ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

GREEN MATERIALS STUDY

- SAHIL SINGH (190023)

- SAKSHI JOSHI (190008)
- SUSNATA CHANDA (190003)
- ADWAYI WAGHMARE (190025)
 WOOD
(ENGINEERED WOOD)
INTRODUCTION
• Wood is a renewable resource that can contribute to sustainability in the construction industry. It may be
difficult to think of wood as a sustainable material, since it is associated with deforestation. However, man-
made construction materials like concrete and steel have a huge carbon footprint, causing even more damage
to the environment. Using wood instead of steel or concrete reduces environmental impact, as well as
construction and operation costs.
• Advances in building technology allow the use of wood in a wide range of non-residential, multi-story and
long-span buildings. Construction codes have been evolving accordingly, to accommodate wood construction
methods.
WOOD AS A GREEN MATERIAL
Renewable
• Unlike other building materials like concrete and steel, wood is renewable. It can be grown and harvested
multiple times.
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
• Wood waste products can be recycled and transformed into new products. Also, innovative designs can
optimize the usage of materials to reduce waste.
Carbon Footprint
• The manufacturing processes of steel and concrete release carbon dioxide to the environment, also
transportation also adds to the carbon emissions. Wood harvested from sustainably-managed forests has a
smaller carbon footprint, and trees absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis
Forest Certification
• Look for certified wood to ensure that it comes from sustainable forests. This helps enforce forestry
practices among consumers and retailers, eliminating destructive lumbering practices.
NO. ADVANTAGES OF WOOD DISADVANTAGES OF WOOD

1. Thermal Properties: Wood does not experience a Shrinkage and Swelling of Wood: Wood is a
major expansion with heat. Also, the combination of hygroscopic material. This means that it will adsorb
low thermal conductivity and high specific heat surrounding condensable vapors and loses moisture
provides insulation to air below the fiber saturation point.

2. Acoustic Properties: Wood can amplify or mitigate Deterioration of Wood: The agents causing the
sound based on its orientation. Sound is transmitted deterioration and destruction of wood fall into two
along the grain direction, and mitigated in the categories: Biotic (biological) and abiotic (non-
perpendicular direction. biological). Biotic agents include decay and mold
fungi, bacteria and insects. Abiotic agents include
sun, wind, water, certain chemicals and fire.

3. Electrical Properties: Dry wood is an excellent

electrical insulator and it does not accumulate static
electricity. However, note that the electrical
resistance of wood is inversely proportional to its
moisture content

4. Mechanical Properties: Wood has a high strength

and durability. It also has a high breaking length - the
length at which a material breaks under its own
weight when hanging
WOOD PROTECTION METHODS
Coating:
• Provides protection for both indoor and outdoor applications
• Prevents rapid uptake and loss of moisture
• Reduces shrinkage and swelling
• Some coatings protect wood from ultraviolet rays
• Fungicides can be added to coatings

Drying: Drying can prevent the degradation of wood, and it is

typically dried with air or a kiln. The kiln drying method is more
effective because it kills fungi and insects, while removing
moisture more effectively.

Wood Preservatives: These are used in situations where wood

will be constantly exposed to liquids, insects and weather.

Flame Retardants: It is impossible to make wood non-

combustible, but it can be treated with flame retardants. The two
retardant types used for wood are coatings and chemical water
soluble salts. They increase the burning point, reduce the
formation of flammable gases, and mitigate the spreading and
penetration of flames.
ENGINEERED WOOD
• Engineered wood, also called mass
timber, composite wood, man-made wood,
or manufactured board, includes a range of
derivative wood which is manufactured by
binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibers,
or veneers or boards of wood, together
with adhesives, or other methods of fixation
to form composite material.
• Engineered wood is one of the most common
building materials used in modern-day
construction, especially for residential homes.
• Engineered wood is also useful in that it helps
to speed up the process of construction.
COST
• Engineered hardwood cost in India depends on the quality and thickness of the plank. It is roughly in
the price range of ₹250/- to ₹700/- per square feet. A good quality could come with a higher price tag
but it is inversely proportionate to the regular maintenance cost.

