Chapter 1

Interpolation

1.1 Interpolation

Let y(x) be a continuous function in some interval [a, b], and defined at n+1 distinct
points x0 , x1 , · · · , xn such that a = x0 < x1 < x2 · · · < xn = b. These points may be
equispaced or non equispaced. The problem of polynomial interpolation is to find a
polynomial yn (x) of degree ≤ n, which fits the given distinct data exactly, i.e.,

yn (xi ) = y(xi ), i = 0, 1, 2, · · · , n.

Such a polynomial is called the interpolating polynomial.

1.2 Newton’s formulae for interpolation

Given the set of (n + 1) values (x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 ), · · · , (xn , yn ) of x and y, it is re-

quired to find yn (x), a polynomial of the nth degree such that y and yn (x) agree
at the tabulated points. Let the values of x be equidistance i.e., xi = x0 + ih,
i = 0, 1, 2, · · · , n.

Since yn (x) is a polynomial of the nth degree, it may be written as

yn (x) = a0 + a1 (x − x0 ) + a2 (x − x0 )(x − x1 ) + · · ·

· · · + an (x − x0 )(x − x1 ) · · · (x − xn−1 ). (1.1)

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 CHAPTER 1. INTERPOLATION

Imposing now the condition that y and yn (x) should agree at the set of tabulated
points, we obtain

y1 − y0 ∆y0 ∆2 y0 ∆n y0
a0 = y0 ; a1 = = ; a2 = 2 ; · · · ; an = n .
x1 − x0 h h 2! h n!

Setting x = x0 + ph and substituting for a0 , a1 , · · · , an , Eq. (1.1) gives

p(p − 1) 2 p(p − 1)(p − 2) 3

yn (x) = y0 + p∆y0 + ∆ y0 + ∆ y0 + · · ·
2! 3!
p(p − 1) · · · (p − n + 1) n
··· + ∆ y0 , (1.2)
n!

which is Newton’s forward difference interpolation formula and useful for

interpolation near the beginning of a set of tabular values.

Remark. Error in the approximation is given by

p(p − 1) · · · (p − n) n+1
y(x) − yn (x) ≈ ∆ y(ξ), x0 < ξ < xn .
(n + 1)!

Instead of assuming yn (x) as in (1.1), if we choose it in the form

yn (x) = a0 + a1 (x − xn ) + a2 (x − xn )(x − xn−1 ) + · · ·

· · · + an (x − xn )(x − xn−1 ) · · · (x − x1 ), (1.3)

and then impose the condition that y and yn (x) should agree at the tabulated points
xn , xn−1 , · · · , x1 , x0 , we obtain (after some simplification)

p(p + 1) 2 p(p + 1)(p + 2) 3

yn (x) = yn + p∇yn + ∇ yn + ∇ yn + · · ·
2! 3!
p(p + 1) · · · (p + n − 1) n
··· + ∇ yn , (1.4)
n!

where p = (x − xn )/h. This is Newton’s backward difference interpolation

formula and useful for interpolation near the end of a set of tabular values.

Remark. Error in the approximation is given by

p(p + 1) · · · (p + n) n+1
y(x) − yn (x) ≈ ∇ y(ξ), x0 < ξ < xn .
(n + 1)!

The following examples illustrate the use of these formulae.

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 1.2. NEWTON’S FORMULAE FOR INTERPOLATION

Example 1. Find the cubic polynomial which takes the following values:

x 1 3 5 7
y(x) 24 120 336 720

Hence, or otherwise, obtain the value of y(8).

Solution: We form the difference table:

x y ∆ ∆2 ∆3
1 24
96
3 120 120
216 48
5 336 168
384
7 720

Here h = 2. With x0 = 1, we have x = 1+2p or p = (x−1)/2. Substituting

this value of p in Eq. (1.2), we obtain
x−1

x−1
x−1

x−1

x−1


x−1 −1 2 −1 −2
y(x) = y0 + ∆y0 + 2 2
∆ y0 + 2 2 2
∆3 y0
2 2!
x−1 3!

x−1

x−1
x−1 x−1


x−1 2 2
−1 2 2
−1 2
−2
= 24 + (96) + (120) + (48)
2 2! 3!
= x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6.

To find y(8), substitute x = 8 in y(x), we obtain y(8) = 990.

