Efficiency
24
Homework (HW)
A carnot’s engine has the same efficiency between 1000K and 500K and
between XK and 1000K. Calculate X?
1st case:
Temperature of the source, T1 = 1000K
Temperature of the sink, T2 = 500 K
Efficiency, n1=?
2nd case:
Temperature of the sink, T2 = 500 K
Efficiency, n1=n2=1/2
Temperature of the source T1=?
25
Homework (HW)
A particular heat engine has a mechanical power output of 5.00 kW and an

efficiency of 25.0%. The engine expels 8.00 × 103 J of exhaust energy in each
cycle. Find (a) the energy taken in during each cycle and (b) the time interval for
each cycle.
26
Homework (HW)
Assignment;
“ENTROPY INCREASES IN AN IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS”
27

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Lecture-04

Course Code: PHY101 (DBA)

Dr. Ranojit Kumar Dutta

A cycle in which the working substance starting from a given condition of

Isothermal process: When a gas

Adiabatic process: The process in which a

Carnot’s Engine: The device which transforms

Carnot’s engine consists of the following parts and

1) Cylinder, A: Carnot’s engine consists a cylinder

3) Heat sink, N: An object N at lower

4) Platform, S: This platform S is made of

Working : The Carnot engine has the following

Let us consider one mole of an ideal gas

The piston is allowed to move slowly

The cylinder is now placed on the

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics:

The definition of ΔS is strictly valid

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics:

A particular heat engine has a mechanical power output of 5.00 kW and an

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