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    Acn 4

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    The document discusses IPv4 addressing and summarizes: 1) It describes classful and classless addressing schemes and how they divide the IP address space. 2) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine the network address, broadcast address, prefix length and number of addresses for given IP addresses. 3) The transition from classful to classless addressing is discussed, noting that classless addressing allows variable length subnet masks.

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    Acn 4

    Uploaded by

    Maysam Alkeram
    88 views46 pages
    The document discusses IPv4 addressing and summarizes: 1) It describes classful and classless addressing schemes and how they divide the IP address space. 2) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine the network address, broadcast address, prefix length and number of addresses for given IP addresses. 3) The transition from classful to classless addressing is discussed, noting that classless addressing allows variable length subnet masks.

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    The document discusses IPv4 addressing and summarizes: 1) It describes classful and classless addressing schemes and how they divide the IP address space. 2) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine the network address, broadcast address, prefix length and number of addresses for given IP addresses. 3) The transition from classful to classless addressing is discussed, noting that classless addressing allows variable length subnet masks.

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    88 views46 pages

    Acn 4

    Uploaded by

    Maysam Alkeram
    The document discusses IPv4 addressing and summarizes: 1) It describes classful and classless addressing schemes and how they divide the IP address space. 2) Examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine the network address, broadcast address, prefix length and number of addresses for given IP addresses. 3) The transition from classful to classless addressing is discussed, noting that classless addressing allows variable length subnet masks.

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    Master Course

    Advanced Computer Networks

    Lecture 4
    IPv4 Addresses

    Dr. Mahmoud Shuker Mahmoud


    Chapter
    Outline

    4.1 Introduction

    4.2 Classful Addressing

    4.3 Classless Addressing

    4.4 Special Addresses


    4-1 INTRODUCTION
    The identifier used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite
    to identify each device connected to the Internet is called the
    Internet address or IP address. An IPv4 address is a 32-bit
    address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of
    a host or a router to the Internet; an IP address is the address
    of the interface.
    IPv4 Address Notations

    There are three common notations to show an IPv4


    address: binary notation (base 2), dotted-decimal notation
    (base 256), and hexadecimal notation (base 16).

    Hexadecimal 80 0B 03 1F
    Example

    Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses:


    a. 111.56.045.78
    b. 221.34.7.8.20
    c. 75.45.301.14
    d. 11100010.23.14.67

    Solution
    a. There should be no leading zeroes (045).
    b. We may not have more than 4 bytes in an IPv4 address.
    c. Each byte should be less than or equal to 255.
    d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation.
    4-2 CLASSFUL ADDRESSING

    IP addresses, when started a few decades ago, used


    the concept of classes. This architecture is called
    classful addressing. In the mid-1990s, a new
    architecture, called classless addressing, was
    introduced that supersedes the original architecture.
    In this section, we introduce classful addressing
    because it paves the way for understanding classless
    addressing and justifies the rationale for moving to
    the new architecture. Classless addressing is discussed
    in the next section.

    6
    Occupation of address space

    In classful addressing, the IP address space is divided


    into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E. Each class occupies
    some part of the whole address space
    Finding the class of address
    Example

    Find the class of each address:


    a. 227.12.14.87
    b. 193.14.56.22
    c. 14.23.120.8
    d. 252.5.15.111
    Solution
    a. The first byte is 227 (between 224 and 239); the class is D.
    b. The first byte is 193 (between 192 and 223); the class is C.
    c. The first byte is 14 (between 0 and 127); the class is A.
    d. The first byte is 252 (between 240 and 255); the class is E.
    Netid and Hostid
    Blocks in Class A , B, and C
    The single block in Class D and E

    Class D addresses are made of one block, used for multicasting.

    The only block of class E addresses was reserved for future purposes.
    Two-level addressing in classful addressing
    Information extraction in classful addressing

    netid 000 ... 0


    First address

    ✓ To get the first IP address in the block range → replace hostid with all zero’s
    ✓ To get the Last IP address in the block range → replace hostid with all one’s
    Example
    An address in a block is given as 73.22.17.25. Find the class
    of the IP, number of addresses in the block, the first address,
    and the last address.