Note: This process of finding the value of y for some value of x outside the given
range is called extrapolation.

Example 2. The table below gives the values of tan x for 0.10 ≤ x ≤ 0.30

x 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

y 0.1003 0.1511 0.2027 0.2553 0.3093

Find (i) tan 0.12, and (ii) tan 0.26 .

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 CHAPTER 1. INTERPOLATION

Solution: We form the difference table:

x y ∆/∇ ∆2 /∇2 ∆3 /∇3 ∆4 /∇4

0.10 0.1003
0.0508
0.15 0.1511 0.0008
0.0516 0.0002
0.20 0.2027 0.0010 0.0002
0.0526 0.0004
0.25 0.2553 0.0014
0.0540
0.30 0.3093

(i) To find tan 0.12, we have 0.12 = 0.10 + p(0.05), which gives p = 0.4.
Hence Newton’s forward difference interpolation formula (1.2) gives

(0.4)(0.4 − 1) 2 (0.4)(0.4 − 1)(0.4 − 2) 3

tan(0.12) = y0 + (0.4)∆y0 + ∆ y0 + ∆ y0
2! 3!
(0.4)(0.4 − 1)(0.4 − 2)(0.4 − 3) 4
+ ∆ y0
4!
(0.4)(0.4 − 1)
= 0.1003 + (0.4)(0.0508) + (0.0008)
2!
(0.4)(0.4 − 1)(0.4 − 2)
+ (0.0002)
3!
(0.4)(0.4 − 1)(0.4 − 2)(0.4 − 3)
+ (0.0002)
4!
= 0.1205

(ii) To find tan 0.26, we have 0.26 = 0.30 + p(0.05), which gives p = −0.8.
Hence Newton’s backward difference interpolation formula (1.4) gives

(−0.8)(−0.8 + 1) 2
tan(0.26) = yn + (−0.8)∇yn + ∇ yn
2!
(−0.8)(−0.8 + 1)(−0.8 + 2) 3
+ ∇ yn
3!
(−0.8)(−0.8 + 1)(−0.8 + 2)(−0.8 + 3) 4
+ ∇ yn
4!
(−0.8)(−0.8 + 1)
= 0.3093 + (−0.8)(0.0540) + (0.0014)
2!
(−0.8)(−0.8 + 1)(−0.8 + 2)
+ (0.0004)
3!
(−0.8)(−0.8 + 1)(−0.8 + 2)(−0.8 + 3)
+ (0.0002)
4!
= 0.2662

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 1.3. CENTRAL DIFFERENCE INTERPOLATION FORMULAE

Example 3. The following are the number of deaths in four successive ten year age
groups. Find the number of deaths at 45-50 and 50-55.

Age group 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65

Deaths 13229 18139 24225 31496

Solution: The difference table is

Age upto (x) No. of deaths f (x) ∆ ∆2 ∆3

35 13229
18139
45 31368 6086
24225 1185
55 55593 7271
31496
65 87089

x − x0 50 − 35
Here h = 10, x0 = 35, p = = = 1.5
h 10
By Newton’s forward difference formula (1.2), we have
p(p − 1) 2 p(p − 1)(p − 2) 3
P (50) = y0 + p∆y0 + ∆ y0 + ∆ y0
2! 3!
1.5(1.5 − 1) 1.5(1.5 − 1)(1.5 − 2)
= 13229 + 1.5(18139) + (6086) + (1185)
2! 3!
= 42645.6875 ≈ 42646

∴ Deaths at the age between 45-50 is y50 − y45 = 42646 − 31368 = 11278
Deaths at the age between 50-55 is y55 − y50 = 55593 − 42646 = 12947.

1.3 Central difference interpolation formulae

In the preceding section, we derived and discussed Newton’s forward and backward
difference interpolation formulae, which are applicable for interpolation near the
beginning and end respectively, of tabulated values. We shall, in the present section,
discuss the central difference formulae which are most suited for interpolation near
the middle of a tabulated set.

1.3.1 Gauss’ central difference interpolation formulae

In this section, we will discuss Gauss’ forward and backward formulae.

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 CHAPTER 1. INTERPOLATION

1.3.1.1 Gauss’ forward formula

We consider the following difference table 1.1 in which the central ordinate is taken
for convenience as y0 corresponding to x = x0 .
The differences used in this formula are red number shown in Table 1.1. The formula
is, therefore, of the form

yp = y0 + G1 ∆y0 + G2 ∆2 y−1 + G3 ∆3 y−1 + G4 ∆4 y−2 + G5 ∆5 y−2 + · · · (1.5)

where G1 , G2 , · · · have to be determine.

