Verbal Reasoning:

Para Summary
By – Himanshu Das
 About Me

• B.E. from BITS

Pilani
• Sr. Business
Advisor, Dell
• CAT & GMAT
99%ile

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 Algorithm
• Step 1
• Read the paragraph and find the conclusion.
• Simply put X and Y have been put to explain the conclusion Z.
• Step 2
• Even if the paragraph is very dense note the structure of the passage – is it a cause and
effect; action and reaction; process description, etc.
• Step 3
• Ideally – examples are not included in the summary
• Focus the most where the author is expressing his “opinion”

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 Standard Traps
• Reducing the scope.
• Going beyond the scope.
• Distortion or extreme choice.
• Opposite meaning.
• Very important – inferences are different from summaries!

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 To Conclude
• The Main Idea of the paragraph is needed.
• Concept similar to RC summaries
• If the passage is dense, focus on the structure
• The option must not go beyond the scope of the passage.
• The option must not reduce the scope of the passage.
• The option must not negate any point of the passage.

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 Question
What political theory can hope to contribute is a small number of relatively simple analytical thoughts that may prove
helpful in the unending and necessarily exhausting attempt to comprehend both in theory and practice the task of handling the
economics, politics, and social, biological (and even physical and chemical) relations of an increasingly globalized human
habitat. A handful of such thoughts can be divided for convenience into points about values, points about history, and points
about the intrinsic difficulties of understanding politics. In their ensemble they can be seen as bearing directly on the issue of
how to understand the concept of prudence for a modem population.
(A) Political theory, by encompassing considerations of history, values, and politics, has helped in comprehending various
aspects of the modem human population.
(B) Globalisation of the human habitat allows political theory to play a vital role in defining the role played by history, politics
and values in such a society.
(C) Political theory helps us analyse the economci s, politics, society, and biology of the globalized human habitat.
(D) Political theory could be helpful in understanding, through a perspective in politics, values, and history, the arduous task
of dealing with various aspects of the globalised modem population.

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 Question
Narrative as it is used by historians is not merely an incidental, stylistic feature of the historian's craft, but essential to historical
explanation. Narrative presupposes a wor1d of things that endure through change. Stories fill in the gaps in our experience and
thus make continuity visible. Ideally, narrative stands proxy for experience, though this ideal can never be attained. No criterion
can be formulated that will signify when a story is complete enough. The changing perspective of the historians and
the infinite detail with which they have to deal make their task a continuous one. Yet the historians cannot be radically
subjective because their story is always limited by the chronology of the events and the accuracy of the details.
(A) Historians use narrative to fill the gaps in stories that need continuity as history is constrained by chronology and
accuracy of details.
(B) Constrained by chronology and details, historians use narrative to bring continuity to the experience that historical
explanations cannot provide on their own.
(C) Narrative is an imperfect proxy for experience, but it is persisted with to reflect the continuity of a story and a historian's
perspective, through limitations of chronology and accuracy.
(D) Narrative is essential to bring to historical stories what they lack in experience because of the limitations placed by
chronology and accuracy of details.

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 Question
Visualizations can reveal patterns, trends and connections in data that are difficult or impossible to find any other way. And yet
few scientists take the same amount of care with visuals as they do with generating data or writing about it. The graphs and
diagrams that accompany most scientific publications tend to be the last things researchers do. As a result, science is littered
with poor data visualizations that confound readers and can even mislead the scientists who make them. Deficient data visuals
can reduce the quality and impede the progress of scientific research. And with more and more scientific images making their
way into the news and onto social media - illustrating everything from climate change to disease outbreaks - the potential is
high for bad visuals to impair public understanding of science.
(A) By not paying enough attention to visualisations, scientists risk impeding the layman's understanding of science through
misleading information.
(B) Visualisations should be used by scientists to give the public a better understanding of science.
(C) The understanding of science has suffered badly because of scientists not paying the same attention to visualisations as
they do to graphs and diagrams.
(D) Only a few scientists give visuals the attention they deserve because of the role they play in making science more
comprehensible.

