Unit 4: Web Application and Security

SerialKeys
SerialKeys is an accessibility feature that allows users to control the computer without using keyboard
and mouse. This accessibility feature helps those users of computer who face challenges in using
keyboard and mouse. This accessibility feature uses
an input device called Sip-and-Puff for providing

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input and controlling the computer. Sip-and-Puff is
a mouth-operated input device with one switch that

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can control two devices. For using the Sip-and-Puff
device, you need to insert the straw or tube of the

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device in your mouth. By sipping (inhaling) the tube
of the device, you can use one device and by puffing

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(exhaling), you can use another device. This device
works only when you sip or puff; otherwise, it will

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go off. Figure 1 shows the Sip-and-Puff device with
a switch. Figure 1:  A Sip-and-Puff Device with a Switch

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Internet Terminology
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Some common terms related to the Internet are as follows:
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Browse: It means to explore, surf, and search information on the Internet.
Web Browser: A Web browser is an application that is used to access or retrieve information or
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resources from the Internet.

Blog or Web Log: A blog is a website or a part of website containing the thoughts and ideas of a
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user.
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Bookmarks/Favorites: The bookmarks/favorites are used to store links of the favorite websites.
Download: It means to save something that you required from the Web to your system.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): A simple request protocol that runs under the Transmission
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Control Protocol (TCP) and specifies what kind of messages the clients may send to the servers and
what kind of responses they get back in return.
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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): It is a computer language which is embedded in source

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documents that comprises images, text, links, and other documents for displaying the Web page.
Chatting: The chat service enables two or more users living in different parts of the world to
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communicate with each other.

Web Server: It is a computer or a group of computers that stores Web documents. In other words,
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a Web server can be defined as a package or container that contains a huge amount of information.
Hypertext: It is a Web document that can include text, graphics, images, audio/video, and dynamic
links to related files and documents on the Internet.
Cache: The cache utility is used in browsers which store the information of all the Web pages you
have recently opened.

Unit 4: Web Application and Security 1

 History: History comprises the links of the websites that you have visited or accessed on Web
browsers.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): It allows you to transfer files easily and quickly from one computer to
another through the Internet.
Keywords: These are the words required to search for the informational content as per your
requirements. The search engines use these keywords separated by the space between them to
find the evidences related to your keywords from the Web.
Site or Website: It is a collection of related Web pages linked to each other by hyperlinks.

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Uniform Resource Locator (URL): It is a unique address of any kind of Web document and can be
keyed in browsers to open its associated Web page.

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Rules and Etiquettes Followed While Chatting

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Some rules and etiquettes that need to be followed by anyone during chatting are as follows:

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Begin chatting with formal greetings

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Ensure that the message should be short and the idea is conveyed
Ensure to match the communication style of the receiver, else the receiver will lose his/her interest

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in chatting

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Give recipients time to respond
Know about the abbreviation and shortcut used in chatting, such as COS is used for ‘because’ and
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KIT is used for ‘keep in touch’
Do not chat with strangers
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Be attentive during chatting with multiple persons, else you might miss some important information
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Ensure that the person with whom you want to chat is not busy
End chatting with a closing message
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Secure Password
Passwords are very important because they protect your computer, smartphones, tablets and personal
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information from unauthorized access. The password you use should always be strong and secure
because weak passwords can easily be cracked by hackers. Hence, it is necessary to know how to create
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a strong password to ensure the security of your important and sensitive data from hackers and malicious
software.
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Some tips to manage a secure and strong password are as follows:

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Ensure that the length of the password should be at least 8 characters.

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Ensure that the password should be created with the combination of uppercase, lowercase,
numbers, and symbols.
Do not share the username and password with anyone.
Do not write the username and password on the notebook and papers.
Ensure that the password should not be included in the password dictionaries.
Uses the random password generators available online to create a secure or strong password.

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 Update the password within 6 months.
Ensure that the password you create does not match with the one used in the past.
Ensure that the password is not the bike number, mobile number, pet name, favorite color, childhood
name, etc.
Ensure that the different passwords are used for different portals and websites.
Uses Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) at the time of resetting the password.

