Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 44 views

    Formation Damage Prediction

    Uploaded by

    rayan alkurdi
    1) Formation damage and reduced permeability near the wellbore can be quantified as "skin effects" which reduce productivity. 2) Models exist to predict skin factors from various sources like drilling damage, perforations, partial penetration, and more. Skin is represented as the sum of individual skin effects. 3) Prediction of perforation skin involves models that consider factors like perforation length, diameter, density, phasing, and the permeability and thickness of any crushed zone around perforations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Formation Damage Prediction

    Uploaded by

    rayan alkurdi
    44 views9 pages
    1) Formation damage and reduced permeability near the wellbore can be quantified as "skin effects" which reduce productivity. 2) Models exist to predict skin factors from various sources like drilling damage, perforations, partial penetration, and more. Skin is represented as the sum of individual skin effects. 3) Prediction of perforation skin involves models that consider factors like perforation length, diameter, density, phasing, and the permeability and thickness of any crushed zone around perforations.

    Original Title

    5

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1) Formation damage and reduced permeability near the wellbore can be quantified as "skin effects" which reduce productivity. 2) Models exist to predict skin factors from various sources like drilling damage, perforations, partial penetration, and more. Skin is represented as the sum of individual skin effects. 3) Prediction of perforation skin involves models that consider factors like perforation length, diameter, density, phasing, and the permeability and thickness of any crushed zone around perforations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views9 pages

    Formation Damage Prediction

    Uploaded by

    rayan alkurdi
    1) Formation damage and reduced permeability near the wellbore can be quantified as "skin effects" which reduce productivity. 2) Models exist to predict skin factors from various sources like drilling damage, perforations, partial penetration, and more. Skin is represented as the sum of individual skin effects. 3) Prediction of perforation skin involves models that consider factors like perforation length, diameter, density, phasing, and the permeability and thickness of any crushed zone around perforations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 9

    Petroleum Production Engineering I

    Year 3 – Department of Petroleum Engineering


    University of Baghdad

    Formation Damage Prediction


    Degree of formation damage may be quantified in terms of skin effects.
    Skin, s is the composite of all non-ideal conditions affecting flow, the most important of which
    are:
    Sd =formation-damage skin,
    Sc =completion skin due to partial penetration,
    Sp =perforation skin,
    Sb =blockage skin,
    SG=gravel-pack skin,
    SA=outer boundary geometry skin,

    𝑛𝑛

    𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 = � 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖
    𝑖𝑖

    e.g, 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 = 𝑆𝑆𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + ∑ 𝑆𝑆𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

    � 𝑆𝑆𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑆𝑆𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + ⋯

    Spseudo = Pseudo – skin is due non‐Darcy flow, multiphase flow, flow convergence near wellbore
    etc and rate dependent.

    Prediction of skin factors

    Prediction of skin due to damage- open hole condition


    Due to the flow of drilling mud into the formation, the permeability around the wellbore is reduced.
    The terms 𝐾𝐾s (or Kd) and 𝑟𝑟s( or 𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑) represent the permeability and the radius of this damaged zone,
    respectively. If the well is completed along the entire length of the formation
    Hawkin introduces damage skin to integrate the effects of wellbore damage If the well is
    completed along the entire length of the formation and define as:

    𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟𝑠𝑠
    𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = � − 1� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
    𝑘𝑘𝑆𝑆 𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤

    k = permeability of reservoir

    Dr. Dhifaf Jaafar Sadeq 1


    Petroleum Production Engineering I
    Year 3 – Department of Petroleum Engineering
    University of Baghdad
    ks = permeability of damage zone
    rs = radius or penetration of damage zone
    rw = well radius
    sd = damage due to mechanical causes (drilling, completion)
    Note phase dependent skin can also be predicted in terms of relative permeability using
    Hawkins equation, as:
    𝑘𝑘𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟𝑠𝑠
    𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = � − 1� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
    𝑘𝑘𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤

    krj = relative permeability to j fluid


    krs = relative permeability to multiphase

    -Prediction of skin due to perforation:

    Dr. Dhifaf Jaafar Sadeq 2


    Petroleum Production Engineering I
    Year 3 – Department of Petroleum Engineering
    University of Baghdad
    Karakas and Tariq model: Semi‐Analytical model that considered:
     plane flow effect (SH),
     vertical converging effect (Sv) and
     well bore effects (Swb)

    𝑆𝑆𝑃𝑃 = 𝑆𝑆𝐻𝐻 + 𝑆𝑆𝑉𝑉 + 𝑆𝑆𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊

    rw : well diameter.
    Lperf : the length of perforation.
    rperf : the perforation diameter.
    hperf : the distance between perforation.

