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    Theory of Ground Impedance Touch and Step Potential Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Miguel Marques
    This document discusses ground impedance measurement and its importance for assessing grounding systems to protect people and equipment from hazardous voltages. It defines ground impedance and describes current injection methods and factors that influence step and touch voltages.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Theory of Ground Impedance Touch and Step Potential Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Miguel Marques
    53 views9 pages
    This document discusses ground impedance measurement and its importance for assessing grounding systems to protect people and equipment from hazardous voltages. It defines ground impedance and describes current injection methods and factors that influence step and touch voltages.

    Original Title

    07-Theory-Ground-Impendance_ENU

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    This document discusses ground impedance measurement and its importance for assessing grounding systems to protect people and equipment from hazardous voltages. It defines ground impedance and describes current injection methods and factors that influence step and touch voltages.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views9 pages

    Theory of Ground Impedance Touch and Step Potential Measurement

    Uploaded by

    Miguel Marques
    This document discusses ground impedance measurement and its importance for assessing grounding systems to protect people and equipment from hazardous voltages. It defines ground impedance and describes current injection methods and factors that influence step and touch voltages.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 9

    27 August 2018

    Theory of Ground Impedance


    Touch and Step Potential Measurement

    20 May 2016

    Why to measure?

    © OMICRON

    Theory Ground Impedance 1


    27 August 2018

    Motivation: Assessment of grounding systems

    > Earth grid must have proper connection to ground to


    > protect persons and animals from hazardous voltage (step and touch voltages)
    > protect devices from overvoltage

    > Ground impedance represents the connection to ground


    > the smaller the ground impedance, the smaller are step and touch voltages

    © OMICRON

    Currents in spatially extended conductors

    l1 l3

    l2

    l1 < l2 < l3

    © OMICRON

    Theory Ground Impedance 2


    27 August 2018

    Definition of the Ground Impedance


    Vq

    Vm

    IE ZE

    . . . . . . . . .
    Vq ZEH
    Vm
    Ground rods
    VE
    VE
    ZE = IE
    IE

    Independent from the ground


    grid of the substations

    © OMICRON

    Measurement direction

    90°

    Take measurement into


    this direction!
    EN 50522 and IEEE 81

    © OMICRON

    Theory Ground Impedance 3


    27 August 2018

    Measurement trace

    © OMICRON

    Current injection on an existing power line

    © OMICRON

    Theory Ground Impedance 4


    27 August 2018

    Current injection using a Current Probe

    © OMICRON

    Reduction Factor

    Definition: Current is supposed to return via defined paths (ground wire,


    shield, etc.). The current through ground reduces the current on the
    dedicated paths.

    IE I
    Reduction Factor r = = 1− G
    I Test I Test
    desired

    I Test = I G + I E

    undesired
    Only IE causes potential rise!

    © OMICRON

    Theory Ground Impedance 5


    27 August 2018

    Reduction factor measurement setup

    © OMICRON

    Typical reduction factors values:


    overhead lines and cables (50 Hz)

    © OMICRON

    Theory Ground Impedance 6


    27 August 2018

    Step and Touch Voltage

    Buried Conductors
    1m 1m for voltage control

    © OMICRON

    Permissible Body currents

    © OMICRON

    Theory Ground Impedance 7


    27 August 2018

    Touch Voltage Measurement (EN 50522:2011)

    1
    V
    k

    20 cm x 20 cm metal plate

    1 kΩ
    V

    min. 50 kg
    ZContact
    VT,pr

    Surface Potential

    © OMICRON

    Touch Voltage Measurement (IEEE 81-2012)

    Hi
    gh V
    Z

    Ground Rod

    ZConta ct
    VT,pr

    Surface Potential

    © OMICRON

    Theory Ground Impedance 8


    27 August 2018

    Step and Touch Voltage

    © OMICRON

    Theory Ground Impedance 9

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