2.

Study of Plumbing Tools and Equipments

Aim
To study the various plumbing processes, tools and equipments.
Introduction
In every building, adequate quantity of water should be available at required
locations, to meet various needs of the occupants. Before designing a building, water
needs must be properly analysed.
The Fluid, gas that has to be transferred from one point to an another destination
point, must be transferred through pipe lines only. Pipe is the best way of transferring
these material in a cheaper cost and safety for long run.
There are two types of plumbing
a. Domestic plumbing
b. Industrial based plumbing
(a) Domestic plumbing
For house hold appliances such as freshwater supply, wastewater treatment
supply, rainwater dSrain, gas supply, air conditioning, fire fighting systems,
garden watering and irrigation we go for domestic plumbing.
(b) Industrial oriented plumbing
This type of plumbing is specially designed to meet the requirement of that
company. See in case of petroleum plant high pressure pipelines is been used.
In industrial oriented plumbing various specialized fittings like gauges,
indicators, regulators, control valves, safety valves, bye pass valve, temperature
indicator, temperature recorder, pressure indicator, pressure transmitter,
level gauge, level indicator and speed indicator are used.
Purpose of Plumbing
Plumbing is done in building for the purpose of comfort and convenience
to the inhabitants as well as for sanitation and health. Water is taken in through
inlet pipes and used water is drained through outlet pipes. Plumbing helps us
to move fluid or gas in a structural oriented manner.
Tools used in Plumbing
When planning the plumbing work, you must decide which type of pipe is to
be used, your choice will depend on the plumbing tools available. Plumbing with steel
pipes requires a lot of tools to cut, bend, thread and join the pipes.
Plumbing by PVC pipe needs only few tools and the pipes need not be threaded
since they are fitted by glue.
Based on the application the tools are classified as follows.

Marking Knife
It is used to convert the pencil line marks into cut lines. Marking knife is
made up of steel having a sharp pointed edge at the tip and other side with a
handle.
(Pencil
Pencil is used for marking dimension on the wall surfaces. Different grades
of pencils are available such as H, 2H, HB.

Marking knife Pencil Chalk

Chalk
Chalk is used for marking dimension on the wall surface. Different shapes
and colours of chalk are available.
Measuring tools
(a) Steel Rule
It is a linear measuring tool. It is available in lengths of 150mm and 300mm
of size, graduated both in mm and inches. Steel rules are usually made up
of tempered rust free steel or stainless steel. The least count of steel rule is
1mm.
 Steel Rule

Measuring Tape
Measuring Tape used to measure larger length which could not be measured
with a steel rule. It is made up of toughened spring steel strip. It gets wind up
automatically when one edge is left. It is available in market at a standard
length of 5m and 10m, both in mm and inches. Its outer cover is made up
of plastic or steel. There is other model of measuring tape which is made up
of fibre and it don’t get wind up automatically. This helps to measure large
distance from 15m, 30m and above.

2 3
1

Measuring Tape Plumb Bob

Holding Tools
(a) Bench Vice
It is used to hold workpiece during cutting, drilling, threading and other Such
related
Pipetobecuttedorthreadedmustbeheldsteadyandpreventedfromrotation by
holding them in pipe vice. Pipe vice is specially designed to hold cylindrical
objects. operation.

Bench Vice Pipe Vice

Open End Spanner
Plain or open end spanners are rigid non adjustable type with widely opened
in opposite ends. They are made up of forged steel to withstand high load and
tension.

Open End Spanner One Side Ring and Other side open Ring Spanner

Ring Spanner
Ring Spanner completely surrounds the nut and the bolt head. The main
advantage of using spanner is that it doesn’t get slip while applying load on
bolt and on nuts.
Adjustable spanner
For tightening or loosening connectors, adjustable spanners are used. It is
available in different sizes ranging from ½ inch to 2 inch.

Adjustable Spanner

Pipe wrench
It is used to hold pipes, rotate pipes, rods and even machine parts. It contains
a fixed jaw and a movable jaw, between these two jaws the workpiece could be
held. Adjustment between these jaws can be given through adjustable wheel

Pipe Wrench

Chain Wrench
It is used to hold large diameter pipes and machine parts. Adjustments can
be made on the chain for tightening and griping purpose.
 Chain Wrench

Cutting Tools
Pipe Cutter
Pipe cutter do not remove any metal, the wheel squeezes the metal and forces
it at the head of the cutter until the pipe gets cut-off.
Hack Saw
It is used to cut all types of workpiece. The blade used in it is made of tempered
carbon steel. It is used for cutting PVC and metal surfaces.

Hack Saw

Pipe Thread Cutter

Pipe thread cutter consist of a stock and dies for cutting threads on bars and
pipes upto 1 inch. The stock is a suitable frame with handles to hold and roll
the die.