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 Question
Norway is currently the world’s demonstration project for green transport solutions. It has the highest EV penetration rate in
the world. Nearly 40% of new cars sold are EVs. Infrastructure, technologies and solutions are being developed, tested and
assessed in Norway. Valuable lessons have been learnt from looking at customer behavior. For example, the fear of running out
of battery power, or range anxiety, has been highlighted as a barrier to EV uptake. While many drivers experience range anxiety
at first, this fear quickly subsides. In fact, only 4% of Norwegian EV drivers report having run out of battery power. Businesses
and governments from all over the world are looking to Norway to gain insights into how the beginnings of a mass market for
EVs functions in practice.
(A) With the highest Electric Vehicle penetration, Norway is the mass-market demonstration project in the world in terms of
Infrastructure, technologies and customer behavior.
(B) Businesses and governments all over the world consider Norway as the mass market demonstration project for electric
vehicles in terms of penetration, Infrastructure, and customer behavior.
(C) With the highest Electric Vehicle sales, Norway provides insights to governments and businesses into the beginnings of a
market for Electric Vehicles in terms of Infrastructure, technologies and customer behavior.
(D) With the highest Electric Vehicle penetration and high sales of electric cars, with infrastructure, technologies and solutions
being developed and tested, Norway is the demonstration project for green transport solutions in the world.

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 Question
The economic emancipation of women had to wait till after World War II, when permanent male labor shortages – the result,
incidentally, of Keynesian full-employment policies – pulled ever more women out of domesticity and into factories and shops.
This wave of emancipation concentrated on economic inequalities, especially discrimination in job selection and disparities in
pay and property rights. These battles have also mainly been won. Discrimination in inheritance is long gone, and equal pay for
equal work is accepted in theory, though a gender bias persists, as it does for selection to senior posts.
(A) Male labor shortages after World War II helped bring economic equality of women in job selection, pay and property rights;
however, gender bias persists in their selection to senior posts.
(B) The permanent male labor shortages and Keynesian policies helped the emancipation of women during World War II.
Though the battle of gender equality has been mainly won, bias persists in their section to senior posts.
(C) The emancipation of women in terms of economic inequalities, discrimination in job selection and disparities in pay and
property rights happened after World War II as a result of Keynesian full employment policies and male labor shortages.
(D) As result of Keynesian full-employment policies the economic emancipation of women which began after World War II
has been mainly won in job selection and pay and property rights.

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 Question
Multipolarity is back, and with it strategic rivalry among the great powers. The re-emergence of China and the
return of Russia to the forefront of global politics are two of the most salient international dynamics of the
century thus far. In recent years, the tension between the United States and these two countries increased
markedly. As the US domestic political environment has deteriorated, so, too, have America’s relations with
those that are perceived as its principal adversaries.
(A) Multipolarity is back among the powers in global politics with the reemergence of China, Russia and the
increasing tensions with the US owing to a worsening of its relations with adversaries.
(B) The reemergence of China and Russia as global powers, the deterioration of the US domestic politics and
the increasing tensions with its adversaries have created a multipolar world.
(C) The return of China and Russia to the forefront of global politics and the increasing tensions with the US
exacerbated by its deteriorating domestic politics have created a multipolar world.
(D) The salient dynamics of this century are the reemergence of China and Russia and the increasing tensions
with the US in the face of its deteriorating domestic political environment.

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 Question
According to its own traditions, the teachings of Jainism are eternal, and hence have no founder; however, the Jainism of this
age can be traced back to Mahavira, a teacher of the sixth century BCE, a contemporary of the Buddha. Like those of the
Buddha, Mahavira’s doctrines were formulated as a reaction to and rejection of the Brahmanism then taking shape. The
brahmans taught the division of society into rigidly delineated castes, and a doctrine of reincarnation guided by karma, or merit
brought about by the moral qualities of actions. Their schools of thought, since they respected the authority of the Vedas and
Upanisads, were known as orthodox darsanas. Jainism and Buddhism, along with a school of materialists called Carvaka, were
regarded as the unorthodox darsanas, because they taught that the Vedas and Upanisads, and hence the brahman caste, had no
authority.
(A) Jainism originated with the teaching of Mahavira a contemporary of Buddha. Like Budhism, Jainism was a reaction to
Brahmanism and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Upanishads as unorthodox.
(B) Teachings of Jainism considered eternal began with the teachings of Mahavira, who was a contemporary of Buddha.
Budhism and Jainism regarded as unorthodox by the brahaman caste rejected the authority of Vedas and Upanisads.
(C) Though considered eternal, teachings of Jainism can be traced back to Mahavira, a contemporary of Buddha. Budhism and
Jainism rejected Brahmanism - its scriptures, caste system and its ideas of morality and reincarnation.
(D) Jainism, considered eternal by its own traditions, can be traced back to the teachings of Mahavira. Budhism and Jainism
were reactions to the prevalent Brahmanism and they rejected the authority of Vedas and Upanisads