Table 1.1: Gauss’ forward difference table

x y ∆ ∆2 ∆3 ∆4 ∆5 ∆6
x−3 y−3
∆y−3
∆2 y−3
x−2 y−2 ∆3 y−3
∆y−2 ∆4 y−3
∆2 y−2 ∆5 y−3
x−1 y−1 ∆3 y−2
∆y−1
2 ∆4 y−2 ∆6 y−3
∆ y−1 ∆5 y−2
x0 y0 ∆3 y−1
∆y0 ∆4 y−1
∆2 y0
x1 y1 ∆3 y0
∆y1
∆2 y1
x2 y2
∆y2
x3 y3

The yp on the left side can be expressed in terms of y0 , ∆y0 and higher-order
differences of y0 , as follows:

yp = E p y0

= (1 + ∆)p y0
p(p − 1) 2 p(p − 1)(p − 2) 3
= y0 + p∆y0 + ∆ y0 + ∆ y0 + · · ·
2! 3!

Similarly, the right side of Eq. (1.5) can also be expressed in terms of y0 , ∆y0 and

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 1.3. CENTRAL DIFFERENCE INTERPOLATION FORMULAE

higher-order differences of y0 . We have

∆2 y−1 = ∆2 E −1 y0

= ∆2 (1 + ∆)−1 y0

= ∆2 (1 − ∆ + ∆2 − ∆3 + · · · )y0

= ∆2 y0 − ∆3 y0 + ∆4 y0 − ∆5 y0 + · · · ,

∆3 y−1 = ∆3 y0 − ∆4 y0 + ∆5 y0 − ∆6 y0 + · · · ,

∆4 y−2 = ∆4 E −2 y0 = ∆4 (1 + ∆)−2 y0

= ∆4 y0 − 2∆5 y0 + 3∆6 y0 − 4∆7 y0 + · · ·

Hence, Eq. (1.5) gives the identity

p(p − 1) 2 p(p − 1)(p − 2) 3
y0 + p∆y0 + ∆ y0 + ∆ y0 + · · ·
2! 3!
= y0 + G1 ∆y0 + G2 (∆2 y0 − ∆3 y0 + · · · )

+ G3 (∆3 y0 − ∆4 y0 + ∆5 y0 − ∆6 y0 + · · · )

+ G4 (∆4 y0 − 2∆5 y0 + 3∆6 y0 − 4∆7 y0 + · · · ) (1.6)

Equating the coefficients of ∆y0 , ∆2 y0 , etc., on both side of Eq. (1.6), and substi-
tuting the obtained values in Eq. (1.5), we get
p(p − 1) 2 (p + 1)p(p − 1) 3
yp = y0 + p∆y0 + ∆ y−1 + ∆ y−1
2! 3!
(p + 1)p(p − 1)(p − 2) 4
+ ∆ y−2 + · · · (1.7)
4!
where p = (x − x0 )/h, which is the Gauss’ forward formula.

1.3.1.2 Gauss’ backward formula

The differences used in this formula are green number shown in Table 1.2. The
Gauss’ backward formula is, therefore, of the form (same solution procedure as
in Gauss’ forward formula)
p(p + 1) 2 (p + 1)p(p − 1) 3
yp = y0 + p∆y−1 + ∆ y−1 + ∆ y−2
2! 3!
(p + 2)(p + 1)p(p − 1) 4
+ ∆ y−2 + · · · (1.8)
4!

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 CHAPTER 1. INTERPOLATION

where p = (x − x0 )/h.

Table 1.2: Gauss’ backward difference table

x y ∆ ∆2 ∆3 ∆4 ∆5 ∆6
x−3 y−3
∆y−3
∆2 y−3
x−2 y−2 ∆3 y−3
∆y−2 ∆4 y−3
∆2 y−2 ∆5 y−3
x−1 y−1 ∆3 y−2
∆y−1 ∆4 y−2 ∆6 y−3
∆2 y−1 ∆5 y−2
x0 y0 ∆3 y−1
∆y0 ∆4 y−1
∆2 y0
x1 y1 ∆3 y0
∆y1
∆2 y1
x2 y2
∆y2
x3 y3

Remark. It is convenient to start with x0 nearest to x and then introduced x−1 , x1 , x−2 , x2 ,
and so on.

