Senior High School

Physical Science
Week 7: Sources of Energy
Week 8: Ingredients of Cleaning Products

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Physical Science - Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1-Module 4: Sources of Energy, Ingredients of Cleaning Products
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro
Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Author: Christy Joy A. Retanal

Reviewers: Jean S. Macasero, EPS - Science

Illustrator and Layout Artist:

Management Team
Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairpersons: Alicia E. Anghay, PhD, CESE

Asst. Schools Division Superintendent

Members Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief

Jean S. Macasero, EPS - Science
Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager
Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II
Gemma Pajayon, PDO II

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 Senior High School

Physical Science
Sources of Energy
Ingredients of Cleaning Products

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by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities.
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 Table of Contents
What This Module is About .................................................................................................... i
What I Need to Know ............................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module ............................................................................................. ii
Icons of this Module .............................................................................................................. ii

What I Know ......................................................................................................................... iii

Lesson 4.1:
Sources of Energy ........................................................................................................ 1
What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 1
What’s New: Match Me ................................................................................. 1
What Is It: Energy Definition and Sources .................................................... 2
What’s More: Tell Me .................................................................................... 3

What’s More: Guess the Picture .................................................................. 4

What I Have Learned: Imagine and Draw .................................................... 5
What I Can Do: Choosing Energy................................................................. 5

Lesson 4.2:
Active Ingredients of Cleaning Products ................................................... 5
What’s In........................................................................................................ 5
What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 6
What’s New: Word Twist .....................................................................................6
What Is It: Cleaning Agents .................................................................................6
What’s More: Word Search .................................................................................9
What’s More: True or False .................................................................................9

What’s More: Crossword Puzzle .........................................................................9

What I Have Learned: Sum It Up .................................................................... 10
What I Can Do: Find Me .................................................................................. 11

Lesson 4.3:
Use of the Other Ingredients in Cleaning Agents ............................ 11
What’s In......................................................................................................11
What I Need to Know ..................................................................................12
What’s New: Detergent Action ................................................................. 12
What Is It: Role of other Ingredients .. 12
What’s More: Fill Me In .............................................................................. 14
What’s More: Essay ................................................................................... 14
What I Have Learned: Remember Me ........................................................... 15
 What I Can Do: Inventory Making ................................................................ 15

Summary .................................................................................................................................. 16
Assessment: (Post-Test) ....................................................................................................... 17
Key to Answers........................................................................................................................ 19
Reference ................................................................................................................................. 22

2
What This Module is About
This module discusses the sources of energy and the contribution of chemistry to the
understanding of household cleaning products.
This module has 3 lessons:
Lesson 1- Sources of Energy
Lesson 2-Active Ingredients of Cleaning Materials
Lesson 3-Use of the Other Ingredients in Cleaning Agents

Here, we are going to discuss the most common sources of the energy that our
community uses in our daily lives. After that, we are going to learn the active ingredients of
some of the most common cleaning products and the other uses of these active ingredients.
Have fun learning!

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to;

1. Describe how energy is harnessed from different sources: fossil fuels; biogas;
geothermal; hydrothermal; batteries; solar cells; biomass (S11/12PS-IIIi-29)
2. Identify the active ingredients of cleaning products at home (S11/12PS-IIIi-j-31)
3. Give the use of the other ingredients in cleaning agents (S11/12PS-IIIi-j-32)

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• You are expected to answer and complete the activities given in each lesson.
Carefully follow the instructions in each activity.

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Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

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 What I Know

Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the best answer on your answer sheet.

1. What do you call the capacity to do work?

A. Acceleration B. Bonding
C. Energy D. Force

2. What is the ultimate source of energy?

A. Earth B. Sun
C. Water D. Wind

3. What is the energy that can be repeatedly used without being depleted?
A. Eternal B. Non-renewable
C. Renewable D. Unlimited

4. What do you call the energy that are available in limited supplies and eventually will be
depleted?
A. Eternal B. Non-renewable
C. Renewable D. Unlimited

5. What product is developed to facilitate the removal of dust and dirt and for
disinfection?
A. Chemical B. Cleaning Product
B. C. Collagen D. Lotion

6. Which among the choices states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only
converted?
A. First law of Newton B. First law of Thermodynamics
B. First law of the Universe C. None of the above

7. What type of renewable energy comes from building dams on rivers?

A. Biomass B. Hydrothermal energy
C. Solar energy D. Wind energy

8. Which of the following is the most common and frequently used as a cleaning agent?
A. Chemicals B. Chlorine
B. C. Shampoo D. Water