    Solution
    1. Since the most significant octet is 73, it is Class A
    2. The number of addresses in this block is N = 232−n =
    16,777,216.
    3. To find the first address, we keep the leftmost 8 bits and
    set the rightmost 24 bits all to 0s. The first address is
    73.0.0.0/8, in which 8 is the value of n.
    4. To find the last address, we keep the leftmost 8 bits and set
    the rightmost 24 bits all to 1s. The last address is
    73.255.255.255.
    Solution to previous Example
    Example

    An address in a block is given as 180.8.17.9. Find the class of


    the IP, number of addresses in the block, the first address,
    and the last address.

    Solution
    1. Since the most significant octet is 180, it is Class B
    2. The number of addresses in this block is N = 232−n = 65,536.
    3. To find the first address, we keep the leftmost 16 bits and
    set the rightmost 16 bits all to 0s. The first address is
    18.8.0.0/16, in which 16 is the value of n.
    4. To find the last address, we keep the leftmost 16 bits and
    set the rightmost 16 bits all to 1s. The last address is
    18.8.255.255.
    Solution to Previous Example
    Example

    An address in a block is given as 200.11.8.45. Find the class of


    the IP, number of addresses in the block, the first address,
    and the last address.

    Solution
    1. Since the most significant octet is 200, it is Class C
    2. The number of addresses in this block is N = 232−n = 256.
    3. To find the first address, we keep the leftmost 24 bits and
    set the rightmost 8 bits all to 0s. The first address is
    200.11.8.0/16, in which 24 is the value of n.
    4. To find the last address, we keep the leftmost 24 bits and
    set the rightmost 8 bits all to 1s. The last address is
    200.11.8.255/16.
    Solution to Previous Example
    Sample Internet
    Network addresses
    Network Mask
    Finding a network address using the default mask
    Example

    A router receives a packet with the destination address


    201.24.67.32. Show how the router finds the network address of
    the packet.

    Solution
    Since the class of the address is B, we assume that the router
    applies the default mask for class B, 255.255.0.0 to find the
    network address.
    Example

    Below is a network using class B addresses before subnetting.


    We have just one network with almost 216 hosts. The whole
    network is connected, through one single connection, to one of
    the routers in the Internet. Note that we have shown /16 to
    show the length of the netid (class B).
    Example

    Figure below shows the same previous network after


    subnetting. The whole network is still connected to the
    Internet through the same router. However, the network
    has used a private router to divide the network into four
    subnetworks. The rest of the Internet still sees only one
    network; internally the network is made of four
    subnetworks. Each subnetwork can now have almost 214
    hosts. The network can belong to a university campus
    with four different schools (buildings). After subnetting,
    each school has its own subnetworks, but still the whole
    campus is one network for the rest of the Internet. Note
    that /16 and /18 show the length of the netid and subnetids.
    Example solution
    Network mask and subnetwork mask

    Network Subnetting
    4-3 CLASSLESS ADDRESSING

    Subnetting and supernetting in classful addressing


    did not really solve the address depletion problem.
    With the growth of the Internet, it was clear that a
    larger address space was needed as a long-term
    solution. Although the long-range solution has
    already been devised and is called IPv6, a short-term
    solution was also devised to use the same address
    space but to change the distribution of addresses to
    provide a fair share to each organization. The short-
    term solution still uses IPv4 addresses, but it is called
    classless addressing.
    Variable-length blocks in classless addressing

    In classless addressing, the prefix defines the network and


    the suffix defines the host.
    Example

    One of the addresses in a block is 167.199.170.82/27. Find the


    number of addresses in the network, the first address, and the
    last address.

    Solution
    The value of n is 27. The network mask has twenty-seven 1s
    and five 0s. It is 255.255.255.240.
    a. The number of addresses in the network is 232 − n = 32.
    b. We use the AND operation to find the first address
    (network address). The first address is 167.199.170.64/27.
    Example Continued

    c. To find the last address, we first find the complement of the


    network mask and then OR it with the given address: The last
    address is 167.199.170.95/27.
    Example
    One of the addresses in a block is 17.63.110.114/24. Find the
    number of addresses, the first address, and the last address in
    the block.