Example 4. From the following table, find the value of e1.17 using Gauss’s forward
formula:

x 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

ex 2.7183 2.8577 3.0042 3.1582 3.3201 3.4903 3.6693

Solution: We have 1.17 = 1.15 + p(0.05), which gives p = 2/5 = 0.4. Using Gauss’
forward formula (1.7), we have

(0.4)(0.4 − 1)
e1.17 = 3.1582 + (0.4)(0.1619) + (0.0079)
2!
(0.4 + 1)(0.4)(0.4 − 1) (0.4 + 1)(0.4)(0.4 − 1)(0.4 − 2)
+ (0.0004) + (0)
3! 4!
(0.4 + 2)(0.4 + 1)(0.4)(0.4 − 1)(0.4 − 2)
+ (0.0001)
5!
(0.4 + 2)(0.4 + 1)(0.4)(0.4 − 1)(0.4 − 2)(0.4 − 3)
+ (0.0001)
6!
= 3.2221

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 1.3. CENTRAL DIFFERENCE INTERPOLATION FORMULAE

The difference table is

x ex ∆ ∆2 ∆3 ∆4 ∆5 ∆6
1.00 2.7183
0.1394
0.0071
1.05 2.8577 0.0004
0.1465 0
0.0075 0
1.10 3.0042 0.0004
0.1540 0 0.0001
0.0079 0.0001
1.15 3.1582 0.0004
0.1619 0.0001
0.0083
1.20 3.3201 0.0005
0.1702
0.0088
1.25 3.4903
0.1790
1.30 3.6693

1.3.2 Stirling’s formula

Taking the mean of Gauss’ forward and backward formulae (1.7)-(1.8), we obtain
∆y−1 + ∆y0 p2 2 p(p2 − 1) ∆3 y−2 + ∆3 y−1
yp = y0 + p + ∆ y−1 +
2 2 3! 2
p2 (p2 − 1) 4
+ ∆ y−2 + · · · (1.9)
4!
which is known as Stirling’s formula.

1.3.3 Bessel’s formula

This is very useful formula for practical interpolation, and is given as

p(p − 1) ∆2 y−1 + ∆2 y0 p(p − 1)(p − 1/2) 3
yp = y0 + p∆y0 + + ∆ y−1
2! 2 3!
(p + 1)p(p − 1)(p − 2) ∆4 y−2 + ∆4 y−1
+ + ··· (1.10)
4! 2

1.3.4 Practical interpolation

In the preceding sections, we have derived some interpolation formulae of great

practical importance. A natural question is: Which one of these formulae gives the
most accurate result?.

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 CHAPTER 1. INTERPOLATION

(i) For interpolation at the beginning or end of a table of values, Newton’s forward
and backward interpolation formulae have to be used respectively.

(ii) For interpolation near the middle of a set of values, the following are choices:
1 1
Stirling’s formula if − ≤p≤
4 4
and
1 3
Bessel’s formula for ≤p≤ .
4 4
Example 5. Using Stirling’s interpolation formula to find y at x = 32 from the
given table:

x 20 30 40 50
y 512 439 346 243

Solution: Since x = 32 lying between 30 and 40. So we take 30 as the origin and
h = 10. Therefore, p = (32 − 30)/10 = 0.2 < 1/4. Hence, we apply
Stirling’s formula. The difference table is

x y ∆ ∆2 ∆3
20 512
-73
30 439 -20
-93 10
40 346 -10
-103
50 243

The Stirling’s formula is

∆y−1 + ∆y0 p2 2 p(p2 − 1) ∆3 y−2 + ∆3 y−1
yp = y0 + p + ∆ y−1 +
2 2 3! 2
p2 (p2 − 1) 4
+ ∆ y−2 + · · ·
4!

Therefore
 
−93 − 73 0.04
y0.2 = 439 + 0.2 + (−20) + 0
2 2
= 422

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 1.4. INTERPOLATION WITH UNEVENLY SPACED POINTS

1.4 Interpolation with unevenly spaced points

We discuss, in the present section, Lagrange’s interpolation and Newton’s general
interpolation formulae.