WHAT IS ENGINEERED WOOD MADE OF?

• The top layer of engineered wood is the fancy looking one: a beautiful veneer of solid wood. It’s the
layer you’ll feel and touch and it’s the most important choice to make when choosing your
engineered floor
• The second layer of engineered wood is the clever one: a strong, supportive layer which can be made
of plywood, particle board or medium-density fiberboard(MDF). All three materials work the same,
preventing the top layer from warping.
• The last layer of engineered wood is the stabilizing back layer. The result? A beautiful floor which
doesn’t buckle in areas of changing

THICKNESS, WIDTH
• The thickness can range from 3/8 inch to 1/2 inch. Standard widths are 3 1/4 inches, with plank
sizes starting at 5 inches wide.
NO. ADVANTAGES OF ENGINEERED DISADVANTAGES OF ENGINEERED
WOOD WOOD
1 Engineered wood is sustainable, because it allows Engineered wood is often less aesthetically
you to achieve (or exceed) the same density and pleasing than real wood, because of the visible
strength of old growth timber, but with lumber wood strips (rather than the clean, natural look of
made from young trees. It also reduces waste, solid timbers). One exception to this is
because it uses all parts of the tree—even defects architectural-grade glulam.
or pieces leftover from cutting dimensional
lumber.

2 Engineered wood can be stronger than • Engineered wood—especially LSL—can be

dimensional lumber because of its high density much more expensive than dimensional
and layers of grain running in different directions. lumber.

3 Engineered beams come in almost any size—you

can get bigger members because they’re created
by composite, rather than having to be cut from
single trees.

4 Some engineered wood can resist warping and

splitting more than dimensional lumber.
 CARBON FOOTPRINT AND IT’S IMPACT
• Wood is the only construction material that stores carbon
• Wood-based materials can be used in most parts of any building to capture carbon from the atmosphere. This
allows designers and builders to reach ambitious CO2 reduction goals.
• Wooden building components store carbon in all buildings regardless of their frame, insulation and cladding
materials. The largest potential for storing carbon can be achieved in external walls, intermediate floors and
roof structures.
• Wood is climate friendly over the whole life cycle
• Using wood reduces the carbon footprint of buildings in two key ways—through carbon storage and avoided
greenhouse gas emissions.
MILAN’S UNICREDIT BUILDING
• This solar-powered, building in Milan for UniCredit is a LEED-certified pavilion to enrich public life by creating
multipurpose spaces for the community.
• Its open structure of curved laminated wood ribs gives a sense of accessibility and protection.
• The open structure accentuates accessibility, strengthened by two large wings equipped with monitors for
events open to the general public.
• The pavilion has no foundations–it was constructed on a reinforced concrete podium above a parking facility.
• Inspired by the shape of a seed, the design of the building combines lamellar larch beams with glass.
• Because of its strong focus on environmental sustainability, the LEED Gold-certified project has won first
prize at this year's WT SmartCity Award competition.
SLATE ROOFING TILES
SLATE AS A MATERIAL
• Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous
metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-
type sedimentary rock composed of clay or
volcanic ash through low-grade regional
metamorphism.

• Slate can be made into roofing slates, a type of

roof shingle, or more specifically a type of roof
tile, which are installed by a slater. Slate has two
lines of breakability – cleavage and grain – which
make it possible to split the stone into thin sheets.
When broken, slate retains a natural appearance
while remaining relatively flat and easy to stack.

• Natural slate is used by building professionals as a

result of its beauty and durability.
USE IN CONSTRUCTION
• Slate is a foliated metamorphic rock and has
known to be used since the ancient Roman era.
Some of its striking properties like water
resistance, fire resistance, and durability make this
natural stone a great choice for construction.
Available in a variety of shades, designs, and
colors; this stone is extensively used for wall
cladding, flooring, flagging, and roofing.