9. What cleaning agent helps to stop the smell and stains caused by bacteria?
A. Detergent B. Degreaser
B. C. Disinfectant D. Water

10. What is formulated to aid in cleaning, making the task easier and faster to be done?

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 A. Cleaning agents B. House maid
B. C. Personal Care Products D. Vacuu
11. What cleaning agent is used in cleaning to destroy bacteria and viruses?
A. Acid B. Degreasers
C. Disinfectant D. Water

12. What active ingredient plays the key role of cleaning the materials to prevent diseases
brought by bacteria and viruses?
A. Antimicrobial Agent B. Bleach Activators
C. Colorant D. Enzymes

13. What substance contains a blue dye or pigment that provides bluing effect when
added to laundry products?
A. Bulking agents B. Colorants
C. Flavors D. Fragrances

14. How does the enzyme improve the quality of a paper sheet?
A. It makes it whiter B. It makes it more writable
C. It makes it stronger and thicker D. It makes the paper colorful

15. What substance is commonly used as sugar-substitute?

A. Glucose B. White Sugar
C. Flavor and sweetener D. Sugarcane

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 Lesson
Sources of Energy
1
What I Need to Know

This module discusses about the sources of energy and how the energy is
harnessed.
After going through this module, you are expected to describe how energy is
harnessed from different sources: fossil fuels; biogas; geothermal; hydrothermal; batteries;
solar cells; biomass.

What’s New

Activity 4.1.1 Match Me

Choose the answer that best matches the definitions below. Write the letter of your
answer on the column entitled ―Match‖.

Definition Match Key Terms

1 The ability to do work. A. Chemical

Radios, vocal chords, and guitars

2 B. Energy
all produce this kind of energy.
Examples of this energy includes
3 computer screens, lamps, and C. Light
the sun.
The energy stored on the
chemical bonds of molecules, D. Mechanical
4 which is released during a
chemical reaction. E. Nuclear
.
The energy released when the
5 F. Sound
nucleolus of an atom is split

1
 What Is It
Defining energy is both simple and complicated. The definition varies from one field
of science to another, but the most common definition it uses is the ability to do work. Energy
can be found in almost everything and everywhere. Can it be found on the places we used to
go? Can we find it on the things we possess? The answer to that is yes! For example, when
we digest food, our body uses (chemical) energy embodied in the food to move around.
When we turn on the TV or gadgets, electricity is used to create the picture on the screen
and the sound it produces. Most of the electricity that we use in our daily lives are produced
from the chemical energy released in the burning of coal, oil or gas. Now, if energy can be
found literally on everything, why do we hear so much about energy crisis? According to the
First Law of thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, energy can
neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or changed from one form
to another 1. If that is the case, then there is no need to worry about running out of energy?

Well, that question can be answered if we fully understood the concept of energy. As
stated above, energy comes in different forms and can be used in different ways through
conversion. Given a scenario of leaving a hot milk in an airconditioned room, what will
happen to the milk? In a matter of time, the hot milk will turn into a cold milk, thus, there is
heat loss. Is there a way of turning back the milk into hot once it has cooled down? Is there
any way to collect the heat loss from the milk to the environment? None. In any example that
we consider, we will see that energy, in the usable form, is dissipated to the surroundings in
less usable forms. Hence, energy is consumed and would not replenish once it’s used to do
work. With this taken into consideration, the next thing to do is look for conventional and
renewable sources of energy.
Conventional energy sources are the oldest sources of energy like coal and
petroleum. Conventional energy sources are limited. They will not last forever and will
eventually run out. Renewable energy, on the other hand, uses energy sources that are
continually replenished by nature—the sun, the wind, water, the Earth’s heat, and plants.
With the use of renewable energy technologies these fuels are turned into usable forms of
energy—regularly electricity, but also heat, chemicals, or mechanical power. To put it simply,
this energy can be used again and again and will never run out.

The following are the energy sources:

A. Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels comes from organic remains of prehistoric organisms, example
of this are hydrocarbons such as oil, coal, and natural gas. Coal is the
world’s largest source of fossil fuel. It is comparably affordable and is
readily obtainable. Fossil fuels harnessed energy from the sun when they
were still alive through the process of photosynthesis. To put it simply,
fossil fuels are captured sunlight!

