METAFUNCTION OF CLAUSE: 2.

TRANSITIVITY

Metafunction
Structures/
Clause Subject Metafunction/ Subject
Systems of Dimension
Functions Function Meaning Name
Grammar
1. Transitivity Representati Logical Experiental/ Actor Natural
on Ideational world
2. Mood Exchange Grammatical Interpersonal Subject Social world
3. Theme Message Psychological Textual Theme Verbal world
4. Clause Logical
Complexes

Transitivity Structures

Structures/
Clause Subject Metafunction/ Subject
Systems of Dimension
Functions Function Meaning Name
Grammar
Transitivity Representation Logical Experiental/ Actor Natural world
Ideational

• Nama system/ teori: Transitivity

• Clause function: Clause as Representation: representasi apa? Representation of the
world; to describe the events and states of the world (real and unreal world). Bahwa
segala sesuatu d dunia ini (peristiwa; perasaan; hubungan2; dialog; pokoknya
semuanya) hanya bisa dituangkan/ direalisasikan dgn Bahasa, yg tersusun dari klausa2.
Clause which represents the world ini yg jd kajian transitivity.

• Subject function: Logical subject. Karena system ini memandang Subjek secara logika.
Bahwa secara logika, yg disebut Subjek itu adalah pelaku, dimanapun posisi Subject tsb
dlm suatu klausa maka Subject Name-nya dinamakan Actor.

• Meaning: Experiential/ ideational meaning. Klause merepresentasika serangkaian

pengalaman2 in the real or unreal world (ini ada kalitannya dgn penjelasan dari Clause
as Representation)

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• Dimensionnya: natural world. Segala sst yg ada/ tjd d dunia ini.

3 semantic categories/ constituents/ structures:

Process
Participant
Circumstance

Participant Process Circumstance

Subject, Object, Complement Predicate/ Verb Adverbial

Noun Verb Adverbial

Adjective
Selain 3 unsur ini diabaikan dlm system ini. Misal: adjunct dlm MOOD selain circumstantial
adjunct
circumstantial adjunct di MOOD = circumstance di Transitivity

Process types are the realization of all the world’s experiences. It consists of three major
types: material, mental, and relational processes. In between each process lies a process
that shares some features and characteristics of both enclosing processes.
They are behavioral process in between material and mental processes, verbal process lies
between mental and relational processes, and existential process shares the features
between relational and material processes.

Material

Behavioral

PROCESS TYPES Mental

Verbal

Relational

Existantial

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Setiap process type mempunyai typical participants masing2. Jd saat analisis yg hrs
ditentukan prosesnya dl. Participants show what parties are involved in an event and what
position they stand on.

Circumstances answer particularly wh-questions, such as when, where, why, how, etc. It
occurs in all process types. Categories:

1. Extent: to answer the questions of, how often, how long.

Subtypes: distance, duration
E.g. The Olympic Games is celebrated every four year.
It will be celebrated from August 8 to 24, 2008 (duration).
It is almost 300 kilometres from Bandung to Jogja (distance).
2. Location: to answer the questions of when and where.
Subtypes: place, time
E.g. The 2008 Olympic Games will be officially opened on August 8, 2008 (time).
It will be held in Beijing (place).
3. Matter: to answer the question of what about.
E.g. As for the host of Olympic games, Beijing builds thirty-one venues.
4. Manner: to answer the questions of how, with what.
Subtypes: means, quality, comparison
E.g. Athletes will be taken to the games venues by all kinds of transportation means
(means).
5. Role: to answer the question of what as.
Subtypes: guise (what as), product (what into)
E.g. As the host of Olympic games, Beijing builds thirty-one venues (guise).
Beijing is growing into a cosmopolitan city (product).
6. Accompaniment: to answer the question of with whom.
Subtypes: comitation, addition
E.g. Beijing, together with other four cities, competed in the election of host city
(comitation).
Andy and Steve are both absent (addition).
7. Cause: to answer the questions of why, what for, who for

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 Subtypes: reason, purpose, behalf
E.g. The Chinese government is protested for its human rights violations in Tibet
(reason).
The Chinese government makes a remarkable preparation to show the world the
power of this country (purpose).
8. Contingency
Subtypes: condition (in case of), concession (in spite of), default (in the absent of)
E.g. In the even of raining, bring an umbrella (condition).
Despite the technical problem, the presentation is excellent (concession).
9. Angle: According to
E.g. They’re guilty in the eyes of the law.