• Architects and designers use natural slate stone

both for exterior and interior applications Exterior
applications of natural slate stone include
landscaping, roofing, copings, and sills, paving,
cladding, and wall covering. For interior
installations, it is used as wall and floor tiles, fire
surrounds, worktops, hearths, and even tableware
and house signs.
ADVANTAGES OF SLATE ROOFING TILES
• Slate roof tiles are made of 100% natural stone, and have a
naturally cleft surface with beautiful color variation
ranging over the entire roof.

• Slate is particularly suitable as a roofing material as it has

an extremely low water absorption index of less than 0.4%,
making the material waterproof.

• Slate is incredibly durable and can last several hundred

years, often with little or no maintenance.

• Its low water absorption makes it very resistant to frost

damage and breakage due to freezing. Natural slate is also
fire resistant and energy efficient.

• Environment friendly. Being made of natural stone, the

tiles don’t give off VOCs or other pollution during
manufacturing. They can also be recycled after they are
used on the roof or if they outlast the building they are
installed on.

• They can also help to insulate the home below them,

which can lower energy costs in the houses that use them.
DISADVANTAGES OF SLATE ROOFING TILES
• The biggest disadvantages to a slate roof are the expense
and the installation.

• Requires specialized installers – your average roofing

contractor is not qualified to install a slate roof. Slate
requires specialized installation from master slaters, who
can ensure that your roof is built to last. Hiring a specialized
roofing contractor means you’ll get better results, of course,
but it also means that you’ll pay more for your roof.

• Slate tiles may not be gauged, which means they can vary in
thickness, while the tiles can also spall or shed layers during
the installation process.

• Extremely heavy – the other drawback to using a slate roof

is the weight. Slate roof tiles are extremely heavy, and the
roof deck needs to be reinforced to hold the weight. In fact,
a slate roof can weigh anywhere from 800 to 1500 pounds.

• if you do lose or break tiles, it can be difficult to find

replacements that match. Because slate is a natural stone,
the color variation from lot to lot can be so extreme that
you may have a patch that stands out a mile.
INSTALLATION OF SLATE ROOFS
1. Assess The Underlying Roof Structure:
• The first step in the process is to assess the integrity and strength of the
underlying structure, and ensure that the structure is strong enough to accept a
slate roof. If not, extra steps must be taken to reinforce it before work can
begin.
2. Install High-Quality Roof Decking:
• When properly installed, the lifespan of a slate roof is 100-150+ years – so the
underlying structural elements must be built to withstand this duration. Because
of this, the most commonly-used roof decking material is solid lumber that’s at
least 2-3 cm in thickness.
3. Place Felt Underlayment To Protect The Roof:
• Slate roofs do not usually depend on an underlayment to remain watertight, but
a felt underlayment should still be used to protect the roof structure while the
slate tiles are installed. This underlayment will be removed when each row of
tiles is completed, and the flashing for the roof is installed.
4. Begin Installation Of Each Course Of Slate Tiles:
• Each slate is nailed into place in a “course” using galvanized, copper roofing
nails. 2 nails are used for each slate, with a vertical separation of about 3-4 cm.
These nails are driven gently into the slate, and sunk until they are flush with the
slate surface. Nailing the slate too deep can cause cracks and damage, so care
should be taken during this step to avoid overdriving nails.
• Each slate must overlap with the lower and upper course, creating “headlap.”
The overlapping nature of slate tiles is what creates a water-tight roof – without
the proper head lap and overlap, the roof will leak. That’s why slate roof
installation is usually a job that’s best left to the professionals – even minor
mistakes in installation can result in serious leaks.
5. Install High-Quality Flashing On Valleys, Gutters, Chimneys, Etc:
• As each course of slate tiles is installed, copper flashing is placed in valleys in the
roof, and installed near gutters and chimneys, and other gaps in the roof.
• Once all of the flashing has been placed, courses of slate tiles are placed over the
roof decking, underlayment and flashing, until the roof has been completely
covered, and the project has been completed.
COST, SIZE, DURABILITY
COST:
• The cost of slate shingles ranges from $500 to $1700 per square, depending on the
durability, color, and thickness you choose.
• The high cost of materials and installation of a slate roof may deter many
homeowners. The total slate roofing costs per roofing square (100 square feet) range
from $1200 to $3300 — the most expensive roofing material on the market. The cost
of a slate roof tile installation can run on average between $12,000 and $24,000 for an
average size home.
• Material costs for a slate roof vary greatly depending on the durability, color, and
thickness. The most attractive and sturdy slate tiles can cost a staggering amount of
money — three times more than a lesser-quality-slate tile.