B. Biogas: This kind of energy can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural
waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food
waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source.

2
C. Geothermal: This energy optimizes the heat energy from the earth’s crust. This heat
energy heats up rocks affecting the nearby groundwater. Once the
groundwater becomes so hot, it turns into an underground steam, then
this steam is used to drive turbines that generate electricity. It is said that
geothermal energy is the main source of energy in the Visayas region.

D. Hydro Power Plant: Hydrothermal energy is usually associated with dams since there is
only few waterfalls exist in the country. The kinetic energy and
potential energy of a falling water is being converted to produce
electricity. This is the main source of electricity in Mindanao.

E. Batteries: It is a chemical source of energy that produces direct current, DC. Some are
rechargeable; some are not.

F. Solar Cells: The energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation is
directly converted into electricity. This energy will continue to renew until the
sun cease to exist. Solar cells system mostly has these three main parts; 1.
modules that convert sunlight into electricity; 2. Inverters where electricity is
being converted into alternating current so it can be used by most household
appliances; 3. battery that store the excess electricity produced by the
system.

G. Biomass: It refers to the organic matters and waste from plants and animals such as
compost, crop remnants and garbage. Plants get the energy from the sun
through the process of photosynthesis and this energy is passed to animals
upon consumption. Biomass is used to produce alcohol and methane which
are fuels useful in energy manufacture and running cars.

H. Thermal Power Plant: Heat energy is being produced and converted into electricity by
burning large amount of fossil fuels are burnt in power stations.

I. Wind Power: The energy from the wind is being harnessed by the wind turbines,
converting the wind energy into mechanical energy. This kind of energy is
renewable since the wind on the surroundings is unlimited.

What’s More

Activity 4.1.2
A. Tell Me
Provide the answers for the following questions. You may use different materials as a
reference for the articulation of your points.
1. What is a good fuel?

2. If you could use any source of energy for heating your food, which one would you use and
why?
3. Why are we looking at alternate sources of energy?

3
4. What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?

5. Can any source of energy be pollution-free? Why or why not?

B. Guess the Picture

Identify the Energy Conversions in the illustrations below.

1 6

Example:
Electrical Sound and Light
7
2

8
3

4 9

10
5

4
 What I Have Learned

Activity 4.1.3. Imagine and Draw

This activity is essential in helping you retain the knowledge you acquire by imagining
it and illustrating it. This will also help you improve your skills in drawing.

With all the sources of energy that was mentioned above, choose one source of
energy and illustrate how you imagined it before and after you have learned it in this lesson.
Draw it in a short bond paper. Be creative!

What I Can Do

Activity 4.1.5 Choosing Energy

Choose one source of renewable energy and one source of non-renewable energy
and compare their advantages and disadvantages.

Lesson
Active Ingredients of Cleaning Products
2

What’s In
Previously, we have learned how the energy we used in our community is being
harnessed and the most common sources of energy. Now, as we’re already talking about
utilities such as electricity, in our household it is not enough that our appliances can function
or our house is well-lighted. The house must be clean also! Do you know how can cleaning
be done easily and quickly? If you’re thinking of cleaning products such as soap and
detergents, then you’re right!

5
 What I Need to Know
Discovering what makes those products efficient for cleaning. At the end of this
lesson, you are expected to

1. give common examples of cleaning materials for the house and for personal care
from product labels, identify the active ingredient(s) of cleaning products used at
home
2. identify the active ingredient(s) of cleaning products at home
3. give the use of the other ingredients in cleaning agents

What’s New

Activity 4.2.1. Word Twist

Rearrange the word to get the correct word. Clue: These words are related to
cleaning!

1. VESARABSI ________________
2. DIAC CIHOPHSPOR ________________
3. SDECNATINIFTS ________________
4. GEARDSEGES ________________
5. GERTETDEN
________________
What Is It

Cleaning is one of the very common household chores on our daily lives. We do
cleaning in our houses, offices and schools. Cleaning can be done easier and quicker if
cleaning products are to be used. These cleaning products come in different forms such as
liquid, powder, sprays or granules and are formulated to be used in the removal of dirt, dust,
stain, and bad smells on various areas.

The following are examples of cleaning agents:

A. Water
Water is the simplest and most common example of cleaning agent. It is extremely
easy to use, a good solvent and has stability. Water is readily available and is also
inexpensive.