    Solution
    The network mask is 255.255.255.0.
    a. The number of addresses in the network is 232 − 24 = 256.
    b. To find the first address, we use the short cut methods
    discussed early in the chapter. The first address is
    17.63.110.0/24.
    Example Continued

    c. To find the last address, we use the complement of the


    network mask and the first short cut method we discussed
    before. The last address is 17.63.110.255/24.
    Example
    One of the addresses in a block is 110.23.120.14/20. Find the
    number of addresses, the first address, and the last address in
    the block.

    Solution
    The network mask is 255.255.240.0.
    a. The number of addresses in the network is 232 − 20 = 4096.
    b. To find the first address, we apply the first short cut to
    bytes 1, 2, and 4 and the second short cut to byte 3. The
    first address is 110.23.112.0/20.
    Example Continued

    c. To find the last address, we apply the first short cut to bytes
    1, 2, and 4 and the second short cut to byte 3. The OR operation
    is applied to the complement of the mask. The last address is
    110.23.127.255/20.
    Example

    An ISP has requested a block of 1000 addresses. The


    following block is granted.

    a. Since 1000 is not a power of 2, 1024 addresses are granted


    (1024 = 210).
    b. The prefix length for the block is calculated as n = 32 −
    log21024 = 22.
    c. The beginning address is chosen as 18.14.12.0 (which is
    divisible by 1024).

    The granted block is 18.14.12.0/22. The first address is


    18.14.12.0/22 and the last address is 18.14.15.255/22.
    Example
    Assume a company has three offices: Central, East, and West.
    The Central office is connected to the East and West offices via
    private, WAN lines. The company is granted a block of 64
    addresses with the beginning address 70.12.100.128/26. The
    management has decided to allocate 32 addresses for the
    Central office and divides the rest of addresses between the two
    other offices.
    1. The number of addresses are assigned as follows:

    2. We can find the prefix length for each subnetwork:


    Example Continued

    3. Figure below shows the configuration designed by the


    management. The Central office uses addresses
    70.12.100.128/27 to 70.12.100.159/27. The company has
    used three of these addresses for the routers and has
    reserved the last address in the subblock. The East office
    uses the addresses 70.12.100.160/28 to 70.12.100.175/28.
    One of these addresses is used for the router and the
    company has reserved the last address in the subblock. The
    West office uses the addresses 70.12.100.160/28 to
    70.12.100.175/28. One of these addresses is used for the
    router and the company has reserved the last address in the
    subblock. The company uses no address for the point-to-
    point connections in WANs.
    Example Network Topology
    Example
    An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with
    190.100.0.0/16 (65,536 addresses). The ISP needs to
    distribute these addresses to three groups of customers
    as follows:
    ❑ The first group has 64 customers; each needs
    approximately 256 addresses.
    ❑ The second group has 128 customers; each needs
    approximately 128 addresses.
    ❑ The third group has 128 customers; each needs
    approximately 64 addresses.
    We design the subblocks and find out how many
    addresses are still available after these allocations.

    TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE 42


    4-4 SPECIAL ADDRESSES

    In classful addressing some addresses were reserved


    for special purposes. The classless addressing scheme
    inherits some of these special addresses from classful
    addressing.
    Network and Broadcast Addresses

    Source: 0.0.0.0
    Destination: 255.255.255.255

    Packet

    Network
    221.45.71.64/24 221.45.71.126/24

    221.45.71.20/24 221.45.71.178/24
    Loopback address

    The block 127.0.0.0/8 is used for the loopback address,


    which is an address used to test the software on a machine.
    When this address is used, a packet never leaves the
    machine; it simply returns to the protocol software

    Process 1 Process 2 Application layer

    Transport layer

    Packet Network layer

    Destination address:127.x.y.z
    Private Addresses

    A number of blocks are assigned for private use. They are


    not recognized globally. These blocks are depicted in Table
    below These addresses are used either in isolation or in
    connection with network address translation techniques

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