SIZE:
• Slate roof tiles can range in size from 12” (length) x 6” (wide) up to 24” (length) x 12”
(wide). Special sizes such as slate-and-a-half can be ordered to reach into valleys,
gable ends, hips and dormers.
• Slate roof tiles are also available in a range of thicknesses from 3/16” to 1 ½” with the
standard thickness being ¼” – 3/8”.
• Slate roof tiles are rectangle in shape but can be trimmed into special shapes such as
clipped corners, diamond, fish scale and hexagon.

DURABILITY:
• Natural slate is said to last 50 to 100+ years, which is a wide range that is dependent
upon numerous factors: origin and quality of the slate, correct installation, proper
maintenance and upkeep
CARBON FOOTPRINT

• It is not surprising that natural slate, which requires only minimal processing, has the
lowest embodied energy of most the roofing materials. The values for energy
consumption and hence carbon emissions depend on the ease of extraction and of
cutting into suitably sized units.

• The choice of slate is also very important. Some slates are known to fail within a few
years of exposure on a roof. However, good quality slates, with the potential to last
over a hundred years, are one of the best environmental choices for a roofing
material. For example, a poor quality slate with a life expectancy of 20 years would
have an embodied energy value of approximately 5 KgCO2/metre2 over a hundred
year period. Compare this with a Cupa Heavy 3 which has service life of greater than
100 years, giving it an average embodied carbon value of only 1 KgCO2/metre2 over a
similar timeframe, lower than all other types of roofing materials.
EXAMPLES OF SLATE ROOFING
1. Cobh Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of St Colman, known as the Cobh
Cathedral, is located in the town of Cobh, Ireland. It has
one of the largest carillons in Europe, with over 49 bells,
and a beautiful slate roof that lasted over 100 years with
no issues. A decade ago, it was found that it was leaking
water, so it was redone through a 4 million pounds
restoration project.

2. Walt Disney Residence

One of the most famous buildings to have slate roofing is
the Walt Disney Residence in downtown Los Angeles,
California. This huge mansion remained almost
untouched for decades, and it still looks amazing,
dominating the landscape with its tall structure. The slate
roof both protects and adorns the building, and its recent
restoration work left it looking at it best.
BAGASSE
BAGASSE
• Bagasse is the dry pulpy fibrous material that remains
after crushing sugarcane or sorghum stalks to extract
their juice. It is used as a biofuel for the production of
heat, energy, and electricity, and in the manufacture of
pulp and building materials.

• Several studies were carried out with sugarcane

bagasse ash which reveal the presence of significant
amount of silica after its controlled burning. The high
silica content makes this sugarcane bagasse ash as a
supplementary cementitious material for cement and
concrete applications

• Availability: India produces nearly 40 million metric

tonnes of bagasse and it is being minorly used as raw
material in the paper industry. It is available in
plenty. Therefore, Bagasse, can be a suitable material
as a partial replacement of cement in concrete.

BAGASSE ASH
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: 1. Density (kg/m3) : 0.4
2. Specific gravity: 1.8
3. Fineness passing 45 m: 95
4. Specific surface area: 900
5. Mean grain size: 5.1

• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: Bagasse is 50% water and dry bagasse mass composition
is considered to be 39% cellulose, 37% hemicellulose, 21% lignin and 3% ash.