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 Question
There are many people who quite innocently and sincerely believe that if they are earnest in attending to their own personal
‘spiritual’ needs, this amounts to living a morally good life. I know many activists, both religious and secular, who agree with me
that these people are deluding themselves. Just taking care of one’s own ‘soul’ is self-centred. Consider, for instance, those
contemplative monks who, unlike hardworking nuns in schools and hospitals, devote most of their waking hours to the
purification of their souls, and the rest to the maintenance of the contemplative lifestyle to which they have become
accustomed. In what way, exactly, are they morally superior to people who devote their lives to improving their stamp
collections or their golf swing? It seems to me that the best that can be said of them is that they manage to stay out of trouble.
(A) Though many people believe that taking care of one’s spiritual needs is moral, it is actually self-centred, and doing so all the
time is morally no superior to spending all of one’s time on one’s hobbies.
(B) Though many religious people believe that taking care of one’s soul is important to leading a morally good life, many
secular people disagree with them, and consider it to be equivalent to spending time on hobbies.
(C) Though many people believe that taking care of one’s spiritual needs is moral, it is actually self-centred. It is more moral to
spend all of one’s time on one’s hobbies, as that keeps one out of trouble.
(D) Many people believe that taking care of one’s soul and spiritual needs amounts to living a good life. However, many others
disagree with them on this point and consider it self-centred.

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 Question
As it is difficult to remember today how small houses were in pre-industrial times, so too it is hard to comprehend the sheer
labour, and time, involved in keeping that small space functioning. It has been estimated that three to four hours were spent
daily on food preparation, an hour to fetch water, an hour to feed the children and keep the fire alight, an hour in the kitchen
garden, two to three hours to milk cows and goats, feed chickens or perform other animal husbandry, an hour to clean, an hour
spinning and an hour spent looking after the children, teaching them to read and write, or knit and sew: a total of sixteen hours
a day. Add in the laundry, which occupied approximately eight hours weekly, and by the time meals were eaten, there was little
time to do more than fall into bed in order to get up and do it all over again the following day.
(A) In pre-industrial times it was difficult to imagine or understand how small the houses were and how much labor had to be
invested to keep them running day after day.
(B) In pre-industrial times, people lived in small houses that needed so much constant maintenance that they had no time to do
anything else but sleep.
(C) It is hard to imagine today how small houses were in pre-industrial times, because the focus is on the huge amount of
labour that was necessary to keep them functioning.
(D) In the preindustrial times, the houses were small and it took great labor and more than sixteen hours a day for routine
chores to keep the houses functioning, which left little time for anything else

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 Question
The current moment in world history is a painful one. Open societies are in crisis, and various forms of dictatorships and mafia states,
exemplified by Vladimir Putin’s Russia, are on the rise. In the United States, President Donald Trump would like to establish his own
mafia-style state but cannot, because the Constitution, other institutions, and a vibrant civil society won’t allow it. Not only is the
survival of open society in question; the survival of our entire civilization is at stake. The rise of leaders such as Kim Jong-un in North
Korea and Trump in the US have much to do with this. Both seem willing to risk a nuclear war in order to keep themselves in power.
But the root cause goes even deeper. Mankind’s ability to harness the forces of nature, both for constructive and destructive purposes,
continues to grow, while our ability to govern ourselves properly fluctuates, and is now at a low ebb.
(A) Putin in Russia, Trump in the US and Kim Jong-un in North Korea put our civilization and open society at risk with their craze
for power and threats of nuclear war. This root cause lies in our inability to govern ourselves combined with the destructive capabilities
of technology.
(B) The current moment in world history is a painful one because of the rise of dictatorships and Mafia states like Russia, US and
North Korea. Their threat of nuclear war arises from their craze for power and the destructive technologies at their disposal.
(C) The current rise of dictatorships and mafia states threatens not only open societies but also the survival of our civilization, as
these regimes are willing to risk a nuclear war. The root cause lies in our ability to govern ourselves properly which is now outweighed
by our destructive technologies.
(D) The current rise of dictatorships and mafia states, Russia, US, and North Korea puts the survival of our civilization at stake with
threats of nuclear war as they want to remain in power. Our ability to govern ourselves is at its lowest ebb compared to the destructive
potential of science.