Pipe Thread Cutter

Striking Tools
Hammer
A hammer is use in every operation relate to plumbing. They are made up of
cast steel or forged steel. Hammers are made in different size ranging from 25
grams to 10kg.
 There are different types of hammer. They are Fitters hammer, Ball peen
hammer, Sledge hammer, Claw hammer, etc.,

Fastening Tools
Screw Driver
It is used for driving the screws into wood. The screw drivers are available in
various shapes and sizes. Mainly screw drovers are classified into
(1) Flat bladed screwdriver
(2) Cross head or phillips screw driver
(3) Ratchet type screwdriver

Screw driver

Pipe and Pipe Fittings

Gradually pipe and pipe fittings are made up cast iron, wrought iron, plastic, steel, brass
etc. Now a days PVC (Poly vinyl chloride) pipes are used extensively in piping. In pipe fitting the
standard followed is the British standard, the fitting comes in feet, mm or inches.
Pipe Materials
Metal (wrought iron)
Metal (wrought iron) is coated with zinc by process of galavanizing to produce
G.I. parts. G.I. (Galvanised iron) pipes and fittings are extensively used
in domestic and industrial plumbing. Some of the G.I joints used often are
coupling, bends, elbows, tee and such other.
 Cast iron
Cast iron are used in industrial oriented plumping only. C.I tee, elbows, pipes
are extensively used for trunk line used in industries. Cast iron pipe line can
resist more heat.
PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride)
PVC pipes are used in domestic oriented plumping. It is corrosion free, high
resistance to chemical reaction and has smooth surface finish. Installation time
is less and reliable. It does not withstand high pressure and high temperature.
Some of the widely used fittings are shown in figure
Main Purpose of Using Pipe Fittings
The pipe fitting helps us to
 Modify flow direction  Bring pipes together.
 Alter pipe diameter  Terminate flow

Various Pipe Fittings Couplings

Coupling
It is used to couple or link pipes of same diameter in a straight line. The Materials
used for coupling are G.I. Iron, PVC, brass. They are of two types of coupling namely
Threaded type and Non threaded or Cut type

PVC Coupling GI Coupling

Elbow
Elbow is used to connect two pipes at an right angle. It is made up of plastic, brass
cast iron and G.I.

PVC Elbow GI Elbow

Tee
Tee is used to divert the flow in two directions. It is both threaded and
non-threaded.
Bend
Bend help us to connect two pipes at an angle of 90. It’s inner diameter is equal to
the outer size of pipe.
Stop cock or Tap
A Tap is a value for controlling the flow of liquid or gas. It is made up of plastic or
steel. It’s top portion is provided with wheel to regulate the flow

Standard Tee Bend

Reducer
It is used to connect two pipes of different diameter. Reduces are classified in to
two types:
(1) Concentric type (2) Eccentric type

Concentric Type Eccentric Type

Valves
Valves are the kinds of control devices which are used in pipeline system for
controlling the flow of fluid. The first step for choosing valve is to understand the
function of valve.
Type of Valves
(a) Gate valve (g) Plug valve
(b) Globe valve (h) Butterfly valve
 (c) Ball valve (i) Diaphragm Valve
(d) Angle valve (j) Safety Valve
(e) Needle valve (k) Relief Valve
(f) Check valve (l) Safe Relief Valve

Safety Precautions in Plumbing

1. Use goggles, shoes while working
2. Make sure the pump is shut down before starting plumbing work.
3. Check for leakage in pipe fittings joints.
4. Use proper appropriate tools
5. Don’t hold the work in your hand while using screw diver.
6. First aid kit must be kept in plumbing bay compulsory.
7. Use goggles to protect your eye from dust in case of necessity.

Result
Thus, the bridle joint is obtained to the required size and shape from the given
wooden piece.

Mark Allocation
S. No. Particulars Marks Allotted Marks Awarded

1 Aim, Procedure and Diagram 10

2 Execution 15

3 Calculation, Graph and Result 15

4 Viva Voce 10

Total 50

Signature of the Faculty with Date

Connections of two galvanised iron pipes
 Ex. No. : ....................
Date : ....................
Connections of two galvanised iron pipes

Aim
To make thread in galvanized iron pipe by die and thread cutter.

Tools required
1. G.I. Pipes 5. Pipe wren
2. Spanner ch
3. Thread cutter 6. Hack saw
4. Socket

Procedure
1. Full sized galvanized iron pipe to make the required dimension by hack saw.
2. The pipe should be attached tightly to the in the pipe vice.
3. Insert the suitable die in thread cutter by adjusting the adjustable screw.
4. Fitting the thread cutter in the pipe entrance.
5. Check the matting ness of pipe and thread cutter.
6. Rotate the thread cutter in clock wise direction the die configuration was
immersed in pipe.
7. Rotate the thread cutter to anti-clock wise for removing from pipe
8. For free flow of thread cutter in pipe use the suitable lubricating oil periodically

Viva Questions
1. Define plumbing.
2. List the three categories of plumbing system divided for industries.
3. Mention the different plumbing tools.
4. Infer the use of pipe vice.
5. 1Classify the different types of wrenches.
 Connection of two Galvanosed iron pipe

Result
The job with correct dimension is obtained.

