Lab Experiment# 05

Roll No. ____20CS005___________ Date of Conduct: ______________

Submission Date: _______________ Grade Obtained: ______________

Signature of Tutor: _____________ Date: _____________________

LAB DATA
ABILITY TO
SUBJECT ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OBSERVATION/RE
PERFORMANCE KNOWLEDGE INTERPRETATI
CONDUCT PRESENTATION
AND CODING SULTS
SCORE
EXPERIMENT
INDICATOR ON

OBJECTIVE:
 To understand the operation of Full wave rectification by using Breadboard.
EQUIPMENTS:
 Oscilloscope.

 0−+ 15 Power supply

COMPONENTS:
1) Step down transformer 1) A breadboard.
(6+6 V ) 2) 1−K Ω resistor
2) Two diodes(IN 4007series)
3) Few connecting hard wires.
Introduction:
Full wave rectification is the process through which an ac sinusoidal input voltage is converted into a
pulsating dc voltage with two output pulses occurring for each input cycle. The full wave rectifier consists of two

diodes and a load resistor ( RL) .

Operation: During the positive half cycle of a.c input voltage, point 5 is positive and point 8 is negative. This makes
the diode D1 forward biased and diode D2 reverse biased. Therefore D1 conducts the current and D2 does not conduct

the current, so current will only flow across D1 through the load resistor
R L in upper half cycle as shown in figure
4.1.
During the negative half cycle, of a.c input voltage point 5 is negative and point 8 is positive. Under this condition the
diode D2 is forward biased while diode D1 is reverse biased. Therefore D2 conducts the current because D2 is in
forward biased condition while D1 does not conduct the current because the D1 is in reverse biased condition.

Therefore current flows only D2 through the load resistor

R L in the upper half cycle as shown in fig. 4-2.
 + 1
D1
2

1 T2 5 C u r re n t d u e to D 1
RL
6

4 8
+
TRANSFORM ER CT D2
1 2

-
Figure 4.1: Output waveform during positive half cycle.

- D1 C u r re n t d u e to D 2
1 2

1 T2 5
RL
6 +
4 8

TRANSFORM ER CT D2
1 2

+
Figure 4.2: Output waveform during negative half cycle.
The complete input cycle can provide us the output waveform as shown in figure 4-3.

A.C Input

Rectifier Output

Full wave rectifier output

Figure 4-3.Output waveform of full wave rectification
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the Full wave circuit as shown in figure 4.1(for positive half cycle) and 4-2 (for negative half cycle) and
observe the waveform.
2. Observe the ripple on the Oscilloscope, using the feature of dc/ac coupling.
3. Calculate the ripple factor for positive and negative cycles.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No (Vin) p− p Vout( Peak ) Vavg=2Vp/ π Vr .m.s=Vp/1.41 Ripple factor

01
02
03
04
05

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. What is Full wave Rectification process?

A Full Wave Rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage into a pulsating dc voltage using both half cycles of
the applied ac voltage. It uses two diodes of which one conducts during one half cycle while the other conducts during
the other half cycle of the applied ac voltage.

2. What is Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)?

The peak inverse voltage is either the specified maximum voltage that a diode rectifier can block, or, alternatively, the
maximum voltage that a rectifier needs to block in a given circuit. The peak inverse voltage rises with rise in
temperature and decrease with decrease in temperature.

3. How many diodes conduct in the full-wave center tapped rectifier during positive half cycle?
One diode
4. How much the Peak Inverse Voltage of rectifier (PIV)?
PIV for a half wave rectifier is, Vm while for full wave bridge rectifier, it is also Vm and for full wave
center tapped rectifier, it is 2vm.
 Lab Experiment# 06

Roll No. ____20CS005___________ Date of Conduct: ______________

Submission Date: _______________ Grade Obtained: ______________

Signature of Tutor: _____________ Date: _____________________

LAB DATA
ABILITY TO
SUBJECT ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OBSERVATION/RE
PERFORMANCE KNOWLEDGE INTERPRETATI
CONDUCT PRESENTATION
AND CODING SULTS
SCORE
EXPERIMENT
INDICATOR ON

OBJECTIVE:
 To understand the operation of Full wave Bridge rectification by using (a) Kit (b) Breadboard (c) Electronic
workbench (simulation).
EQUIPMENTS:
 Oscilloscope.
 Function generator

 0−+ 15 Power supply

COMPONENTS:

(6+6 V ) 4) A breadboard.
1) Step down transformer
2) Four diodes(IN 4007series) 5) 1−K Ω resistor
3) Few connecting hard wires.
Introduction:
In full wave rectification the output current flows in the same direction during both half cycles of the
alternating input voltage. There are two methods to achieve the full wave rectifier.
 Bridge full wave rectification.
 Center tapped full wave rectification.
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification as shown in
figure 5.1.
The bridge rectifier is the most commonly used full wave rectifier circuit for several reasons.
1. It does not require a center tapped transformer, and therefore can be coupled directly to the ac power line if
desired.
2. Using a transformer with the same secondary voltage produces a peak output voltage that is nearly double the
voltage of the full wave center tapped rectifier. This results in a higher dc voltage from the supply.

