MATH 114 Module 7 All Answers

PRE-TEST 7
Statistical Intervals
Name: John Arvin V. Escote Score:

Course & Year: BSCE-2A Date: June 4, 2021
Direction: Read the problems carefully. Write your solutions in a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Explain briefly the differences of the three types of interval estimates.

The three types of interval estimates are confidence interval, tolerance
interval, and prediction interval. Confidence interval is a type of interval
estimate which bounds population or distribution parameters. Statisticians
use a confidence interval to describe the amount of uncertainty associated
with a sample estimate of a population parameter. These are widely used in
engineering and the sciences. On the other hand, tolerance interval is
another type of interval estimate which bounds a selected proportion of a
distribution. They are easy to calculate when used for normal distributions.
Lastly, the prediction interval, from the name itself, is a type of interval
estimate which bounds one or more future observations from the population
or distribution.
2. What is the difference between confidence and tolerance interval?

The difference between confidence and tolerance interval is that the
confidence interval bounds a single-valued population or distribution
parameter (such as the mean or variance) with some confidence, while the
tolerance interval only bounds the range of data values that includes a
selected proportion of such population or distribution. Point estimates such
as 𝑥̅ and s can be used in tolerance interval, while the parameters μ and σ
belongs to confidence interval.
3. How would you construct a confidence interval?

In constructing a confidence interval, we have to follow these steps:
▪ Identify a sample statistic. Choose the statistic (e.g, sample mean, sample
proportion) that you will use to estimate a population parameter.
▪ Select a confidence level. As we noted in the previous section, the confidence
level describes the uncertainty of a sampling method. Often, researchers
choose 90%, 95%, or 99% confidence levels; but any percentage can be used.
▪ Find the margin of error. If you are working on a homework problem or a test
question, the margin of error may be given. Often, however, you will need to
compute the margin of error, based on one of the following equations.
Margin of error = Critical value * Standard deviation of statistic
Margin of error = Critical value * Standard error of statistic
▪ Specify the confidence interval. The uncertainty is denoted by the confidence
level. And the range of the confidence interval is defined by the following
equation.
Confidence interval = sample statistic + Margin of error
4. Each of the following is a confidence interval for 𝜇 = true average (i.e.,
population mean) resonance frequency (Hz) for all tennis rackets of a certain
type:
(114.4, 115.6) (114.1, 115.9)
a. What is the value of the sample mean resonance frequency?
b. Both intervals were calculated from the same sample data. The confidence
level for one of these intervals is 90% and for the other is 99%. Which of the
intervals has the 90% confidence level, and why?
II. Self-Evaluation:
1. Suppose that a random sample of 50 bottles of a particular brand of cough syrup

is selected and the alcohol content of each bottle is determined. Let 𝜇 denote the
average alcohol content for the population of all bottles of the brand under study.
Suppose that the resulting 95% confidence interval is (7.8, 9.4).
a. Would a 90% confidence interval calculated from this same sample have
been narrower or wider than the given interval? Explain your reasoning.
b. Consider the following statement: There is a 95% chance that 𝜇 is between
7.8 and 9.4. Is this statement correct? Why or why not?
c. Consider the following statement: We can be highly confident that 95% of all
bottles of this type of cough syrup have an alcohol content that is between
7.8 and 9.4. Is this statement correct? Why or why not?
d. Consider the following statement: If the process of selecting a sample of size
50 and then computing the corresponding 95% interval is repeated 100
times, 95 of the resulting intervals will include 𝜇. Is this statement correct?
Why or why not?
2. Assume that the helium porosity (in percentage) of coal samples taken from any
particular seam is normally distributed with true standard deviation 0.75.
a. Compute a 95 % CI for the true average porosity of a certain seam if the
average porosity for 20 specimen from the seam was 4.85.
b. Compute a 98 % CI for true average porosity of another seam based on 16
specimens with sample average porosity is 4.56.
c. How large a sample size is necessary if the width of 95 % interval is to
be 0.40?
d. What sample size necessary to estimate true average porosity to within 0.20
with 99 % confidence?
3. A sample of 14 joint specimens of a particular type gave a sample mean
proportional limit stress of 8.48 MPa and a sample standard deviation of 0.79 MPa
(“Characterization of Bearing Strength Factors in Pegged Timber Connections,” J.
of Structural Engr., 1997: 326–332).
a. Calculate and interpret a 95% lower confidence bound for the true average
proportional limit stress of all such joints. What, if any, assumptions did you
make about the distribution of proportional limit stress?
b. Calculate and interpret a 95% lower prediction bound for the proportional limit
stress of a single joint of this type.
4. An April 2019 survey of 2253 adults were conducted by the Research Center’s
Internet & Life Project revealed that 1262 of the respondents had some point used
wireless means for online access.
a. Calculate and interpret a 95 % CI for the proportion of all adults who at the
time of the survey had used wireless means for online access.
b. What sample size is required if the desired width of 95 % CI is to be at
most 0.04, irrespective of the sample results?
c. Does the upper limit of the interval in (𝑎) specify a 95% upper confidence
bound for the proportion being estimated? Explain.
Solutions:
POST-TEST 7
Statistical Intervals

Direction: Read the problems carefully. Write your solutions in a separate sheet of
paper.
1. A CI is desired for the true average stray-load loss 𝜇 (watts) for a certain type of
induction motor when the line current is held at 10 amps for a speed of 1500 rpm.
Assume that stray-load loss is normally distributed with 𝜎 = 3.0.
a. Compute a 95% CI for μ when n = 25 and 𝑥 = 58.3.

b. Compute a 95% CI for μ when n = 100 and 𝑥 = 58.3.
c. Compute a 99% CI for μ when n = 100 and 𝑥 = 58.3.
d. Compute an 82% CI for μ when n = 100 and 𝑥 = 58.3.
e. How large must n be if the width of the 99% interval for μ is to be 1.0?
2. A manufacturer of college textbooks is interested in estimating the strength of the

bindings produced by a particular binding machine. Strength can be measured
by recording the force required to pull the pages from the binding. If this force is
measured in pounds, how many books should be tested to estimate the average
force required to break the binding to within 0.1 lb with 95% confidence? Assume
that σ is known to be 0.8.
3. The accompanying observations on bond strength was introduced as shown in
a. Estimate true average bond strength in a way that conveys information

about precision and reliability. [𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 387.8 and ∑ 𝑥2𝑖 = 4247.08]
b. Calculate a 95 % CI for proportional of all such bonds whose strength
values would exceed 10.
4. Determine the confidence level for each of the following large-sample one-sided
confidence bounds.
a. Upper bound 𝑥 + 0.84𝑠⁄√𝑛
b. Lower bound 𝑥 − 2.05𝑠⁄√𝑛
c. Upper bound 𝑥 + 0.67𝑠⁄√𝑛
Solutions:

MATH 114 Module 7 All Answers

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What are the three types of interval estimates discussed in the passage and what are their main differences?

How would you construct a confidence interval?

PRE-TEST 7

Name: John Arvin V. Escote Score:

1. Explain briefly the differences of the three types of interval estimates.

2. What is the difference between confidence and tolerance interval?

3. How would you construct a confidence interval?

(114.4, 115.6) (114.1, 115.9)

a. What is the value of the sample mean resonance frequency?

1. Suppose that a random sample of 50 bottles of a particular brand of cough syrup

Name: John Arvin V. Escote Score:

a. Compute a 95% CI for μ when n = 25 and 𝑥 = 58.3.

2. A manufacturer of college textbooks is interested in estimating the strength of the

3. The accompanying observations on bond strength was introduced as shown in

a. Estimate true average bond strength in a way that conveys information

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