• USE IN CONSTRUCTION: Bagasse ash is an effective mineral admixture and pozzolan with
the optimal replacement ratio of 20% cement, which reduced the chloride diffusion by more
than 50% without any adverse effects on other properties of the hardened concrete.
THE KEY STEPS WHICH ARE REQUIRED TO SUCCESSFULLY
USE BAGASSE ASH AS AN EFFECTIVE CEMENTITIOUS
MATERIAL FOR CEMENT AND CONCRETE APPLICATIONS:

• A simple methodology for identification of the quality of

bagasse ash and development of appropriate pre-
treatment process (thermal or mechanical or a
combination) for bagasse ash of any quality is required to
be established. This will enable the MSMEs to decide the
suitable treatment process depending on the quality of
bagasse ash received from different sugar cane industries.

• Performance index for treated bagasse ash is required.

This index will help classify the bagasse ash after the
treatment process to decide the replacement level for
OPC in concrete and building products.

• Industrial scale production of bagasse ash with suitable

treatment process will give confidence to the industry to
set up bagasse ash treatment plants.

• Economic attributes for production of treated bagasse ash

at industrial scale will encourage the companies to invest
in installing bagasse ash treatment plants.

• A proper resource mapping of the sugarcane bagasse ash

in India. This will enable the investors/ MSMEs to decide on
the location of bagasse ash treatment plants.
• ADVANTAGES: Bagasse is biodegradable and has plenty of benefits, ranging from high-temperature
tolerance, excellent durability, and it is compostable too. This is the reason why not only it is used as a key
ingredient for eco-friendly packaging but also to produce biodegradable disposable tableware.

• COST OF THE PRODUCT: Traders say bagasse or sugarcane waste is selling at around Rs 2,000 a tonne.

• SIZE : In the case of depithed bagasse, a comparatively large percentage of the particles are in
the size range −10 mm to +4 mm , (−10 mm, +6.3 mm) and (−6.3 mm, +4 mm).

• Molded fiber is constructed from post-consumer content, and bagasse is made from renewable resources
like sugarcane or wheatgrass. When they are discarded, the majority of these products can be
commercially composted, breaking down and leaving a smaller footprint on the earth
TERRACOTTA CLAY
BRICKS
TERRACOTTA BRICKS
• Terracotta bricks are actually clay bricks, which are the products of continuous optimization of products and
continuous upgrading of traditional techniques.
• The terracotta bricks are usually fired at a high temperature using high-quality clay or even purple clay.
• Architectural elements include terracotta tiles, terracotta bricks, terracotta louvers and terracotta panels
for facades.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
• The natural clay is used as the main component, and the quartz and feldspar are used as aggregates.
• Clay → SiO2+Al2O3+Impurities (CaO...)
• Clay is cohesive so can be shaped when wet. (sand is non-cohesive.)
• The clay brick has a high water absorption rate of 8% to 10%.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The manufacturing process has six general phases –

1) Preparation of Raw Material (excavated & ground)

2) Forming or shaping (mixing with water to a plastic

condition to obtain the desired shape) – Stiff-mud, Soft-
mud, Dry press processes SUN DRYING OF BRICKS

3) Setting and drying

4) Glazing → provides a thin & smooth coat on the surface

5) Firing or burning → in kilns above 950°C

6) Cooling → rate of cooling affects brittleness, color & shape

FIRING OF BRICKS IN KILN
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS OF BRICK
CONSTRUCTION AND USAGE
PROPERTIES AS A GREEN MATERIAL
• Sustainable and Recyclable: Architectural terracotta is made from natural
clay fired in a kiln. As such, it’s environmentally friendly, and can be
recycled.

• Sound and insulation: The characteristic thickness and density of the mud-
brick wall reduces noise transmission and prevents noise from outside.

• Durable: Clay bricks do not warp, rust, wear, peel, or fade over time, they
do not harbor termites and appear more beautiful when they are made.

• Low Maintenance cost: While these bricks may be expensive to acquire,

their low maintenance and durability make these materials a cost-effective
option for the exterior of your home.