1.4.1 Lagrange’s interpolation formula

Given the (n + 1) points (x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 ), · · · , (xn , yn ) where the values of x need not
necessarily be equally spaced. The Lagrange’s interpolating polynomial passes
through given data points is given as:
n
X
Pn (x) = `i (x) yi , yi = y(xi ) (1.11)
i=0

where
(x − x0 )(x − x1 ) · · · (x − xi−1 )(x − xi+1 ) · · · (x − xn )
`i (x) = .
(xi − x0 )(xi − x1 ) · · · (xi − xi−1 )(xi − xi+1 ) · · · (xi − xn )
Interchanging x and y in Eq. (1.11), we obtain the inverse interpolation as
n
X
Pn (y) = `i (y) xi , xi = x(yi ) (1.12)
i=0

where
(y − y0 )(y − y1 ) · · · (y − yi−1 )(y − yi+1 ) · · · (y − yn )
`i (y) = .
(yi − y0 )(yi − y1 ) · · · (yi − yi−1 )(yi − yi+1 ) · · · (yi − yn )
Example 6. Certain corresponding values of x and log10 x are (300, 2.4771), (304, 2.4829),
(305, 2.4843) and (307, 2.4871). Find log10 301 .
P3
Solution: From Eq. (1.11), we have P3 (x) = i=0 `i (x) yi , i.e.,
(301 − 304)(301 − 305)(301 − 307)
P3 (301) = log10 301 = (2.4771)
(300 − 304)(300 − 305)(300 − 307)
(301 − 300)(301 − 305)(301 − 307)
+ (2.4829)
(304 − 300)(304 − 305)(304 − 307)
(301 − 300)(301 − 304)(301 − 307)
+ (2.4843)
(305 − 300)(305 − 304)(305 − 307)
(301 − 300)(301 − 304)(301 − 305)
+ (2.4871)
(307 − 300)(307 − 304)(307 − 305)
= 1.2739 + 4.9658 − 4.4717 + 0.7106 = 2.4786.

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 CHAPTER 1. INTERPOLATION

Example 7. If y1 = 4, y3 = 12, y4 = 19 and yx = 7, find x.

Solution: Using Eq. (1.12), we have

3
X
x= `i (y) xi
i=0
(7 − 12)(7 − 19) (7 − 4)(7 − 19) (7 − 4)(7 − 12)
x= (1) + (3) + (4)
(4 − 12)(4 − 19) (12 − 4)(12 − 19) (19 − 4)(19 − 12)
1 27 4 26
= + − = = 1.86
2 14 7 14

1.4.2 Divided differences and their properties

The Lagrange’s interpolation formula has the disadvantage that if another inter-
polation point were added, then the interpolation coefficient `i (x) will have to be
recomputed. We therefore seek an interpolation polynomial which has the prop-
erty that a polynomial of higher order may be derived from it by simply adding
new terms. Newton’s general interpolation formula is one such formula and
it employs what are called divided differences. It is our principal purpose in this
section to define such differences and discuss their properties.
Let (x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 ), · · · , (xn , yn ) be the given (n + 1) data points. Then the divided
differences of order 1, 2, · · · , n are defined by the relations:

y1 − y0
[x0 , x1 ] = , (first divided difference);
x1 − x0
[x1 , x2 ] − [x0 , x1 ]
[x0 , x1 , x2 ] = , (second divided difference);
x2 − x0
..
.
[x1 , x2 , · · · , xn ] − [x0 , x1 , · · · , xn−1 ]
[x0 , x1 , · · · , xn ] = , (nth divided difference).
xn − x0
(1.13)

Note: The divided differences are symmetrical in their arguments.

Even if the arguments are equal, the divided differences may still have a meaning.

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 1.4. INTERPOLATION WITH UNEVENLY SPACED POINTS

We then set x1 = x0 + h so that

y(x0 + h) − y(x0 )
[x0 , x1 ] = lim [x0 , x0 + h] = lim
h→0 h→0 h
0
= y (x0 ), if y(x) is differenctiable.