    = phase dependent variable and can be obtained from the above table.

    The vertical psedue skin factor Sv can be calculated after certain dimensionless variables
    are determined:

    Dr. Dhifaf Jaafar Sadeq 3


    Petroleum Production Engineering I
    Year 3 – Department of Petroleum Engineering
    University of Baghdad

    The values of the constants a1, a2, b1 , and b2 , are given in in the table as a function of
    phasing angle, Ɵ

    Finally, the calculation of wellbore skin effect SwB

    The constants c1 and c2 can be obtained from the Table.

    Dr. Dhifaf Jaafar Sadeq 4


    Petroleum Production Engineering I
    Year 3 – Department of Petroleum Engineering
    University of Baghdad

    - Prediction of Crushed Zone Effects


    The crushed zone around each perforation has a thickness of about 0.5 inches. The
    Permeability of this zone can be smaller or larger than the near-wellbore permeability,
    depending on whether compaction or collapse occurs.
    The equation for linear flow, crush zone skin can be derived from the radial equation
    and is given as:

    Where:
    𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝= radius of the perforation
    𝑟𝑟𝑐𝑐, 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐 = radius and permeability of the crushed zone.
    If 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐 = 𝑘𝑘d then no additional damage was done due to the crushed particles and hence (𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆)
    becomes zero.

    - Prediction of Combined Skin – Skin caused by combined effect of perforation and


    damage

    Dr. Dhifaf Jaafar Sadeq 5


    Petroleum Production Engineering I
    Year 3 – Department of Petroleum Engineering
    University of Baghdad

    Skin from partial completion

    Partially completed well: Height open to formation is smaller than height of the reservoir.
    • Could be due to bad perforation job
    • Could be deliberately completed to delay the coning effect
    • Skin due to partial penetration is always greater than 0 and typically ranges from 0 to 30.

    Slanted well – Deviated well (minimize the skin effects, even skin could be negative)
    • When the angle of inclination through the formation is significant (> 10°), a reduction in
    pressure drop can occur due to the angle of inclination.
    • This pressure drop is defined as skin due to inclination.
    • The skin is negative and the larger the angle of slant, the larger the negative contribution to
    the total skin effect.
    Note: the prediction of skin effect of partial completed well and slanted well required
    different types of equations.

    Dr. Dhifaf Jaafar Sadeq 6


    Petroleum Production Engineering I
    Year 3 – Department of Petroleum Engineering
    University of Baghdad
    Factor influencing perforation performance:

    Flow paths associated with 0º phasing perforations will direct the fluids to flow “round the
    casing”, and has a greater influence on the well productivity than the perforation density.

    Dr. Dhifaf Jaafar Sadeq 7


    Petroleum Production Engineering I
    Year 3 – Department of Petroleum Engineering
    University of Baghdad

    Influence of vertical and horizontal formation permeability (Kv and Kh) and perforation
    density on well production
    • An unfavourable vertical permeability can be overcome by increasing number of perforation
    (SPF)
    • While Kv and Kh, are similar productivity approaches to an open hole completion (even in
    case of low SPF)

    Dr. Dhifaf Jaafar Sadeq 8


    Petroleum Production Engineering I
    Year 3 – Department of Petroleum Engineering
    University of Baghdad

    - Perforation length (L) ‐ longer perforations are more productive


    - Perforation diameter (Dperf) ‐ wider perforations will show a reduced frictional pressure loss
    - Perforation density (SPF) – Increasing number of perforations will increase the well
    productivity
    - Perforation phasing ‐ reducing the angle between adjacent perforations will increase the well
    productivity
    - Permeability and depth of crushed zone around the perforation – perforation clean up
    procedures should be designed to remove this impaired crushed zone prior to production
    - Formation vertical and horizontal permeability ‐reduced vertical permeability impedes well
    production when the perforations are far apart (low shot densities).
    - Drawdown and properties of the produced fluids ‐ high gas and very high oil flow rates through
    the perforation lead to extra pressure losses from non‐ Darcy flow effects and (turbulence flow)

    Dr. Dhifaf Jaafar Sadeq 9

    You might also like