Figure 5.1 Full wave rectifications

Operation: When the input cycle is positive for bridge full wave rectification, diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased

and conduct current as shown in figure 5.2. At this time a voltage is developed across
R L which look like the
positive half of the input cycle. During this time diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased.

Figure 5.2: Positive half cycle.

When input cycle is negative, the diodes D3 and D4 are forward biased as shown in figure 5.3 and conduct current in

same direction through

R L as during positive half cycle. During the negative half cycle, diodes D1 and D2 are
reverse biased.

Figure 5.3: Negative half cycle

When we combine the outputs of positive and negative half cycle, the resulting wave form look like as shown in
figure 5-4.

Figure 5.4: Output waveform of full wave bridge rectification

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the full wave bridge circuit as shown in figure 6-1 and observe the rectified output.
2. Calculate the ripple factor in each case.
3. Observe the ripple on the oscilloscope, using the feature of dc/ac coupling.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No (Vin) p− p Vout( Peak ) Vavg=2Vp/ π Vr .m.s=Vp/1.41 Ripple
factor
01
02
03
04

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. What is full wave Bridge rectification?

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2. Which type of rectifier has high ripple factor?

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3. What would be output in full wave bridge rectifier when one diode open?

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 Lab Experiment# 07

Roll No. ____20CS005___________ Date of Conduct: ______________

Submission Date: _______________ Grade Obtained: ______________

Signature of Tutor: _____________ Date: _____________________

LAB DATA
ABILITY TO
SUBJECT ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OBSERVATION/RE
PERFORMANCE KNOWLEDGE INTERPRETATI
CONDUCT PRESENTATION
AND CODING SULTS
SCORE
EXPERIMENT
INDICATOR ON

OBJECTIVE:
 To Construct dc power supply by using Breadboard.
EQUIPMENTS:
 Oscilloscope

 0−+ 15 Power supply

COMPONENTS:
1) BEE 422A Module 6) Breadboard.
2) Four diodes(IN 4007 series) 7) One load resistor (680−Ω)
3) One surge resistor (580−Ω) 8) One capacitor (470− µF)
4) Some LEDs 9) Digital Multimeter
5) Step down Transformer (6+6 V ) .
Introduction:
The power supply of an electronic system is used to convert the ac energy into dc energy. The basic power supply can
be broken into four circuit groups as shown in figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1: Block diagram of Regulated D.C Power supply.

Transformer: In general, the a.c line voltage present in your house wiring is not suitable for electronic circuits. Most
circuits require a considerably lower voltage, while a few require higher voltages. The transformer serves to convert
the ac line voltage to a voltage level more appropriate to the needs of the circuit to be powered (step down the 220 V
ac into the desired level of ac voltage (normally 12V or 15 V). However, a line transformer is generally large and
heavy, and is rather expensive. Therefore, some power supplies (notably for PCs) are deliberately designed to operate
directly from the ac line without a line transformer. The output of the transformer is still an ac voltage, but now of an
appropriate magnitude for the circuit to be powered.  
Rectifier: The next step is to force current to flow in one direction only, preventing the alternations that occur in the
transformer and the ac line. This process is known as rectification, and the circuit that accomplishes the task is the
rectifier. There are many different rectifier configurations that may be used according to the requirements of the
circuit. The output of the rectifier is a pulsating dc, which still has some of the variations from the ac line and
transformer .To observe better performance, bridge rectifier is used. The principal advantage of a bridge rectifier is
you do not need a center tap on the secondary of the transformer. A further but significant advantage is that the ripple
frequency at the output is twice the line frequency (i.e. 50 Hz or 60 Hz) and makes filtering somewhat easier.
Filter/Smoother: The pulsating dc from the rectifier is generally still not suitable to power the actual load circuit. The
pulsations typically vary from 0 volts to the peak output voltage of the transformer. Therefore, we insert a circuit to
store energy during each voltage peak, and then release it to the load when the rectifier output voltage drops. This
circuit is called a filter, and its job is to reduce the pulses from the rectifier to a much smaller ripple voltage. No filter
configuration can be absolutely perfect, but a properly designed filter will provide a dc output voltage with only a
small ac ripple.  Capacitor is used for reducing the variations in the rectifier output signal. In previous practical the
capacitor was charged through a diode, but in power supply we must consider surge currents. Initially, when we turn
the power supply on, the filter capacitor is fully discharged and acts as a short circuit. So initially only the resistance
of the diode and the winding resistance of the transformer secondary limit the diode current. Therefore a surge resistor
is added before capacitor to add some charging time constant. The discharge time depends on the load resistance
Regulator/Zener Diode: The final circuit in the basic power supply is the voltage regulator. In this case we use zener
diodes as voltage regulators, as they are capable of maintaining a constant load voltage despite changes in the rectifier
output voltage.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in figure 6-2.
2. Use Digital Multimeter to measure the voltages and currents at different points.

Figure.6-2 D.C Power supply

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Test point Measured values (Volts)
Ac input to Transformer
Ac output from Transformer
DC output Voltage from Capacitor
Drop across the load resistor
Load Current (dc)
Drop across LED
Voltage across zener
Drop across surge resistor

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is a dc power supply?

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2. What are the basic building blocks of a dc power supply?

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3. What are the applications of dc power supply?

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4. What is the purpose of load resistor if there is LED at the output?

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