B. Detergents
Detergents are agents which helps for the betterment of cleaning. It supplies the
things that water alone can’t do. One of its function is reducing surface tension of water,
emulsifying (break-up) soil and lifting it from surface, suspending soil in the cleaning
solution. It is comparatively more operative in hard water and mostly harmless.

C. Abrasives
Abrasives are very punitive cleaning agents. It is very hard and rough to use

6
 since they are made up of mineral particles. Some of the commonly used abrasives are
pumice, sand, steel wool and calcite. Also, abrasives may contain alkalis (for removal of
grease), chlorine (for disinfection) and organic solvents (for dissolving grease). Abrasives
may be categorized as creams, liquids, pastes and powder, based on their texture.

D. Degreasers
Degreasers dissolve proteins using strong alkalis. They are very corrosive that
usually damage the surface. Most of the time degreasers are composed of sodium
metasilicate or caustic soda. Sodium hydroxide and sodium metasilicate are examples of
strong alkalis which play a primary role in removing solid grease. Sodium carbonate not
only provide a moderately high pH but also provides buffering to maintain pH levels upon
product dilution.
Alkalis ensure that pH is maintained at a suitably high-level during cleaning. Sodium
bicarbonate (baking soda) offers alkalinity at a slightly lower pH making it useful for
buffering formulations and other uses that requires mild pH. Silicates perform additional
useful functions. They offer corrosion protection, mainly on "white" metals like aluminum.
Their other functions are for suspension of fine particles and reduction of the redeposition
of soil that has been removed from surfaces. Ammonia is commonly used as an alkali in
floor wax removers.

E. Acids
Acid is a compound that contains Hydrogen that can be replaced by a metal. It
usually has a sour taste, capable of neutralizing alkalis and it would turn a blue litmus
paper into red when tested. Phosphoric acid, a strong acid, is used for dissolving
calcium and metal salts. It is also useful in tub, tile, sink and toilet bowl cleaners
while Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid used in some toilet bowl cleaners.

F. Organic Solvents
Solvents are specifically used to remove grease and clean without leaving a residue,
particularly, window cleaners and removal of finger marks on walls. The main ingredient
of these solvents is water making it remove grease easily and is compatible with water.

G. Disinfectants
Disinfectants or antimicrobial agents are used to destroy bacteria and viruses by
interfering with their metabolism or destroying their cell walls. Various chemicals make it
possible to disinfect by alternating its structures, including alcohol, sodium hypochlorite,
iodine, pine oil, phenolics and quaternary ammonium compounds.

Active Ingredients Found in Cleaning Chemicals

A. Ammonia is a naturally occurring, colorless and soluble alkali gas. It is commonly

referred as ―household ammonia‖ in cleaning compounds. It is regularly found
in window and glass cleaners, but mostly produced to be a fertilizer. It is an
irritant to the skin and eyes, and it may be dangerous when consumed.

B. Bleach or sodium hypochlorite is another alkali disinfectant. Bleach oxidizes or breaks

down the molecular bonds of stains and germs. Bleach
is commonly packages in the bottle as a 5 percent
solution. When bleach is mixed with acids it forms toxic
chlorine gas such as bowl cleaners.

C. D-Limonene extracted from citrus rind is a neutral compound. The straight d-limonene
are used as a solvent while d-limonene combined with a surfactant can be
used as a rinse able cleaning solution. Surfactants are compounds that

7
 lowers the surface tension of water, making the molecules less likely to
stick with each other and interact more with oil and grease.

D. Enzymes and bacteria are used commonly for removal of degreasers and stains and
cleaning of drains. These live organisms consume organic
materials, for the purpose of blockage, stain or odor removal.
E. Hydrogen peroxide being an acidic disinfectant, is commonly used in a 3 percent solution
as a skin antiseptic. It also works as an oxidizer. It can also be used
for
whitening of paper pulp and treating drinking water. Most of the time it
is combined with other disinfectants for greater efficacy.
F. Phenol is a manufactured substance used in disinfectants and resins; it has many forms
and goes in many names. For example, Nonyl phenol ethoxylate is regularly
found
in detergents. Skin exposure to large amounts of phenol can cause damage in
liver,
diarrhea, dark urine and hemolytic anemia.

Hazardous Ingredients in Household Cleaning Agents

A. Carcinogens
Carcinogens cause cancer and/or promote cancer’s growth.

B. Endocrine disruptors
Endocrine disruptors mimic human hormones, confusing the body with false signals.
Exposure to endocrine disruptors can lead to several health concerns including
reproductive, developmental, growth and behavior complications. It has been linked to
reduced fertility, premature puberty, miscarriage, menstrual problems, challenged immune
systems, abnormal prostate size, ADHD, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and certain cancers.

