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    Induction Motor - Operating Regions

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    Arif Iqbal
    1) Induction motors have three operation regions based on output torque: constant torque region below base speed, constant power region from base speed to breakdown torque speed, and breakdown torque region above. 2) In the constant torque region, torque remains constant up to base speed by varying voltage and frequency together. 3) In the constant power region above base speed, torque decreases as 1/ω2 due to reduced flux and current, but torque can be maintained close to constant by increasing slip frequency to counter reactance rise. 4) In the breakdown torque region at very high speeds, torque falls sharply due to limitations of maximum slip frequency.

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    Induction Motor - Operating Regions

    Uploaded by

    Arif Iqbal
    929 views3 pages
    1) Induction motors have three operation regions based on output torque: constant torque region below base speed, constant power region from base speed to breakdown torque speed, and breakdown torque region above. 2) In the constant torque region, torque remains constant up to base speed by varying voltage and frequency together. 3) In the constant power region above base speed, torque decreases as 1/ω2 due to reduced flux and current, but torque can be maintained close to constant by increasing slip frequency to counter reactance rise. 4) In the breakdown torque region at very high speeds, torque falls sharply due to limitations of maximum slip frequency.

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    Induction Motor operating regions

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    Induction Motor_operating Regions

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    1) Induction motors have three operation regions based on output torque: constant torque region below base speed, constant power region from base speed to breakdown torque speed, and breakdown torque region above. 2) In the constant torque region, torque remains constant up to base speed by varying voltage and frequency together. 3) In the constant power region above base speed, torque decreases as 1/ω2 due to reduced flux and current, but torque can be maintained close to constant by increasing slip frequency to counter reactance rise. 4) In the breakdown torque region at very high speeds, torque falls sharply due to limitations of maximum slip frequency.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    929 views3 pages

    Induction Motor - Operating Regions

    Uploaded by

    Arif Iqbal
    1) Induction motors have three operation regions based on output torque: constant torque region below base speed, constant power region from base speed to breakdown torque speed, and breakdown torque region above. 2) In the constant torque region, torque remains constant up to base speed by varying voltage and frequency together. 3) In the constant power region above base speed, torque decreases as 1/ω2 due to reduced flux and current, but torque can be maintained close to constant by increasing slip frequency to counter reactance rise. 4) In the breakdown torque region at very high speeds, torque falls sharply due to limitations of maximum slip frequency.

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    3.

    1 Induction Motors 139

    3.1.9 OPERATION REGIONS OF INDUCTION MOTORS


    Induction motors have been traditionally used as constant speed motors supplied
    by the AC power source. However, recently, it has been increasingly used as vari-
    able speed motors driven by an inverter. As stated in the Section 3.1.8.2, the vari-
    able speed induction motor drive can be achieved by controlling the frequency and
    voltage applied to the motor. The operation range of an induction motor can be
    divided into three regions according to the output torque capability as
    • Constant torque region: speed range below the base speed
    • Constant power region: speed range above the base speed
    • Breakdown torque region: speed range above the base speed maintaining
    the maximum slip frequency
    The speed range above the base speed can be further divided into two subre-
    gions: constant power region and breakdown torque region. Because the field
    flux is reduced for operation in these regions, they are called field-weakening
    regions. Fig. 3.47 illustrates the output toque characteristic in each region.

    3.1.9.1 Constant torque region


    In this region, the motor speed is increased by increasing the stator frequency. To
    maintain the air-gap flux at a constant value, the applied stator voltage will be
    increased with the stator frequency according to the linear V/f relationship. This is
    the constant V/f control as stated in the Section 3.1.8.2. In this control method,
    since the output torque is proportional to the slip frequency, the output torque can
    be produced equally at any speed for the same slip frequency as shown in
    Fig. 3.48. (The same slip frequency means the same stator current.) Hence, this
    speed range is called constant torque region. The maximum torque developed by
    the induction motor is limited only by the allowable current rating in this region.

    Torque Constant Constant Breakdown


    torque region power region torque region
    Maximum
    torque Field-weakening region
    f rated

    Constant
    torque locus Breakdown
    torque locus
    Constant
    power locus

    0 ω base ω BT Speed

    FIGURE 3.47
    Operation regions of an induction motor.
    140 CHAPTER 3 Synchronous motor and induction motor

    Torque Constant
    torque region
    Maximum torque f rated

    Flux

    Slip frequency
    ω base
    0
    Speed
    ωsl
    FIGURE 3.48
    Operation characteristics in constant torque region.

    Rs Xls Ir Xlr

    Is Im
    Rr
    Vs Xm Es
    s

    FIGURE 3.49
    Steady-state equivalent circuit of an induction motor.

    3.1.9.2 Constant power region


    Since the back-electromotive force (back-EMF) of the induction motor increases
    with the speed, the voltage applied to the motor should also be increased with the
    speed for the stator current to flow properly. However, since the terminal voltage
    of the motor should not exceed the rated (or nominal) voltage, the stator voltage
    cannot be increased above the rated voltage despite the speed increase. The onset
    speed, at which the terminal voltage of the motor becomes the rated voltage, is
    called the base speed. Since the induction motor will be operated with a constant
    voltage in the speed region above the base speed, the air-gap flux as well as the
    rotor current will decrease as the operating speed increases.
    The steady-state equivalent circuit in Fig. 3.49 implies that under a constant
    stator voltage Vs , an increase in the operating frequency causes the reactance
    to increase, resulting in a decrease of both the exciting current Iφ and rotor
    current Ir . Therefore the output torque of an induction motor in this region will
    be different from that in the constant torque region.
    3.1 Induction Motors 141

    In the Section 3.1.4.3, the output torque and the rotor current of an induction
    motor were given as
    1 2 Rr
    Te 5 3
    I (3.65)
    ωs r s
    !
    E Es ωsl
    Ir 5 !s 5 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
    ffi (3.66)
    Rr ωs
    1 jXlr R2r 1 ðωsl Llr Þ2
    s
    Substituting Eq. (3.66) into Eq. (3.65), the following torque expression as a
    function of air-gap flux and rotor current can be obtained.
    ! !
    Es Rr Es
    Te 5 3 Ir qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi DKφIr φ5 (3.67)
    ωs R 1 ðω L Þ2
    2 ωs
    r sl lr

    Under a constant stator voltage, an increase in the stator frequency leads to a


    reduction in both the air-gap flux φð ~ Es =ωs Þ and the rotor current Ir . Therefore
    the output torque will decrease in proportion to 1=ω2s . However, if we make the
    slip frequency ωsl increase as the stator frequency increases, then the rotor current
    will remain constant due to the reduced impedance Rr =s by the increase in the
    slip. This can be readily seen in Eq. (3.66) and Fig. 3.49. In this way, if the rotor
    current remains constant despite the stator frequency increase, then the developed
    torque decreases in proportion to 1=ωs , not 1=ω2s , as shown in Fig. 3.50. Thus an
    enhanced output torque capability can be achieved.
    Therefore for operation in this region, the slip frequency ωsl should be
    increased as the stator frequency increases. In this case, since both the voltage
    and the current remain constant, this region is called the constant power region
    (strictly speaking, constant VA), which corresponds to the field-weakening region
    of a DC motor.

    Constant
    Torque
    power region

    Output torque
    1 Breakdown torque locus
    Te ∝ 1
    ωs Tmax ∝
    ωs2

    Flux
    Slip frequency

    Speed
    0 ωbase ωBT
    FIGURE 3.50
    Operation of constant power regions.

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