Technological University of the Philippines-Cavite Campus

CQT Avenue, Brgy. Salawag, Dasmarinas City, Cavite

Civil Engineering and Society

DELA CRUZ, KYLA J.

BSCE- C- 1A

Engr. Maria May Pacete

BES11 Professor

October 2020

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
II. INTRODUCTION 4
III. CONTENTS 5
A. Civil Engineering and Society 5
1. Civil engineering Subdivisions/Branches 5
1.1.1 Structural Engineering 5
1.1.2 Construction Engineering 5
1.1.3 Geotechnical Engineering 6
1.1.4 Transportation Engineering 6
1.1.5 Water Resources Engineering 6
1.1.6 Foundation Engineering 7
1.1.7 Hydraulics Engineering 7
1.1.8 Coastal and Ocean Engineering 7
1.1.9 Forensic Engineering 8
1.1.10 Municipal or Urban Engineering 8
1.1.11 Control Engineering 8
2. Civil Engineering Associations 9
III.1 International Associations
9
a. Asian Civil Engineering Coordinating Council (ACECC) 9

b.  World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) 9

III.2 Local Associations
10
c. Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) 10
B. Comparison between Civil Engineering from Past to Present 10
1. Designing 10
2. Workers 10
3. Materials and Equipment 11

2
C. Importance of Civil Engineering to the Society 11
1. Transportation Engineering 12
2. Coastal Engineering 12
3. Structural Engineering 12
4. Environmental Engineering 12
5. Geotechnical Engineering 12
6. Construction Engineering 12
7. Architectural Engineering 13
8. Utility Engineering and Surveying 13
D. Civil Engineering Projects 13
1. International Projects 13
a. Golden Gate Bridge 13
b. Gotthard Tunnel 13
c. The Colosseum 14
d. The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway 14
e. Burj Khalifa 15
2. Local Projects 15
a. San Juanico Bridge 15
b. La Mesa Dam 16
c. National Museum 16
d. Manila Light Rail Transit System 17
e. Philippine Arena 17
f. SMX Convention Center Manila 17
IV. CONCLUSION 18
V. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 19
VI. REFERENCES 21

3
 INTRODUCTION

Engineering is the intelligent application of knowledge that gain in various fields such as
science, mathematics, economics, and practical experience in various fields of practical interest.
Engineering helps to invent, design, build, maintain, and improve all types of structures,
machine, devices, system, materials, and processes that helpful to our society. One of the
engineering disciplines is civil engineering. Civil Engineering is an engineering discipline that
deals with design, construction and maintenance of public works such as buildings, roads,
bridges, water and energy system as well as public facilities like ports, railways, and airports.

General people didn’t notice what civil engineering contributes to the society, but civil
engineers helps to develop the infrastructures in the society. Civil engineering has played a vital
role in increasing health and quality life, because civil engineering is not about building and
planning a house. They also responsible for developing better water supplies, municipal sewer
systems, waste water treatment plants, to improved agriculture through water resource
development and distribution projects to rapid and dramatic changes in transportation systems,
civil engineers have developed the basic infrastructure on which modern society depends. Civil
engineers deal with almost every aspects of our everyday lives. From the water you use to brush
your teeth in the morning to the road you drive on to work and the school where you take your
children to the power that charges your cell phone.

In order to depth understand what civil engineering can contribute to the society, stating
their roles and existing association from international and local. Also, showing the civil
engineering projects that a huge contribution in one’s country are evidences that civil
engineering has a huge contribution to the society. This term paper will help you to know what
civil engineering contributes to its society.

4
 CONTENTS

Civil Engineering and Society

General people may not realize what civil engineers contribute to the society. But mainly
civil engineering has a lot contribution in the society. Knowing the sub-discipline under civil
engineering and association that related to civil engineering will enlighten people that civil
engineering has a lot to do for development of the society.

Civil engineering Subdivisions/Branches

Civil engineering is the oldest branch of engineering, and it is considered as “Mother of

Engineering”. Civil engineering considered as broadest, most simple, and useful of all
engineering disciplines. Since Civil engineering is related to the aspect of life of human beings,
because it deals with large field. Civil engineering is divided into sub-categories, here are the
subdivisions or branches of civil engineering:

Structural Engineering

Structural Engineering is a sub-discipline within Civil Engineering. Structural

Engineers create drawings and specifications, perform calculations, review the work of
other engineers, write reports and evaluations, and observe construction sites. Structural
engineering basic tasks is to relate numerical quantities of physical forces to physical
configurations of force-resisting elements. Analysis is the process of determining forces
in each element in a structure, such as a beam when the configuration of elements is
already defined. Design is the process of configuring elements to resist forces whose
values are already known. Analysis and Design are complementary procedures in the
overall process of designing new structures.