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 Question
Alongside Paul Rée, Nietzsche came to the conviction that values, whether moral, political, aesthetic, or even
metaphysical, were a function of drives which were themselves conditioned subconsciously throughout a long
historical process. Old religious and Platonic beliefs in good and evil as static metaphysical entities were, for
both Rée and Nietzsche, to be replaced with a naturalistic and developmental account about how present-day
values derive from a convoluted process of practical and often egoistical considerations.
(A) Paul Ree and Nietzsche believed that values were not static metaphysical entities but were a result of long
environmental and psychological conditioning.
(B) For both Paul Ree and Nietzsche the metaphysical values of good and evil differed from the old religious
and Platonic belief that they were static entities.
(C) Alongside Paul Ree, Nietzsche believed that values were static metaphysical entities like good and evil and
independent of practical and egoistical considerations.
(D) Paul Ree and Nietzsche held that Platonic beliefs in good and evil as static metaphysical entities that
replaced the naturalistic and developmental account about how values were derived.

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 Question
The Greek Stoic philosopher Epictetus once said, “We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen twice as much
as we speak.” The same principle applies to dialogue, which requires that we listen to different perspectives, and always
keep an open mind. That means heeding the public’s grievances, and working together toward collective solutions. Only
joint responses will suffice to tackle the complex problems we face. The indispensability of multi-stakeholder dialogue to
global progress should be the guiding ethos.
(A) The principle of ‘one mouth and two ears’ applies to dialogue. The guiding ethos to global progress is heeding the
public’s grievances, multi-stakeholder dialogue with an open mind, and working for collective solutions.
(B) The fact that we have one mouth and two ears implies that we must listen more than we speak. Multi-stakeholder
dialogue with an open mind for joint responses and collective solutions is indispensable for global progress.
(C) Epictetus’ principle to dialogue, multi-stakeholder dialogue, heeding public’s grievances and perspectives, and
working towards collective solutions to complex problems should be our guiding ethos.
(D) Epictetus’ principle of ‘Listen more than you speak’ applies to dialogue. Heeding public’s grievances and different
perspectives, and working towards collective solutions is indispensable for global progress.

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 Question
Economics asks and attempts to answer two kinds of questions: positive and normative. Positive economics
attempts to understand behavior and the operation of economic systems without making judgments
about whether the outcomes are good or bad. It strives to describe what exists and how it works. In contrast,
normative economics looks at the outcomes of economic behaviour and asks whether they are good or bad and
whether they can be made better. Normative economics involves judgments and prescriptions for courses of
action. Normative economics is often called policy economics.
(A) Positive economics is objective in judging the outcomes while normative economics is subjective and based
on judgments.
(B) Positive economics tries to understand economic behaviour while normative economics tries to judge
economic behaviour.
(C) The difference between positive and normative economics is in the way the former analyses the economic
system while the latter judges the difference in the outcomes of different types of economic behaviour.
(D) While positive economics comprehends economic systems, normative economics tries to identify the nature
of outcomes of such systems and the right path to deal with those outcomes.

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 Question
Among agricultural chemicals, herbicides are probably the most difficult to dissuade farmers from using. Since
ancient times the farmer has been afflicted with what might be termed "the battle against the weeds." Plowing,
cultivating between the rows, the ritual of rice transplanting itself, all are mainly aimed at eliminating weeds.
Before the development of herbicides, a farmer had to walk many miles through the flooded rice fields each
season, pushing a weeding tool up and down the rows and pulling weeds by hand. It is easy to understand why
these chemicals were received as a godsend.
(A) Herbicides have been useful in the past, thus earning the farmers' loyalty.
(B) Farmers prefer herbicides to other methods of eliminating weeds on the farms because of the ease with
which they can be used.
(C) It is hard to discourage farmers to stop using herbicides considering how they helped farmers avoid the
painstaking work of removing weeds.
(D) Farmers need an alternative to herbicides in order to avoid the arduous task of eliminating weeds by hand.