As for process types, each process has particular function to explain the world of experience
as well as participants:
▪ Material process is the process of doing and happening, someone or something does
action. The participants are Actor, Goal, Range, and Beneficiary (divided into Recipient
and Client), and Initiator.
E.g. The robbers (Actor) robbed (Material process) the bank (Goal).
Goals can be probed by a question ‘what did x do to y?’.
Range is restating or continuing the process itself. E.g.: she sings a song; they play a
game: extending or ranging the process in the clause.
Beneficiary is participant that get benefit from the process. Divided into recipient and
client.
Recipient is the one thing is given to, while
Client is the one the service is done for.
E.g. His boss (Actor) gave (Material process) him (Recipient) some money (Goal).
He (Actor) kicked (Pr: Material) the ball (Goal).
He (Actor) kicked (Pr: Material) a goal (Range).
Your boss (Actor) entrusted (Material process) some money (Goal) for you (Client).
The devil (initiator) made (material) me (actor) do (material) it (goal).

▪ Mental process relates to thinking, sensing and feeling.

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 Thinking relates to the process of cognition as other cognitive markers, such as
knowing, understanding, comprehending, etc.
Sensing is particularly associated with perception perceived by sensing organ, like
seeing, hearing, and so forth.
Feeling is about affection, such as loving, liking, fearing, etc.
Two main participants in this process are:
Senser and Phenomenon with one additional participant called Inducer.
E.g. I (Senser) couldn’t understand (Mental process) his attitude (Phenomenon).
She (inducer) made (Mental) me rethink my attitude.

▪ Behavioral process is approximately the process of physiological and psychological

behavior. It shares the features of material and mental processes that sometimes a
process is not easy to identify whether it is mental or behavioral.
The primary participants are Behaver and Behavior/ Range.
E.g. She (Behaver) smiled (Behavioral process) a broad smile (Behavior).

▪ Verbal process covers all verbal activities. The participants are Sayer, Receiver
(direct object), Verbiage/ Range (indirect object), and Target.
E.g. The grandma (Sayer) told (Verbal process) her grand-daughter (Receiver) a
story (Verbiage).
Mostly, verbal process is directly followed by circumstance of manner.
E.g. We’re talking about going to Bali.
In the quoted or reported speech, verbal process occurs in the projecting clause.
While the projected clause can be realized by any kinds of process types.
E.g. He said (Verbal process), “I will go to Bali”
The projected clause in the above sentence is in the form of material process.

▪ Existential process is a process of being encoding existence usually marked by

‘there’ followed by auxiliary verb. Existent is the only participant here as it is
carried by a cat in there was a cat on the roof.

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 ▪ Relational process is the most complex process type that includes a lot of
categories. But for the sake of brief explanation, this type is not going to be
described comprehensively. It is a process of being involving attributive and
identifying categories. Each category is subdivided into intensive, circumstantial
and possessive. Here are the examples with its participant’s function:
You (Carrier) are (Process: intensive) an interesting guy! (Attribute)
You (Token) are (Process: intensive) the most interesting guy! (Value)

Summary of participants:
Participants Processes Participants Examples
Actor Material Goal I’ (A) m following your way (R).
Initiator Range Blinding hail (Int.) caused (Pr: Mt) him
Beneficiary – (G) to swerve (Pr: Mt) off the road.
Client He bought a house for his parents (C).
Beneficiary - They sold the old house to a stranger
Recipient (R).
Senser Mental Range/ I would remember his words (P).
Inducer Phenomenon The fact bothers me (P).
It (P) suprises me that she won (P).
She (Ind.) made her (S) feel sorry.
Behaver Behavioral Range/ She smiles a broad smile (B).
Behaviour She sniffed the soup (P).
Phenomenon
Sayer Verbal Target Don’t shout at me! (T)
Receiver The question (S) criticizes the concept
Range/ (T).
Verbiage I told her (R) the truth (V).
He asked me a question (V).
Existential Existent There is something (E) about Mary.
Atrributor Relational He (Atr) made (Pr: int-att) her (Cr) a
Assigner (additional fool (Att).
participants) He (Atr) made (Pr: int-att) her (Cr) a
fool (Att).

DONE

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