Similarly,

y r (x0 )
[x0 , x0 , · · · , x0 ] = .
| {z } r!
(r+1) argumetnts

Now let the arguments be equally spaced so that xn = x0 + nh, n = 1, 2, .. Then we

obtain

y1 − y0 1
[x0 , x1 ] = = ∆y0 ,
x1 − x0 h
 
[x1 , x2 ] − [x0 , x1 ] 1 ∆y1 ∆y0 1
[x0 , x1 , x2 ] = = − = 2 ∆2 y0 ,
x2 − x0 2h h h h 2!

and in general,

1
[x0 , x1 , · · · , xn ] = ∆n y0 . (1.14)
hnn!
Remark. If the tabulated function is a polynomial of nth degree, then ∆n y0 would
be a constant and hence the nth divided difference would also be a constant.

1.4.2.1 Newton’s general interpolation formula

By definition, we have
y − y0
[x, x0 ] = ,
x − x0

so that

y = y0 + (x − x0 )[x − x0 ].

Again
[x, x0 ] − [x0 , x1 ]
[x, x0 , x1 ] =
x − x1

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 CHAPTER 1. INTERPOLATION

which gives

[x, x0 ] = [x0 , x1 ] + (x − x1 )[x, x0 , x1 ].

Substituting this value of [x, x0 ] in above equation, we obtain

y = y0 + (x − x0 )[x0 , x1 ] + (x − x0 )(x − x1 )[x, x0 , x1 ]

Proceeding in this way, we obtain

y = y0 + (x − x0 )[x0 , x1 ] + (x − x0 )(x − x1 )[x0 , x1 , x2 ]

+ (x − x0 )(x − x1 )(x − x2 )[x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ] + · · ·

+ (x − x0 )(x − x1 ) · · · (x − xn )[x, x0 , x1 , · · · , xn ] (1.15)

This formula is called Newton’s general interpolation formula with divided

differences.

Example 8. Using the following table find f (x) as a polynomial in x:

x -1 0 3 6 7
f (x) 3 -6 39 822 1611

Solution: The divided difference table is

x f (x) 1st DD 2nd DD 3rd DD 4th DD

-1 3
-9
0 -6 6
15 5
3 39 41 1
261 13
6 822 132
789
7 1611

Using Newton’s general interpolation formula (1.15), we get

f (x) = 3 + (x + 1)(−9) + (x + 1)(x)(6) + (x + 1)(x)(x − 3)(5)

+ (x + 1)(x)(x − 3)(x − 6)(1)

= x4 − 3x3 + 5x2 − 6.

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 1.4. INTERPOLATION WITH UNEVENLY SPACED POINTS

Exercise
1. Form a table of differences for the function f (x) = x3 + 5x − 7 for x =
−1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Continue the table to obtain f (6) and f (7).

2. Evaluate (a) ∆2 x3 , (b) ∆2 cos x, (c) ∆[(x + 1)(x + 2)], (d) ∆(tan−1 x).

3. Find the missing term in the following:

x 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
y 1 3 - 73 225 - 1153

4. Using Gauss’s backward formula, find the value of f (33) given that f (25) = 1,
f (30) = 3, f (35) = 5 and f (40) = 7.

5. Find a cubic polynomial which fits the data (−2, −12), (−1, −8), (2, 3) and
(3, 5).

6. Given f (x) = 1/x2 , find the divided differences [a, b] and [a, b, c].
n
X
7. For the polynomial Pn (x) = ar xn−r , show that ∆n Pn (x) = a0 n!hn . Verify
r=0
the result by preparing the finite difference table of P3 (x) = 2x3 + 3x − 1 by
tabulating it for x = −2(1)3.

8. From the following table, find the number of students who obtained marks
between 60 and 70:

Marks obtained 0-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120

No. of students 250 120 100 70 50

Solution
1. 239, 371; 2. (a) 6h2 (h + x), (b) cos(x + 2h) − 2 cos(x + h) + cos x, (c) 2x + 4,
h 1 3 241 39 a+b
(d) tan−1 ; 3. 17, 551; 4. 5. − x3 − x2 + x − ; 6. − 2 2 ,
x(x + h) 15 20 60 10 ab
ab + bc + ca
− ; 8. 54.
a2 b 2 c 2

3EE2-01: Advance Mathematics; Dr.

15 Kamlesh Jangid, UD, RTU, Kota15
 CHAPTER 1. INTERPOLATION

For the video lecture use the following link

https://youtube.com/channel/UCk9ICMqdkO0GREITx-2UaEw

163EE2-01: Advance Mathematics; Dr.

16 Kamlesh Jangid, UD, RTU, Kota