C. Neurotoxins
Neurotoxins alter neurons, affecting brain activity, causing a range of problems from
headaches to loss of intellect.
Chemicals to Avoid
A. Pesticides
Pesticides are fat-soluble, making them difficult to eliminate from the body once
ingested. It often contains carcinogens and endocrine disruptors.
B. APEs
APEs are surfactants, meaning they lower the surface tension of liquids and help
cleaning solutions spread more easily over the surface to be cleaned and penetrate
solids. APEs are endocrine disruptors.

C. Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is commonly known as preservative. It is also a germicide, bactericide
and fungicide. It can be found in household cleaners and disinfectants. Formaldehyde is a
carcinogen.

D. Organochlorine

8
 Organochlorine results from the combination of hydrogen and carbon. DDT is one of
the most lethal type of organochlorines. OCs are present in pesticides, detergents,
degreasers and bleaches. It is a carcinogen and endocrine disruptor.
E. Styrene
Styrene is a naturally occurring substance derived from the styrax tree. It is
commonly used in the manufacture of numerous plastics including plastic food wrap,
insulated cups ad PVC piping. It is also found in floor waxes and polishes and metal
cleaners. Styrene is a known carcinogen as well as endocrine disruptor. It may cause
damage to the central nervous system, liver and reproductive system when exposed.

F. Phthalates
Phthalates are most commonly used in the manufactures of plastics. It can also be
found in household cleaners and detergents. These chemicals are classified as inert and
as such no product-labeling requirements exist for phthalates. They are endocrine
disruptor and suspected carcinogen. Phthalates are known to cause hormonal
abnormalities, thyroid disorders, birth defects and reproductive problems.

What’s More

Activity 4.2.2
A. Word Search

Locate the words associated with cleaning agents and active ingredients in the grid.
The words can be running in horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions.
R W F E R P E R O X I D E G G
V A N T S F G O A T S A G A W
F A M I L Y S S A Y B A T H A
F H G M I L I A E R G K I R T
P H E N O L A M A E S E D F E
H A T S I N L S I A T N V E R
K O J C A T I H J D S Z K A L
G H A F S V F A I J O Y M R E
D T F A E Q E M G H A M A R Y
E A T S V C I P E A P E R C Y
K A D Y F E Y H A R P S A R C
U B L E A C H B U N N Y F A T
L A W H A T K O J I C R Y M E
A T T A N D E G R E A S E R S
R A C I D F G J E F T S D W Q
1. _____________________ 6. ___________________
2. _____________________ 7. ___________________

9
 3. _____________________ 8. ___________________
4. _____________________ 9. ___________________
5. _____________________ 10. __________________
B. True or False
Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.
If the statement is wrong, write the correct answer, beside the word FALSE.
_____________ 1. Straight d-limonene can be used as a solute.
_____________ 2. Carcinogens promote cancer’s growth.
_____________ 3. Bacteria consumes organic matter to remove the stain or odor.
_____________ 4. Neurotoxins alter neurons, causing problems such as toothache.
_____________ 5. Endocrine confuses the body with false signals.

C. Crossword Puzzle
Use the definitions as a clue to the word that goes into the corresponding blank
spaces.

Across
1. These chemicals are classified as inert and as such no product-labeling requirements
exist for it.
2. It is commonly known as preservative.
3. It is fat-soluble and difficult to eliminate from the body once ingested.
Down

4. Exposure to this chemical may affect the central nervous system, liver and
reproductive system.
5. A type of organochlorine

10
 What I Have I Learned
Activity 4.2.3 Sum It Up!
This activity is essential in helping you retain the knowledge you acquired! Write it
down to remember!
Materials: Short bond paper cut in 1/8 size crosswise
Make a flash card of the information about active ingredients that struck you the
most. The front portion of the flash card should contain a question about active ingredients
and at the back of the card, write the answer of the question you wrote. Attached a minimum
of 10 flash cards in your answer sheet when you pass it. Remember, be creative as you can
be!

What I Can Do

Activity 4.2.4 Find Me

Look around your house and list all the cleaning materials available in your
household and write in the second column the active ingredients indicated on the label.

