The most basic data structure in Python is the sequence.

Each element of a sequence is

assigned a number - its position or index. The first index is zero, the second index is
one, and so forth.

Python has six built-in types of sequences, but the most common ones are lists and
tuples, which we would see in this tutorial.

There are certain things you can do with all the sequence types. These operations
include indexing, slicing, adding, multiplying, and checking for membership. In addition,
Python has built-in functions for finding the length of a sequence and for finding its
largest and smallest elements.

Python Lists
The list is the most versatile datatype available in Python, which can be written as a list
of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Important thing about a
list is that the items in a list need not be of the same type.

Creating a list is as simple as putting different comma-separated values between square

brackets. For example-

list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];

list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"];

Similar to string indices, list indices start at 0, and lists can be sliced, concatenated and
so on.

Accessing Values in Lists

To access values in lists, use the square brackets for slicing along with the index or
indices to obtain value available at that index. For example-

#!/usr/bin/python3
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]
print ("list1[0]: ", list1[0])
print ("list2[1:5]: ", list2[1:5])

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

list1[0]: physics
list2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]

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Updating Lists
You can update single or multiple elements of lists by giving the slice on the left-hand
side of the assignment operator, and you can add to elements in a list with the append()
method. For example-

#!/usr/bin/python3

list = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]

print ("Value available at index 2 : ", list[2])
list[2] = 2001
print ("New value available at index 2 : ", list[2])

Note: The append() method is discussed in the subsequent section.

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Value available at index 2 :

1997
New value available at index 2 :
2001

Delete List Elements

To remove a list element, you can use either the del statement if you know exactly
which element(s) you are deleting. You can use the remove() method if you do not know
exactly which items to delete. For example-

#!/usr/bin/python3
list = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
print (list)
del list[2]
print ("After deleting value at index 2 : ", list)

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result-

['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]

After deleting value at index 2 : ['physics', 'chemistry', 2000]
Note: remove() method is discussed in subsequent section.

Basic List Operations

Lists respond to the + and * operators much like strings; they mean concatenation and
repetition here too, except that the result is a new list, not a string.

In fact, lists respond to all of the general sequence operations we used on strings in the
prior chapter.
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Python Expression Results Description

len([1, 2, 3]) 3 Length

[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] Concatenation

['Hi!'] * 4 ['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!'] Repetition

3 in [1, 2, 3] True Membership

for x in [1,2,3] : print (x,end=' 123 Iteration

')

Indexing, Slicing and Matrixes

Since lists are sequences, indexing and slicing work the same way for lists as they do for
strings.

Assuming the following input-

L=['C++'', 'Java', 'Python']

Python Expression Results Description

L[2] 'Python' Offsets start at zero

L[-2] 'Java' Negative: count from the

right

L[1:] ['Java', 'Python'] Slicing fetches sections

Built-in List Functions & Methods

Python includes the following list functions-

SN Function with Description

cmp(list1, list2)

No longer available in Python 3.

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len(list)

Gives the total length of the list.

max(list)

Returns item from the list with max value.

min(list)

Returns item from the list with min value.

list(seq)

Converts a tuple into list.

Let us understand the use of these functions.

List len() Method

Description
The len() method returns the number of elements in the list.

Syntax
Following is the syntax for len() method-

len(list)

Parameters
list - This is a list for which, number of elements are to be counted.

Return Value
This method returns the number of elements in the list.

Example
The following example shows the usage of len() method.

#!/usr/bin/python3
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 'maths']
print (len(list1))
list2=list(range(5)) #creates list of numbers between 0-4
print (len(list2))

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When we run above program, it produces following result-

3
5

List max() Method

Description
The max() method returns the elements from the list with maximum value.

Syntax
Following is the syntax for max() method-

max(list)

Parameters
list - This is a list from which max valued element are to be returned.

Return Value
This method returns the elements from the list with maximum value.

Example
The following example shows the usage of max() method.

#!/usr/bin/python3

list1, list2 = ['C++','Java', 'Python'], [456, 700, 200]

print ("Max value element : ", max(list1)) print ("Max
value element : ", max(list2))

When we run above program, it produces following result-

Max value element : Python

Max value element : 700

List min() Method

Description
The method min() returns the elements from the list with minimum value.

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Syntax
Following is the syntax for min() method-

min(list)

Parameters
list - This is a list from which min valued element is to be returned.

Return Value
This method returns the elements from the list with minimum value.

Example
The following example shows the usage of min() method.
#!/usr/bin/python3

list1, list2 = ['C++','Java', 'Python'], [456, 700, 200]

print ("min value element : ", min(list1)) print ("min
value element : ", min(list2))

When we run above program, it produces following result-

min value element : C++

min value element : 200

List list() Method

Description
The list() method takes sequence types and converts them to lists. This is used to
convert a given tuple into list.

Note: Tuple are very similar to lists with only difference that element values of a tuple
can not be changed and tuple elements are put between parentheses instead of square
bracket. This function also converts characters in a string into a list.

Syntax
Following is the syntax for list() method-

list( seq )

Parameters
seq - This is a tuple or string to be converted into list.

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Return Value
This method returns the list.

Example
The following example shows the usage of list() method.