Clearing Cookies and Data from Browser

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A cookie is a file that contains small textual information about the activity of a user over the Internet. For

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example, it may contain your log-in details of a particular website, details of a shopping cart so that when
you visit the same website again, it retrieves the information about you from the cookie and automatically

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fills your log-in details. Different types of cookies store different types of information about a user. The
unauthorized user can easily access the information stored in a cookie by tracking them. Hence, you

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need to clear the cookies from the browser to prevent any unauthorized access from them.
Beside cookies, Web browser also saves the user id/username and password of a user when he/she fills

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the form at the time of registering and logging into a portal and website. Sometimes, the Web browser

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prompts a pop screen to save the username and password at the time of login on a portal and website. It is
not recommended to save credential information on the Web browser of the public or shared computers.

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Let us perform the following steps to clear cookies and
data from the Web browser:
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1 Launch the Internet Explorer Web browser.
2 Click the Tools icon on the Internet Explorer Web
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browser window. A drop-down list appears.

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3 Select the Internet options option from the drop-

down list.
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The Internet Options dialog box appears.
4 Click the Delete button under the Browsing History
section.
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The Delete Browsing History dialog box appears
(Figure 2).
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5 Select the desired check boxes to remove data from

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the browser (Figure 2).

6 Click the Delete button in the Delete Browsing
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History dialog box, as shown in Figure 2.

Temporary Internet files, cookies, history, form data,
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Figure 2:  Displaying Delete Browsing History Dialog Box

password, etc., get deleted from the Web browser.

Maintaining Workplace Safety

Health and safety of employees at the workplace plays an important role in the overall effectiveness of
an organization. To minimize employees’ exposure to risk, organizations usually put certain processes
or systems in place, for instance, using protective gear and other safety equipment where necessary. It

Unit 4: Web Application and Security 3

is the responsibility of both the organization and its employees to follow the system in place and ensure
a risk-free work environment for all. Essentially, a healthy and safe workplace is a decisive factor for
enhanced employee productivity.

Fire Safety Rules

Some fire safety rules followed at workplace are as follows:
Ensure that the fire detection system and fire safety alarms are properly installed in the organization
Ensure that all the employees or workers know where the fire extinguishers are placed in the

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organization
Ensure that all the employees or workers know the fire escape plan

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Ensure the maintenance of fire safety tools and equipment

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Provide training to employees and workers how to deal and treat in fire emergency
Ensure that the workplace is free from hazards caused by fire

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Ensure the fire safety signs are clearly visible and placed in many places in the organization

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Press alarm button in case of fire and convey the message about fire to other employees in the
organization

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Falls and Slips Safety Rules

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Some falls and slips safety rules followed at workplace are as follows:
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Ensure that the footwear and shoes you wear are suitable and appropriate for the workplace.
Ensure that the floor surface is clean from any type of spillages.
Ensure that the floor surface is not damaged at the workplace.
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Ensure that the floor is clean and dry.

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Ensure that the cupboard, file cabinet, and desk drawers are properly closed when they are not in
use.
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Ensure that the cables and wires in walkways are covered.

Ensure that walkways and halls are free from any type of garbage and obstacles.
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Ensure that proper lightning is available at the workplace.

Ensure that the walkways are clear during the movement of large items.
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Electrical Safety Rules

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Some electrical safety rules followed at workplace are as follows:

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Ensure that the power supply is disconnected from the electrical equipment or device while
repairing.
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Ensure that the hands, feet, and body are not wet while handling the electrical equipment.
Wear protective gloves, clothes and shoes, if needed.
Ensure that multiple power cords are not plugged together.
Ensure the outlets are not overloaded.
Repair the faulty or broken cables at the workplace.
Ensure the equipment and tools used for resolving electricity problems are properly working.

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 Ensure that the electrical equipment used in an organization is approved on the standard set by
the government.
Always stand away from the electrical equipment that is producing extra heat.

