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    Voltage Regulator

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    Mamidi Satya narayana
    A voltage regulator generates a constant output voltage regardless of input voltage or load fluctuations. There are two main types: series regulators place the regulating component in series with the load, while shunt regulators place it in parallel. A simple series voltage regulator uses a transistor and Zener diode, where the Zener diode provides a reference voltage to control the transistor and maintain a constant output. Voltage regulation is measured as the percent change between no-load and full-load output voltages, with lower values indicating better regulation.

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    Voltage Regulator

    Uploaded by

    Mamidi Satya narayana
    112 views18 pages
    A voltage regulator generates a constant output voltage regardless of input voltage or load fluctuations. There are two main types: series regulators place the regulating component in series with the load, while shunt regulators place it in parallel. A simple series voltage regulator uses a transistor and Zener diode, where the Zener diode provides a reference voltage to control the transistor and maintain a constant output. Voltage regulation is measured as the percent change between no-load and full-load output voltages, with lower values indicating better regulation.

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    A voltage regulator generates a constant output voltage regardless of input voltage or load fluctuations. There are two main types: series regulators place the regulating component in series with the load, while shunt regulators place it in parallel. A simple series voltage regulator uses a transistor and Zener diode, where the Zener diode provides a reference voltage to control the transistor and maintain a constant output. Voltage regulation is measured as the percent change between no-load and full-load output voltages, with lower values indicating better regulation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    112 views18 pages

    Voltage Regulator

    Uploaded by

    Mamidi Satya narayana
    A voltage regulator generates a constant output voltage regardless of input voltage or load fluctuations. There are two main types: series regulators place the regulating component in series with the load, while shunt regulators place it in parallel. A simple series voltage regulator uses a transistor and Zener diode, where the Zener diode provides a reference voltage to control the transistor and maintain a constant output. Voltage regulation is measured as the percent change between no-load and full-load output voltages, with lower values indicating better regulation.

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    Voltage Regulator

    Voltage Regulator

    A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of a preset


    magnitude that remains constant regardless of changes to its input
    voltage or load conditions

    A voltage regulator is a combination of elements designed to


    ensure that the output voltage of the supply remains constant
    Types of Regulator
    Types of Voltage Regulators
    A device which maintains the output voltage of an ordinary power supply constant
    irrespective of load variations or changes in input AC voltage is known as a voltage
    regulator.
    There are basic two types of regulators: series voltage regulator and shunt voltage
    regulator.
    The series regulator is placed in series with the load as shown in fig (i). On the other
    hand, the shunt regulator is placed in parallel with the load as shown in Fig.(ii).
    Each type of regulator provides an output voltage that remains constant even if the
    input voltage varies or the load current changes.
    Transistor Series Voltage Regulator
    Fig shows a simple series voltage regulator using a transistor and a Zener diode.
    The circuit is called a series voltage regulator because the load current passes through
    the series transistor Q1 as shown in the fig.
    The unregulated DC supply is fed to the input terminals and the regulated output is
    obtained across the load. The Zener diode provides the reference voltage.
    Operation:
    The base voltage of transistor Q1 is held to a relatively constant voltage across the zener
    diode.
    For example, if 8V Zener (i.e. VZ= 8V) is used, the base voltage of Q1 will remain
    approximately 8V.
    Referring to fig Vout = Vz – VBE
    When Vin ↑ Vout ↑ VBE ↓ IL ↓ Vout ↓

    Vin ↓ Vout ↓ VBE ↑ IL ↑ Vout ↑

    Transistor Series Voltage Regulator


    1. If the output voltage decreases, the increased base-emitted voltage causes transistor
    Q1 to conduct more, thereby raising the output voltage. As a result, the output voltage
    is maintained at a constant level.
    2. If the output voltage increases, the decreased base-emitter voltage causes transistor Q1
    to conduct less, thereby reducing the output voltage. Consequently, the output voltage
    is maintained at a constant level.
    The advantage of this circuit is that the changes in zener current are reduced by a factor β.
    Therefore the effect of zener impedance is greatly reduced and much more stabilized
    output is obtained.

    Limitations:
    1. Although the changes in zener current are
    much reduced, yet the output is not
    absolutely constant. It is because both VBE
    and Vz decrease with the increase in room
    temperature.
    2. The output voltage cannot be changed
    easily as no such means is provided.
    Working :Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator

    When Vi ↑ Vout ↑ VBE ↑ IB & IC ↑ IL ↓ Vout ↓

    Vi ↓ Vout ↓ VBE ↓ IB & IC ↓ IL ↑ Vout ↑


    Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator
    A shunt voltage regulator provides regulation by shunting current away from the load
    to regulate the output voltage. Fig shows the circuit of shunt voltage regulator.
    The voltage drop across series resistance depends upon the current supplied to the load
    RL. The output voltage is equal to the sum of zener voltage (Vz) and transistor base-
    emitter voltage (VBE) i.e. Vout = Vz +VBE

    If the RL decreases, the current


    through base of transistor decreases.
    As a result, less collector current is
    shunted. Therefore, the load current
    becomes larger, thereby maintaining
    the regulated voltage across the load.
    Reverse happens should the load
    resistance increase.
    Drawbacks:

    1. A large portion of the total current through Rs flow through transistor rather than to
    the load.

    2. There is considerable power loss in Rs .

    3. There are problems of overvoltage protection in this circuit.

    For these reasons, a series voltage regulator is preferred over the shunt voltage
    regulator.
    Voltage Regulation
    The d.c. voltage available across the output terminals of a given power supply depends
    upon load current.

    If the load current Idc is increased by decreasing RL , there is greater voltage drop in the
    power supply and hence smaller d.c. output voltage will be available.

    Reverse will happen if the load current decreases.

    The variation of output voltage with respect to the amount of load current drawn from the
    power supply is known as voltage regulation and is expressed by the following relation
    In a well designed power supply, the full-load voltage is only slightly less than no-load
    voltage. i.e, voltage regulation approaches zero.

    Therefore, lower the voltage regulation, the lesser the difference between full-load and
    no-load voltages and better is the power supply.

    Power supplies used in practice have a voltage regulation of 1% i.e. fill-load voltage is
    within 1% of the no-load voltage.

    Fig shows the change of d.c. output


    voltage with load current. This is known as
    voltage regulation curve
    Line regulation

    Line regulation is defined in percentage and percentage per volt (%/V).

    To define Line regulation in percentage, it is the ratio of change in output voltage to


    change in the input line

    Line voltage can be explained in percentage per volt (%/V)


    Load regulation

    Load regulation can be defined as the percentage change in output voltage for a given
    change in load current or load resistance

    It is also expressed as a percentage change in output voltage [from no-load (NL) to


    full-load(FL)] for the full-load voltage

    For good power supply load regulation should be less


    Problem

    If the d.c. output voltage is 400V with no-load attached to power supply but
    decreases to 300V at full-load ,find the % voltage regulation

    Solution
    Problem
    A power supply has a voltage regulation of 1%. If the no-load voltage is 30V,what is
    the full-load voltage?

    Solution
    Problem

    Two power supplies A & B are available in the market. Power supply A has no-load and
    full-load voltages of 30V and 25V respectively whereas these values are 30V and 29V
    for power supply B. Which is better power supply?
    Solution

    Therefore, power supply B is better than power supply A

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