• High resale value: Clay brick homes generally have a high resale value as
homebuyers prefer the upscale appearance and easy care of a brick home.

• Fire resistances: During the manufacturing process, the clay is fired at

such high temperatures it becomes almost fireproof. For this reason, the
bricks can withstand large, intense fires for longer than almost any other
building material.

• An Energy Saving Alternative: Excellent thermal insulation properties can

help mitigate the heat-island effect of larger buildings, and it can lower
energy consumption. Terracotta long bricks store heat energy during the
day and they release it slowly at night. This means it ultimately costs less to
heat the building during cold periods and to cool it during hot weather.
Rain screens and sunshades made from the material have also been proven
to lower energy consumption.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
SR. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
NO.
1. Excellent freeze-thaw resistance The clay brick masonry wall material is relatively large
Clay bricks will not crack when frozen and thawed in so the structure has to withstand more weight, which
the environment of -45 ° C for 50 times. increases construction costs.

2. Good resistance to light pollution Large-scale environmental damage, mainly soil

Terracotta bricks can refract more than 90% of the excavation therefore damages the soil and vegetation,
light, which has a good effect on protecting human results in soil erosion.
vision and reducing light pollution.

3. Good sound absorption

Because the clay brick is rich in a large number of
even and fine open pores, it can refract all the sound
wave, which can reduce the noise outdoors and
eliminate the echo in the room.

4. Good air permeability and water permeability

5. Higher thermal stability

6. Good weathering and corrosion resistance

TYPES OF TERRACOTTA/CLAY BRICKS
SR. TYPE FIRST CLASS BRICKS SECOND CLASS THIRD CLASS FOURTH CLASS
NO. (GRADE A) BRICKS (GRADE B) BRICKS (GRADE C) BRICKS (GRADE D)

1. MANUFACTU fine-looking, well- burnt in clamps and molded to the over burnt bricks
RE PROCESS burnt in kilns, table- ground-molded but ground and burnt in
AND SHAPE molded, rectangular with a slight a clamp
with sharp edges irregularity in shape

2. TEXTURE AND surface is clean, surface is rough and surface is rough and surface is irregular
HARDNESS smooth and has no has spots, these has distorted edges, and its color is
cracks, these bricks bricks are tough these bricks are dark, these bricks
are very hard bricks slightly soft are very hard

3. APPLICATION mostly used for face used in ordinary used in temporary used in
work structure or structures and places structures, foundations,
superior work where the brick coat especially places floors, roads, etc.
provided with where rainfall is not
a plaster coat heavy
HOLLOW BRICKS
• They keep the interiors cool in summer and warm in
winter better.

• They also provide more sound insulation as compared

to solid bricks.

• Better usage and strength - hollow bricks display good

compressive strength making them suitable to install
heavy wall compartments, cabinets, geysers, etc

POROTHERM SMART BRICKS OR ECO BRICKS

• These have holes either vertically or horizontally.

• Size: 400 x 200 x 200 mm

ADVANTAGES
• 60% less weight than a solid brick
• Compressive strength >3.5 N/sq.mm.
• Density of approx. 694 to 783 kg/cu.m.
• Large size & low weight
• Excellent thermal insulation
• Water absorption ~15%
• Low cost
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Brick Masonry Construction Procedure
• Initially, mix the mortar with water and blend it until a smooth and plastic mortar is produced.

• After that, place the mortar on foundation line evenly using trowel (25mm thickness and one brick wide is recommended
for laid mortar). Then, lay the first course of stretcher bricks in the mortar.

• Start with second brick, apply mortar to the head joint end of each brick. After that shove the bricks into place firmly so
that the mortar is squeezed out of all side of the joints.

• Place another mortar line alongside the first course, then begin laying the second course. To finish the second course of
the lead, lay three header bricks and make sure that they are leveled.

• Do the same alternate layers with pattern of brick laying till the target height is reached.