Mark Allocation
S. No. Particulars Marks Allotted Marks Awarded

1 Aim, Procedure and Diagram 10

2 Execution 15

3 Calculation, Graph and Result 15

4 Viva Voce 10

Total 50

Signature of the Faculty with Date

Basic Pipe Connections involving the fittings like
valves, taps and bends
 Ex. No. : .................... Basic Pipe Connections involving the fittings like
Date : .................... valves, taps and bends

Aim
To connect the pipes with pipe fittings like valves, bends and taps with main
supply pipe using joints.

Tools Required
1. PVC wrench 5. Tap
2. Spanner 6. Cast iron pipes of different length
3. Bend 7. Flange
4. Valves 8. Bench vive.
Procedure
1. Two pipes are taken and they are held in vice and and they are connected by
using a flanged joint as shown in fig.
2. A gate valve is connected to the pipe for controlling the water supply.
3. The band-1 is connected to the end of the pipe. Make internal threads using
taps in the bend-1. So it can be screwed to the pipe.
4. One more pipe is connected to the bend for extension of the layout.
5. The pipe is then screwed to bend-2 for further extension.
6. A horizontal pipe is connected to this bend-2 as shown in fig.
7. Then tap is fitted to the end of the pipe for closing and opening the water
supply.

Viva Questions
1. Mention the use of pliers.
2. Examine the use of threading die.
3. Differentiate die and tap.
4. Write the use of hacksaw.
5. List the standard accessories used in plumbing.
Result
Thus the basic connections of pipe with pipe accessories are made.

Mark Allocation
S. No. Particulars Marks Allotted Marks Awarded

1 Aim, Procedure and Diagram 10

2 Execution 15

3 Calculation, Graph and Result 15

4 Viva Voce 10

Total 50

Signature of the Faculty with Date

Single Tap Connection with Shower
 Ex. No. : ....................
Date : ....................
Single Tap Connection with Shower

Aim
To connect a basic piping connection with shower for a domestic house using
different pipe material.

Material supplied
1. T joint 6. Ball Valve
2. Reducer 7. Shower Fitting
3. Gate Valve 8. Tap
4. Union 9. L bend
5. Elbow 10. Coupling

Procedure
1. Study the given single line diagram using legendchart.
2. Calculate exactly how much length of pipe isrequired.
3. Now, outlet of the pipe is connected with gatevalve.
4. Use Elbow, Tee, and Angle Valve wherever required as per thediagram.
5. Using union to join the connections between the elbows and tap.
6. Now use the ball valve between the connection between the single tap
connection and shower line connection.
7. L bend connected with coupling shower.
8. Check for leakage in pump line and discharge line of thepipe.
9. If any leak occurs, arrest it and repair thatarea.
10. Finally, open the water tap, shower and check the water flows onit.

Viva Questions
1. List the different materials used for pipe.
2. Infer the use of increaser or reducer.
3. Mention the use of tee.
4. Define elbow.
5. Write the function of union.
Result
Thus, the basic piping connections with shower for the domestic house using
different pipe materials are prepared.

Mark Allocation
S. No. Particulars Marks Allotted Marks Awarded

1 Aim, Procedure and Diagram 10

2 Execution 15

3 Calculation, Graph and Result 15

4 Viva Voce 10

Total 50

Signature of the Faculty with Date

Multi Tap Connection
 Ex. No. : ....................
Multi Tap Connection
Date : ....................

Aim
To connect a basic multi tap connection by using different pipe materials

Material supplied
1. T joint 7. Flexible tube
2. Reducer 8. Elbow
3. GI pipe 9. Tap
4. PVC Pipe 10. FTA
5. MTA 11. Coupling
6.
Procedure
1. Study the given single line diagram using legendchart.
2. Calculate exactly how much length of pipe isrequired.
3. Now, outlet of the tank connected with reducer and GI pipe.
4. Use ball valve and male thread adapter connected with PVC pipe.
5. Using union to join the connections between the elbows and tap.
6. Now the flexible tube one end connect with PVC pipe and T-joint
7. PVC elbow and FTA use for connect with multiple Taps
8. Check for leakage in pump line and discharge line of thepipe.
9. If any leak occurs, arrest it and repair thatarea.
10. Finally, open the water tap and check the water flows onit.

Viva Questions
1. Differentiate union and coupling.
2. Write the difference between bend and elbow.
3. Mention the use of socket.
4. Define GI pipe.
5. List the types of valves used in plumbing.
Result
Thus, the basic multi tap piping connections using different pipe materials are
prepared.

Mark Allocation
S. No. Particulars Marks Allotted Marks Awarded

1 Aim, Procedure and Diagram 10

2 Execution 15

3 Calculation, Graph and Result 15

4 Viva Voce 10

Total 50

Signature of the Faculty with Date