#!/usr/bin/python3
aTuple = (123, 'C++', 'Java', 'Python')
list1 = list(aTuple)
print ("List elements : ", list1)
str="Hello World"
list2=list(str)
print ("List elements : ", list2)

When we run above program, it produces following result-

List elements : [123, 'C++', 'Java', 'Python']

List elements : ['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'W', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd']

Python includes the following list methods-

SN Methods with Description

1 list.append(obj)

Appends object obj to list

2 list.count(obj)

Returns count of how many times obj occurs in list

3 list.extend(seq)

Appends the contents of seq to list

4 list.index(obj)

Returns the lowest index in list that obj appears

5 list.insert(index, obj)

Inserts object obj into list at offset index

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list.pop(obj=list[-1])

Removes and returns last object or obj from list

list.remove(obj)

Removes object obj from list

list.reverse()

Reverses objects of list in place

list.sort([func])

Sorts objects of list, use compare func if given

List append() Method

Description
The append() method appends a passed obj into the existing list.

Syntax
Following is the syntax for append() method-

list.append(obj)

Parameters
obj - This is the object to be appended in the list.

Return Value
This method does not return any value but updates existing list.

Example
The following example shows the usage of append() method.

#!/usr/bin/python3
list1 = ['C++', 'Java', 'Python']
list1.append('C#')
print ("updated list : ", list1)

When we run the above program, it produces the following result-

updated list : ['C++', 'Java', 'Python', 'C#']

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List count() Method

Description
The count() method returns count of how many times obj occurs in list.

Syntax
Following is the syntax for count() method-

list.count(obj)

Parameters
obj - This is the object to be counted in the list.

Return Value
This method returns count of how many times obj occurs in list.

Example
The following example shows the usage of count() method.

#!/usr/bin/python3

aList = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc', 123];

print ("Count for 123 : ", aList.count(123))
print ("Count for zara : ", aList.count('zara'))

When we run the above program, it produces the following result-

Count for 123 : 2

Count for zara : 1

List extend() Method

Description
The extend() method appends the contents of seq to list.

Syntax
Following is the syntax for extend() method-

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list.extend(seq)

Parameters
seq - This is the list of elements

Return Value
This method does not return any value but adds the content to an existing list.

Example
The following example shows the usage of extend() method.

#!/usr/bin/python3

list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 'maths']

list2=list(range(5)) #creates list of numbers between 0-4
list1.extend('Extended List :', list2)
print (list1)

When we run the above program, it produces the following result-

Extended List : ['physics', 'chemistry', 'maths', 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

List index() Method

Description
The index() method returns the lowest index in list that obj appears.

Syntax
Following is the syntax for index() method-

list.index(obj)

Parameters
obj - This is the object to be find out.

Return Value
This method returns index of the found object otherwise raises an exception indicating
that the value is not found.

Example
The following example shows the usage of index() method.

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#!/usr/bin/python3
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 'maths']
print ('Index of chemistry', list1.index('chemistry'))
print ('Index of C#', list1.index('C#'))

When we run the above program, it produces the following result-

Index of chemistry 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 3, in
print ('Index of C#', list1.index('C#'))
ValueError: 'C#' is not in list

List insert() Method

Description
The insert() method inserts object obj into list at offset index.

Syntax
Following is the syntax for insert() method-

list.insert(index, obj)

Parameters
index - This is the Index where the object obj need to be inserted.

obj - This is the Object to be inserted into the given list.

Return Value
This method does not return any value but it inserts the given element at the given index.

Example
The following example shows the usage of insert() method.

#!/usr/bin/python3
list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 'maths']
list1.insert(1, 'Biology')
print ('Final list : ', list1)

When we run the above program, it produces the following result-

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Final list : ['physics', 'Biology', 'chemistry', 'maths']

List pop() Method

Description
The pop() method removes and returns last object or obj from the list.

Syntax
Following is the syntax for pop() method-

list.pop(obj=list[-1])

Parameters
obj - This is an optional parameter, index of the object to be removed from the list.

Return Value
This method returns the removed object from the list.

Example
The following example shows the usage of pop() method.

#!/usr/bin/python3
list1 = ['physics', 'Biology', 'chemistry', 'maths']
list1.pop()
print ("list now : ", list1)
list1.pop(1)
print ("list now : ", list1)

When we run the above program, it produces the following result-

list now : ['physics', 'Biology', 'chemistry']

list now : ['physics', 'chemistry']

List remove() Method

Parameters
obj - This is the object to be removed from the list.

Return Value
This method does not return any value but removes the given object from the list.

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Example
The following example shows the usage of remove() method.

#!/usr/bin/python3
list1 = ['physics', 'Biology', 'chemistry', 'maths']
list1.remove('Biology')
print ("list now : ", list1)
list1.remove('maths')
print ("list now : ", list1)

When we run the above program, it produces the following result-

list now : ['physics', 'chemistry', 'maths']

list now : ['physics', 'chemistry']

List reverse() Method

Description
The reverse() method reverses objects of list in place.

Syntax
Following is the syntax for reverse() method-

list.reverse()

Parameters
NA

Return Value
This method does not return any value but reverse the given object from the list.

Example
The following example shows the usage of reverse() method.

#!/usr/bin/python3
list1 = ['physics', 'Biology', 'chemistry', 'maths']
list1.reverse()
print ("list now : ", list1)

When we run above program, it produces following result-

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list now : ['maths', 'chemistry', 'Biology', 'physics']

List sort() Method

Description
The sort() method sorts objects of list, use compare function if given.

Syntax
Following is the syntax for sort() method-

list.sort([func])

Parameters
NA

Return Value
This method does not return any value but reverses the given object from the list.

Example
The following example shows the usage of sort() method.

#!/usr/bin/python3
list1 = ['physics', 'Biology', 'chemistry', 'maths']
list1.sort()
print ("list now : ", list1)

When we run the above program, it produces the following result-

list now : ['Biology', 'chemistry', 'maths', 'physics']