Understanding First Aid

First aid is the initial aid given to an injured or sick person to save his/her life before the arrival of medical
assistance. The main purpose of first aid is to provide immediate relief to the patient until medical
assistance arrives. While providing first aid to an employee at the workplace, certain Dos and Don’ts

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must be strictly followed to avoid unusual circumstances.
The Dos that must be followed while providing first aid are as follows:

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Assure victim of immediate help

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Use direct pressure to stop bleeding
Keep an eye on victim’s condition

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Raise head of the victim if bleeding is in the upper body

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Raise feet of the victim if bleeding is in the lower body
Wash burns and wounds with sterile wipes

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The Don’ts that must be followed while providing first aid are as follows:
Do not move the victim if it is not required
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Do not apply a tourniquet
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Do not set fractures, if any (that is, keep victim still)
Do not use any burn ointment unless told by a physician or qualified first aider
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Do not clean the wound with a cloth

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Accidents
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An accident is defined as an unfortunate event that happens unpredictably as well as unintentionally, and
may lead to harm and injury to people.
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Types of Accidents
Some common types of accidents at workplace are as follows:
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Slip, trip and fall Falling from a height

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Moving, lifting, pushing heavy objects Burn injuries

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Hit by falling objects Electrocutions

Leakage of toxics Violence at workplace
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Struck by objects in walkway Vehicle-based accident

Repetitive strain injuries Faulty and unhealthy machinery

Handling Accidents at Workplace

Some rules and guidelines followed for handling accidents at workplace are as follows:
Provide first aid to the victim during accident
Report about the accident to the superior or manager
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 Follow the standard operating procedure (SOP) designed by an organization for handling accidents
Ensure that sufficient safety equipment is available at the workplace to avoid accidents
Call the doctor or medical team immediately in the wake of an accident
Follow emergency drills set by the organization during emergency

Emergency
An emergency is defined as an unforeseen situation that requires immediate attention and action to

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prevent risk of health, life, wealth, or atmosphere. There are various types of emergencies at workplace,
which are as follows:

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Fire Transmissible illness
Earthquake Chemical spills

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Explosion Civil riots

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Floods Workplace violence and harassment
Storm/Cyclone Severe weather

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Radiological accidents Terrorism

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Emergency and Evacuation Plan
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An emergency plan is a set of rules and instructions that describes the course of action employees must
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take should an emergency arise at the workplace. On the other hand, an evacuation plan provides a set
of procedures to be used by the occupants of a building in an emergency. General training for employees
on emergency and evacuation plans should address the following:
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Roles and responsibilities of an individual

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Possible threats and hazards and their consequences

as well as the plan of action to prevent them Fire Emergency
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extinguisher exit (left)

The process for warning and communicating others
about an emergency
Fire emergency Emergency exit
The process of how to respond in an emergency
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telephone (right)
situation
Emergency
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The place where the emergency equipment is placed Fire alarm

exit directional
and its usage call point
arrow
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Safe places at the workplace Emergency

Fire hose
exit directional
The procedure how to shut down the plant and
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reel
arrow
machinery in an emergency
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Symbols used in emergency and evacuation plans Fire ladder

First
aid
Emergency escape procedures and route assignments
Names, designations, contact numbers and Fire fighting Emergency
departments of concerned persons equipment telephone
The evacuation policy and procedure
Figure 3 shows the symbols used in emergency and Figure 3: Symbols Used in Emergency and Evacuation
evacuation plans. Plans

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Understanding Hazards
Hazard is defined as a potential source that causes harm to an individual. In an organization, there are
several types of hazards that harm the life and health of an employee or worker. Some common types of
hazards at the workplace are as follows:
Physical hazard: Refers to the hazard that could harm the employee without contacting him/her. The
common sources of physical hazard are slippery floors, excessive noise, poor lighting, fire, fall, etc.
Ergonomic hazard: Refers to the hazard in which the working condition and environment, body
posture, and type of work, etc., put the strain to the body of an employee. The common sources

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of ergonomic hazard are bad sitting posture, repetitive and awkward movements, stretching the
body, lifting heavy objects, etc.

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Psychological hazard: Refers to the hazard that affects or harms the employee mentally. The

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common sources of psychological hazards are extra workload, working shift, harassment, violence at
workplace, work stress, partial judgement of seniors, lack of respect, continuous low-level noise, etc.

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Biological hazard: Refers to the hazard which includes viruses, bacteria, insects, animal and bird
droppings, etc., that can cause an adverse impact on the health of an employee. Common sources

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of biological hazards are mildew, blood, harmful plants, bodily fluids, sewage, dust, insect bites,
etc.