MATERIAL Active Ingredients

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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 Lesson
Use of the Other Ingredients in Cleaning Agents
3
What’s In

Previously, we have discussed about household cleaning products. Now let’s go to

the other uses of the active ingredients of cleaning agents. Aside from the purpose of
cleaning, the other ingredients in cleaning agents can also be used in other ways. Let’s find
out how.

What I Need to Know

This lesson tackles about the uses of the other active ingredients of cleaning agents.
Discover the other uses of those active ingredients. At the end of this lesson, you are
expected to give the use of the other ingredients in cleaning agents.

What’s New
Activity 4.3.1 Detergent Action
Prepare the materials indicated and carefully follow the procedure provided.
Objective: To find out what detergents do to water to make it an effective cleaning agent.
Materials: ½ tsp detergent (any brand) cotton cloth (5cm x 5 cm)
2-5 mL water medicine dropper or drinking straw
2 small containers (any type of container as long as small in size)
Procedure:
A. Mix a pinch of detergent with 2-5 mL of water in a container.
B. Place 2-5 mL of water in another container
C. Put a drop of water and detergent solution on separate spots on a piece of cloth using
a medicine dropper.
D. Observe how fast each drop spreads out.

12
E. Repeat step C for 2-3 times.
Analysis:
1. What is the shape of the water droplet on the cotton cloth? Explain.

2. Which droplet spreads faster on the cotton cloth? Explain why.

What Is It

Role of Other Ingredients

Commercial cleaning products contain other substances. These substances

contribute to the effectiveness of the cleaning agent and provide special functions. Some of
them are:

A. Antimicrobial agents
Antimicrobial agents also called disinfectants or sanitizers are chemicals that kill
microorganisms or prevent their growth. They clean the materials to prevent of diseases
brought by bacteria, viruses, and fungi; and reduce the odor-causing microorganism.

B. Bleach activators
These are substances needed for low temperature washes and achieve the full
activity of bleaching in the wash liquor.

C. Bulking agent
This substance is added to increase the volume of a product through dilution, so that
it can be applied at the correct concentration. Bulking agents are also used for food
applications such as beverages, they can add texture without making a change on the
properties of the final product.

D. Colorant
This substance contains a blue dye or pigment that provides bluing effect when
added to laundry products. It is a substance that is added or applied in order to change
the color of material or surface. Most of the time, colorants are used in industries like
paints, clothes, plastics, prints and photographs.

E. Enzymes
Enzymes can also be used in food industry to enhance flavor, help digestion and
improve the nutritional values of the food. In textile industry, enzymes are used for
treating fibers and textiles. In cosmetics, enzymes are used to improve the quality of the
personal care products. It is also used in paper refining bleaching making the paper sheet
produced stronger, thicker and softer. Hence, enzymes are biocatalyst that can be used in
many applications, making the processes cheaper and more environmental-friendly.

F. Flavors and Sweeteners

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 Substances that make commercial cleaning products appealing to the consumers.
These substances provide sweet taste but has no calories of carbohydrates. It is
commonly used as sugar-substitute. Most toothpaste have flavors and sweet tastes.

G. Fragrances
These are substances used to mask the odor of ingredients and packaging of the
cleaning agent. They provide pleasant odor to fabrics and skin and gives special identify
to a product.

H. Optical Brighteners
These are fluorescent dyes. They absorb ultraviolet rays in sunlight and transmit
them as blue light. This blue light masks the yellowish color of the clothes and increases
the amount of visible light reaching the eye, giving the white garment a whiter
appearance.

I. Preservatives
Substances that prevent product spoilage during storage. They are required in
laundry liquids. The surfactants and enzymes in detergents and other cleaning agents are
biodegradable and can be attacked by bacteria, which causes the product spoilage.

What’s More

Activity 4.3.2
A. Fill Me In
Read the question and fill in letters to complete the word and get the correct answer!
1. I provide color to different products. Making the things you like colorful!
_ _ L _ _ A _ T
2. I prevent spoilage on the products. Keeping it fresh as it could be!
_ R _ _ E _ _ A T _ V _ _
3. I am used to add volume for the products without changing the quality of it!
_ U _ K _ _ G _ G _ N_
4. I protect you from bacteria and virus that can cause sickness. I am a bacteria killer!
A _ _ I _ I _ R _ _ I A _ _ G _ N _ S
5. Can you smell it? That’s me! I make the soap you like smells good!
_ R _ _ R _ N _ _ E S