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 Question
Operationalism as a methodological dogma never made much sense so far as the social sciences are concerned,
and except for a few rather too well-swept comers - Skinnerian behaviourism, intelligence testing, and so on -- it
is largely dead now. But it had, for all that, an important point to make, which, however we may feel about trying
to define charisma or alienation in terms of operations, retains a certain force: if you want to understand what a
science is, you should look in the first instance not at its theories or its findings, and certainly not at what its
apologists say about it; you should look at what the practitioners of it do.
(A) Operationalism outside social sciences is largely dead, despite the importance and force of the points it
made, precisely about scientific theories, findings and its practitioners.
(B) While operationalism has all but disappeared, the point it made about understanding science by looking at
those who practiced it, is significant.
(C) Barring Skinnerian behaviourism and intelligence testing, operationalism is largely irrelevant at a lime when
science is all about what its practitioners do.
(D) The methodological dogma of operationalism gave us the most powerful point about science, that it can be
best understood from the viewpoint of its practitioners.

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 Question
To fathom the meaning of the canon of classic texts of the history of political theory cannot reasonably be thought of as a
finite enterprise. But this absence of a reassuring cognitive destination does not mean either that the history of political theory
cannot hope to be in some degree intellectually cumulative or that it cannot and should not be conducted by formulating clear
and demanding questions and seeking to discover accurate and compelling answers to these questions. The historicist
recognition of the heterogeneity of human purposes over lime, and the sheer practical difficulty of identifying these purposes
with any precision across great historical or cultural distances, is in no sense a sanction for intellectual licence: more a challenge
to intellectual labour and imaginative energy than an excuse for indolence or complacency.
(A) The difficulty in fathoming the essence of the history of political theory should only spur us more to seek answers to the
right questions.
(B) The absence of a clear-cut goal has discouraged those studying the history of political theory from demanding accurate and
compelling answers to their questions.
(C) The incoherence associated with the canon of classic texts shouldn't be used as an excuse not to be intellectually
cumulative.
(D) Our lack of understanding of the heterogeneity of human purpose across history and culture should encourage us to ask
the right questions and demand accurate answers.

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 Question
The dominant hypotheses in modern science believe that language evolved to allow humans to exchange factual
information about the physical world. But an alternative view is that language evolved, in modern humans at
least, to facilitate social bonding. It increased our ancestors’ chances of survival by enabling them to hunt more
successfully or to cooperate more extensively. Language meant that things could be explained and that plans, and
past experiences could be shared efficiently.
(A) Since its origin, language has been continuously evolving to higher forms, from being used to identify
objects to ensuring human survival by enabling our ancestors to bond and cooperate.
(B) From the belief that humans invented language to process factual information, scholars now think that
language was the outcome of the need to ensure social cohesion and thus human survival.
(C) Experts are challenging the narrow view of the origin of language, as being merely used to describe facts
and label objects, to being necessary to promote more complex interactions among humans.
(D) Most believe that language originated from a need to articulate facts, but others think it emerged from the
need to promote social cohesion and cooperation, thus enabling human survival.

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 Question
Aesthetic political representation urges us to realize that ‘the representative has autonomy with regard to the
people represented’ but autonomy then is not an excuse to abandon one’s responsibility. Aesthetic autonomy
requires cultivation of ‘disinterestedness’ on the part of actors which is not indifference. To have
disinterestedness, that is, to have comportment towards the beautiful that is devoid of all ulterior references to
use – requires a kind of aesthetic commitment; it is the liberation of ourselves for the release of what has
proper worth only in itself.
(A) Disinterestedness, as distinct from indifference, is the basis of political representation.
(B) Aesthetic political representation advocates autonomy for the representatives drawing from
disinterestedness, which itself is different from indifference.
(C) Aesthetic political representation advocates autonomy for the representatives manifested through
disinterestedness which itself is different from indifference.
(D) Disinterestedness is different from indifference as the former means a non-subjective evaluation of things
which is what constitutes aesthetic political representation.