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Chemical hazard: Refers to the hazard that harms employees when they prepare a chemical or deal

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with any form of chemical, such as solid, liquid, and gas. The sources of chemical hazard are paints,
acids, solvents, vapors, fumes, varnishes, gases, flammable materials, pesticides, etc.
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Safety hazard: Refers to the hazard that creates an unsafe working atmosphere. The sources of
safety hazards are unguarded machinery, loose or frayed carpets, hanging cables, faulty cables,
unsafe and malfunctioning equipment, etc.
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Healthy Living
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A healthy lifestyle helps an individual maintain and improve his health and happiness. You can do a lot
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of things to live a healthy lifestyle, such as eating a healthy diet, doing regular exercise, and handling
stress efficiently. Due to today’s complex lifestyle, paying attention to health has become an urgent
need. Nowadays, people are working hard and doing everything except taking care of their health. But,
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by changing small things in daily life, we can be healthy because staying healthy is largely in our hands.
The healthy lifestyle of an individual makes a healthy environment at home as well as at the work place.
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Happy and healthy employees always do their best at the workplace.

Our health balance is often disturbed by trying to complete so many tasks at once during the whole day.
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It is important to understand how to follow a healthy lifestyle.

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Some tips for living a healthy life are as follows:

Eat healthier food Manage stress
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Maintain a smoke-free environment Be hygienic

Do physical exercise Clean the workstation
Do not sit on a chair for long Take breaks during work
Take quality sleep Maintain good posture
Drink sufficient amount of water

Unit 4: Web Application and Security 7

 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions €€ Ensure to match the communication style of the

receiver, else the receiver will lose their interest in
1. A is a file that contains small chatting
textual information about the activity of a user over €€ Give recipients time to respond
the Internet. €€ Know about the abbreviation and shortcut used in
a. Cookie b. URL chatting, such as COS is used for ‘because’ and KIT is
c. Browser d. History used for ‘keep in touch’

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€€ Do not chat with strangers
2. Vapors, fumes, and pesticides are the sources of
€€ Be attentive during chatting with multiple persons,
hazards.

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else you might miss some important information
a. Physical b. Biological €€ Ensure that the person with whom you want to chat
c. Chemical d. Psychological

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is not busy
3. Which of the following is a collection of related Web €€ End chatting with a closing message

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pages linked to each other by hyperlinks? 2. What do you mean by hazard? Explain any three
a. Web server b. Websites hazards at the workplace.

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c. Bookmark d. Cache Ans. Hazard is defined as a potential source that causes harm
to an individual. In an organization, there are several
ANSWERS types of hazards that can harm the life and health of an

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1. a. 2. c. 3. b. employee or worker. Some common types of hazards at
the workplace are as follows:

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€€ Physical hazard: Refers to the hazard that could
Short Answer Questions harm the employee without contacting him/her. The
R common source of physical hazard are slippery floors,
1. What do you mean by SerialKeys? excessive noise, poor lighting, fire, fall, etc.
Ans. SerialKeys is an accessibility feature that is used to feed €€ Ergonomic hazard: Refers to the hazard in which the
data in computer instead of using the keyboard and working condition and environment, body posture,
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mouse. and type of work, etc. put the strain to the body of
2. Define first aid. an employee. The common sources of ergonomic
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Ans. First aid is the initial aid given to an injured or sick person hazard are bad sitting posture, repetitive and awkward
to save his/her life before the arrival of specialized medical movements, stretching the body, lifting heavy objects,
assistance. etc.
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€€ Psychological hazard: Refers to the hazard that affects

3. What is an accident? or harms the employee mentally. The common sources
Ans. An accident is defined as a fortuneless event that happens of psychological hazards are extra workload, working
unpredictably as well as unintentionally and may lead to shift, harassment, violence at workplace, work
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harm and injury to people. stress, partial judgement of seniors, lack of respect,
continuous low-level noise, etc.
Long Answer Questions
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1. Explain the rules and etiquettes followed while

chatting.
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Ans. Some rules and etiquettes that need to be followed by

anyone during chatting are as follows:
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€€ Begin the chatting with formal greeting

€€ Ensure that the message is short and conveys the idea
C

8 Information Technology