BRICK CLADDING TECHNIQUE

REINFORCEMENT AND ROD TECHNIQUE
SIZE, SHAPE AND PRICE
• Common sizes of bricks • Two important criterias - First, it is the ideal
width for the human hand to lift and place in
position with minimum strain and secondly, it
satisfies the need for bricks to be modular in
terms of BOND patterns.

• Thus there is a relationship of length to width of

2:1 and in length to height of 3:1, which allows for
bonding in any direction.
• Approx Price Range : Starting price from Rs. 8 to Rs. 200

• Shapes : A range of special shapes are available to enhance the aesthetic detailing of buildings and landscaped areas.
The most common specials available are the cants and the bullnose bricks although special shapes can also be
manufactured to specification.
CARBON FOOTPRINT AND IT’S IMPACT
Carbon footprint is broadly defined as carbon dioxide (CO2.) emissions
normalized per unit mass of a product or per unit of an activity.

• Manufacturing of fired clay bricks involves combustion of fossil fuels during the
firing process. Due to combustion of fossil fuels, dissociation of mineral calcite in
the soil during the firing of green bricks and combustion of diesel during
transportation of raw materials, the greenhouse gas emissions are associated
with the manufacturing of fired clay bricks.

• Climate Change Department reported that for fired clay bricks, CFP usually
range between 132 and 295 kg of CO 2 eq./tonne of brick.

E.g. For Karad area of Maharashtra, following are the numbers for kiln-fired
bricks -

• CFP is 169 gCO2/kg of fired brick excluding emissions due to bio-fuel

combustion.

• CFP is 195 gCO2/kg of fired brick including emissions due to bio-fuel

Carbon emissions by coal-generated
combustion. Kilns is maximum
• Sun-dried clay bricks are a nearly zero carbon building material with low
embodied energy.

• For every 1000 sun-dried bricks, a reduction in CO₂ by 5907 kg CO2e- is achieved.

•The new-extrusion technology leads to lighter mass of the bricks which allows
more bricks to be loaded onto vehicles for transport, lowering greenhouse gas
emissions per 1,000 bricks delivered.
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF CARBON EMISSION IN TRANSPORTATION
HISTORICAL RELEVANCE OF TERRACOTTA
• Architectural terracotta has been used for more than 3,000 years.

•The Bhitargaon Temple in Bhitargaon, Uttar Pradesh is the oldest remaining terracotta Hindu temple with a roof and a
shikhara. It was built sometime in the 500s CE. Although the structure has undergone extensive restoration, many
features are original.

Bhitargaon Temple in Bhitargaon, Uttar Pradesh, India

BRICK CURTAIN HOUSE, SURAT, GUJARAT, INDIA
CLIMATE : Tropical

- Hot and humid climatic zone with high humidity,

strong sun and glare from sky characterizing.

• A brick façade with bulges protruding in and out

was selected. As the façade majorly needs to shade
the central indoor environment, the two ends are
straight without bulges, giving the undulations in the
centre a firm hold.
CHUON CHUON KIM 2 KINDERGARTEN, VIETNAM
CLIMATE : Tropical monsoon

- High humidity

• Each floor features alternating patterns that encourages

children to become more attuned to their surroundings.

• The walls are punctuated by large windows for continuous

views inside and out.

• Access to daylight, cross breezes and a natural material

palette help promote a healthful environment.

• A rooftop garden tops the building with panoramic views of

the Saigon River.
TERRA COTTA STUDIO, VIETNAM
CLIMATE : Tropical monsoon

-High humidity

• With the natural light changing the atmosphere of the

interior spaces during the day, the building aims to mimic
the constant flow of the adjacent river.

• The perforated facade provides an optimal level of

privacy for the artist, while bringing natural elements
indoors to retain a strong connection with the outdoors

• The bricks were built interleaved creating holes which

help the wind ventilating and air conditioning.

•This layer helps connect outside environment from inside

the studio, so the artist can feel the wind, the cool from
river and sound of nature in surrounding area.
THANK YOU