4.3.2 B. Essay.

Read the article from

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 Schoolgirl Suffers Severe Allergic Reaction to L’Oreal Hair Dye
by Dawn, April 16, 2009

Today the Daily Mail reported a story about Carla Harris, a 15-year-old schoolgirl
who suffered a potent allergic reaction to L‟Oreal Recital hair dye, causing her head to swell
up to twice its normal size, leaving the teenager in agony for several days. Despite
conducting a patch test prior to using the product, Carla still had a severe reaction after
using the L‟Oreal hair dye and was admitted into hospital and treated with antihistamines
and steroids. Carla and her mother Lynn have called for the banning of
paraphenylenediamine (PPD), the toxic chemical that doctors suggested caused the
problem. Two-thirds of hair dyes contain PPD, which was banned from use in hair dyes in
the 20th century in Germany, France and Sweden, because concerns arose about its
harmful effects. I can sympathize, when I was 16 years old after several years using hair
dyes without adverse reactions, I applied a semi-permanent hair dye which caused over a
third of my hair to fall out. Unfortunately, it never grew back and in subsequent years more of
hair fell out. I just put it down to me being sensitive, but my mother told a woman at her
workplace about my unfortunate incident with the hair dye and she explained that her
daughter had used the very same hair dye and all of her hair had fallen out. It wasn’t until
many years later that I began to research the toxicity of ingredients used in cosmetics and
other beauty products.
Guide Questions:

1. What happened to Carla Harris?

2. What happened to the author of the text when she was 16 years old?
3. Do you think that this article aims just to inform? Or is it to persuade?
4. What is the message of the article?
5. If something similar happened to you, would you be that concerned on the topic?

What I Have Learned

Activity 4.3.3. Remember Me

This activity is essential in helping you retain the knowledge you acquired. Write it
down to remember.
Make a flash card of the key terms about active ingredients. Attached a minimum of
10 flash cards in your answer sheet when you pass it. Remember, be creative as you can
be.
Materials: Short bond paper cut in 1/8 size crosswise.

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Procedure: The front portion of the flash card should contain the Key Term and at
the back of the card, write the definition of the key term you wrote.

What I Can Do

Activity 4.3.4. Inventory Making

Think about all the products you use every morning when you wake up. How many of
them do you think involve chemistry? Identify from the product labels the active ingredients
of these cleaning agents and write the uses of the listed active ingredients.

PRODUCT ACTIVE INGREDIENTS USES

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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Summary

Sources of Energy

● Energy is the ability to do work. It cannot be destroyed nor created, energy

can
only be transferred or changed from one form to another.
● Energy can be renewable and non-renewable.
● Examples of renewable energy are solar energy, wind energy, hydropower,
geothermal and biomass. While examples of non-renewable energy are the
following; fossil fuel oil, nuclear, natural gas, and coal.

Active Ingredients of Cleaning and Personal Care Products

 The most common cleaning agents are water, detergents, abrasives,

degreasers, acids, organic solvents and disinfectants.
 Cleaning chemicals active ingredients are usually ammonia, bleach, D-
limonene, Enzymes, hydrogen peroxide and phenol.
 Some household cleaning agents contains carcinogen, endocrine disruptor
and neurotoxin that are harmful to the human body.
 Always look out for pesticides, APEs, organochlorines, styrene and
phthalates. Avoid exposure as much as possible.
 The active ingredients present in the cleaning agents can also be used in
different products such as in food industry, textile, beverages etc.

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 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following is a nonrenewable energy resource?
A. Coal B. Hydroelectric
C. Methane D. Solar
2. What energy resources are derived from natural organic materials?
A. Biomass B. Fossil Fuels
C. Geothermal sources D. All of these
3. What type of renewable energy comes from tapping heat generated inside the
Earth?
A. Biomass B. Geothermal energy
C. Hydrothermal energy D. Solar energy
4. What type of renewable energy comes from capturing the power of the sun's
rays?
A. Geothermal energy B. Hydrothermal energy
C. Solar energy D. wind energy
5. Why does the world face an energy crisis?
A. World demand for energy will increase
B. World oil production will peak and begin to decline
C. Shortages and the resulting escalation of prices can shock the economic and
political order
D. All of the above
6. Why do we discuss about energy crisis when energy can neither be created nor
destroyed?
A. Energy transform into different form continuously.
B. Usable form of energy is dissipated to the surroundings in less usable forms.
C. Energy is consumed and cannot be used again.
D. All of these
7. Which is the ultimate source of energy?
A. Fossil fuels B. Sun
B. Uranium D. Water
8. What is a detergent?
A. A cleaning agent that is soluble in water and combines with dirt to make it
soluble in water too.
B. Any cleaning agent that is soluble in water
C. Any cleaning agent that is insoluble in water
D. A cleaning agent that is insoluble in water and combines with dirt to make it
insoluble in water too
9. Which of the following household chemicals is the main ingredient in bleach or
bleach products?
A. Ammonia B. Sodium bicarbonate
C. Sodium hypochlorite D. Sodium lauryl sulfate