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 Question
Brown et al. (2001) suggest that ‘metabolic theory may provide a conceptual foundation for much of ecology just as genetic
theory provides a foundation for much of evolutionary biology’. One of the successes of genetic theory is the diversity of
theoretical approaches and models that have been developed and applied. A Web of Science (v. 5.9. Thomson Reuters) search
on genetic* + theor* + evol* identifies more than 12000 publications between 2005 and 2012. Considering only the 10 most-
cited papers within this 12000 publication set, genetic theory can be seen to focus on genome dynamics, phylogenetic inference,
game theory and the regulation of gene expression. There is no one fundamental genetic equation, but rather a wide array of
genetic models, ranging from simple to complex, with differing inputs and outputs, and divergent areas of application, loosely
connected to each other through the shared conceptual foundation of heritable variation.
(A) Genetic theory has evolved to spawn a wide range of theoretical models and applications, but Metabolic theory need not
evolve in a similar manner in the field of ecology.
(B) Genetic theory provides an example of how a range of theoretical approaches and applications can make a theory
successful.
(C) Genetic theory has a wide range of theoretical approaches and application and is foundational to evolutionary biology and
Metabolic theory has the potential to do the same for ecology.
(D) Genetic theory has a wide range of theoretical approaches and applications and Metabolic theory must have the same in
the field of ecology.

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 Question
With the Treaty of Westphalia, the papacy had been confined to ecclesiastical functions, and the doctrine of sovereign equality
reigned. What political theory could then explain the origin and justify the functions of secular political order? In his Leviathan,
published in 1651, three years after the Peace of Westphalia, Thomas Hobbes provided such a theory. He imagined a “state of
nature” in the past when the absence of authority produced a “war of all against all.” To escape such intolerable insecurity, he
theorized, people delivered their rights to a sovereign power in return for the sovereign’s provision of security for all within the
state’s border. The sovereign state’s monopoly on power was established as the only way to overcome the perpetual fear of
violent death and war.
(A) Thomas Hobbes theorized that sovereign states emerged out of people’s voluntary desire to overcome the sense of
insecurity and establish the doctrine of sovereign equality.
(B) Thomas Hobbes theorized the emergence of sovereign states based on a transactional relationship between people and
sovereign state that was necessitated by a sense of insecurity of the people.
(C) Thomas Hobbes theorized the voluntary surrender of rights by people as essential for emergence of sovereign states.
(D) Thomas Hobbes theorized the emergence of sovereign states as a form of transactional governance to limit the power of
the papacy.

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 Question
All humans make decisions based on one or a combination of two factors. This is either intuition or
information. Decisions made through intuition are usually fast, people don’t even think about the problem. It is
quite philosophical, meaning that someone who made a decision based on intuition will have difficulty
explaining the reasoning behind it. The decision-maker would often utilize her senses in drawing conclusions,
which again is based on some experience in the field of study. On the other side of the spectrum, we have
decisions made based on information. These decisions are rational — it is based on facts and figures, which
unfortunately also means that it can be quite slow. The decision-maker would frequently use reports, analyses,
and indicators to form her conclusion. This methodology results in accurate, quantifiable decisions, meaning
that a person can clearly explain the rationale behind it.
(A) Decisions based on intuition and information result in differential speed and ability to provide a rationale.
(B) We make decisions based on intuition or information on the basis of the time available.
(C) It is better to make decisions based on information because it is more accurate, and the rationale behind it
can be explained.
(D) While decisions based on intuition can be made fast, the reasons that led to these cannot be spelt out.

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 Question
The rural-urban continuum and the heterogeneity of urban settings pose an obvious challenge to identifying
urban areas and measuring urbanization rates in a consistent way within and across countries. An objective
methodology for distinguishing between urban and rural areas that is based on one or two metrics with fixed
thresholds may not adequately capture the wide diversity of places. A richer combination of criteria would
better describe the multifaceted nature of a city’s function and its environment, but the joint interpretation of
these criteria may require an element of human judgment.
(A) The difficulty of accurately identifying urban areas means that we need to create a rich combination of
criteria that can be applied to all urban areas.
(B) With the diversity of urban landscapes, measurable criteria for defining urban areas may need to be
supplemented with human judgement.
(C) Distinguishing between urban and rural areas might call for some judgement on the objective methodology
being used to define a city’s functions.
(D) Current methodologies used to define urban and rural areas are no longer relevant to our being able to study
trends in urbanization.

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