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10. Which of the following is NOT a chemical?
A. Ammonia B. Ammonium lauryl sulfate
C. Hydrogen gas D. Water
11. Which of the following is NOT a carcinogen?
A. APEs B. Formaldehyde
C. Pesticide D. Styrene
12. What active ingredient kills microorganism?
A. Anti-microbial Agent B. Bulking Agent
C. Enzymes D. Preservatives
13. Which among the choices is true about the bulking agent?
A. It gives color to the product.
B. It enhances the flavor of the product.
C. It adds volume to the product without altering the quality.
D. It prevents bacteria and viruses in sticking to your clothes.
14. How does the optical brighter make white garment a whiter appearance?
A. By enhancing the odor of the garment.
B. By reflecting white lights from the sun.
C. By absorbing ultraviolet rays in sunlight and transmit them as blue light.
D. None of the above, it’s bleach that makes the garment whiter.
15. What substance promote full activity of bleaching process?
A. Bleach Activator B. Bulking agent
C. Detergent D. Water

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References:
Bayo-ang, Roly B, Maria Lourdes G Coronacion, Annamae T Jorda, and Anna Jamille
Restubog. ―How Chemistry Contributes to the Understanding of Household and
Personal Care Products.‖ Essay in Physical Science for Senior High School, edited
by Maria Noemi M Moncada, 82–89. Quezon City: Educational Resources
Corporation, 2016.
―Bulking Agents Product Benefits & Applications.‖ GLGLifeTec. Accessed July 9, 2020.
https://www.glglifetech.com/bulking-agents/.
―Chemistry Everyday Life.‖ 2010. Scribd. Scribd. 2010.
https://www.scribd.com/document/234440460/Chemistry-Everyday-Life.
Cheron, Jean Baptiste. ―Natural Sweetener.‖ Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry,
2019.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008100596521620X?via
%3Dihub.
―DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program: Overview and Highlights.‖ 2006, January.
https://doi.org/10.2172/883023.
―Energy Vocabulary Quiz.‖ n.d. TeachEngineeringOrg. Accessed May 20, 2020.
https://www.teachengineering.org/content/cub_/lessons/cub_energy2/cub_energy2_le
sson01_vocabquiz_v4_sas.pdf.
Fuentes, Miquel, and Elena Hernandez. 2010. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE.
https://www.scribd.com/document/234440460/Chemistry-Everyday-Life.
―Multiple Choice Questions for Energy Resources - Chapter 21.‖ n.d. Multiple Choice.
Accessed June 10, 2020. https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chap25mult.html.
―Sources of Energy.‖ n.d. National Council of Educational Research and Training. Accessed
May 20, 2020. http://www.ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/jesc114.pdf.
―Surfactants:Use,Benefits,andChemicalSafetyFacts.‖ChemicalSafetyFacts.org,January3,201
9.https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/surfactants/.
―The Use and Importance of Colorants.‖ Koel Colours Blog - Tips, News and Reviews, May
10, 2017. https://www.koelcolours.com/blog/colorants/the-use-and-importance-of-
colorants/.
Veerendra. 2020. ―MCQ Questions for Class 10 Science Sources of Energy with Answers.‖
Learn Cram. January 9, 2020. https://www.learncram.com/cbse/mcq-questions-for-
class-10-science-sources-of-energy-with-answers/.
―What Is an Enzyme? Use and Applications.‖ The energy of change, April 11, 2016.
http://www.theenergyofchange.com/what-is-enzyme.
Whitacre, Stacie H. 2002. ―Chem 101: What You Need to Know about Active Ingredients.‖
Clean Link. CleanLinK.org. April 1, 2002. https://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article/Chem-
101-What-you-need-to-know-about-active-ingredients--372.
Images are taken from publicdomainpictures.net

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For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

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