Construction Engineering

Construction engineers is a sub-discipline that deals with the design and execute
processes for building and maintaining the infrastructure of our world. These
infrastructures include roads, tunnels, bridges, airports, railroads, facilities, buildings,
dams, utilities, and other projects. The Construction engineer builds what the structural

5
engineer designs. The construction engineer works for Contractor and he supervises how
the project work is going on.

Geotechnical Engineering

Geotechnical engineering is a sub-discipline that deals with the study of the

behavior of soils under the influence of loading forces and soil-water interactions. This
knowledge is applied to the design of foundations, retaining walls, earth dams, clay
liners, and geosynthetics for waste containment. The goals of geotechnical engineers
could range from the design of foundations and temporary excavation support, through
route selection for railways and highways, to the increasingly important areas of landfill
disposal of wastes and groundwater contamination.  As such, the geotechnical engineer is
involved in field and laboratory investigations to determine the engineering properties of
site soils and other geomaterials and their subsequent use in the analytical study of the
problem at hand.

Transportation Engineering

Transportation engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering which deals

with the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional
design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to
provide the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally
compatible movement of people and goods. The planning aspects of transport
engineering relate to urban planning, and involve technical forecasting decisions and
political factors. Technical forecasting of passenger travel usually involves an urban
transportation planning model, requiring the estimation of trip generation on how many
trips for what purpose, trip distribution the destination choice, where is the traveler going,
mode choice what mode is being taken by the traveler, and route assignment which
streets or routes are being used.

Water Resources Engineering

Water Resource Engineers develop new equipment and systems for water
resource management facilities across the world. Water Resource Engineering is a
specific kind of civil engineering that involves the design of new systems and equipment

6
that help manage human water resources. Some of the areas Water Resource Engineers
touch on are water treatment facilities, underground wells, and natural springs. They
create a system and new equipment to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of water
treatment and aquatic resources management.

Foundation Engineering

A foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground, and

transfers loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered
either shallow or deep. Foundation engineering is the application of soil mechanics and
rock mechanics in the design of foundation elements of structures.

Hydraulics Engineering

Hydraulic engineering consists of the application of fluid mechanics to water

flowing in an isolated environment such as pipe and pump or in an open channel such as
river, lake, and ocean. Civil engineers are primarily concerned with open channel flow,
which is governed by the interdependent interaction between the water and the channel.
The application of hydraulics engineering is including the design of hydraulic structures,
such as sewage conduits, dams and breakwaters, the management of waterways, such as
erosion protection and flood protection, and environmental management, such as
prediction of the mixing and transport of pollutants in surface water. 

Coastal and Ocean Engineering

Coastal and Ocean Engineering is a sub-discipline within civil engineering that

are responsible for organization, conception, development, and preservation of works on
shoreline. They task involve management of shoreline erosion, improvement of
navigation channels and harbors, protection against flooding, tides and even seismically
triggered waves, improvement of coastal recreation, and management of pollution in
nearby marine environments.

Forensic Engineering

Forensic Engineering is sub-disciplines under civil engineering that deals with the
investigations of failures or other performances problems. They are responsible to find

7
testimony in investigation before a court of law or others judicial forum when required.
Failure are not all catastrophic, such as when building or bridges collapse, but include
facilities that do not perform as intended by the owner, design professional, or
constructor.

Municipal or Urban Engineering

Municipal or Urban engineering can more properly be described as the branch of

engineering that covers all the civil and environmental engineering services related to the
range of complex problems associated with infrastructure, services, buildings,
environmental and land-use issues generally encountered in urban areas. They provide
physical definition of the urban habitat, by planning, designing, building/constructing,
operating and maintaining the infrastructure including buildings and roads. This
infrastructure, on one hand, facilitates the social and economic interactions within the
urban habitat through ubiquitous transportation and communication systems. On the other
hand, it also directly affects physical health and ecological balance within the urban
system through the provision of drinking water, air quality and waste treatment.

Control Engineering

Control Systems Engineering is the engineering approach taken to understand

how the process can be managed by automation devices and to implement such into
operation. Process Engineers design plant to operate in a particular way. How the plant
operates is shared by the Process Engineer and interpreted by a Control Systems Engineer
who usually documents the functionality of how devices monitor signals, control the
process, how performance is measured including accumulation of statistical data, and
how data is communicated to a host system or to peer control devices. Control Systems
Engineering requires a broad skill set including electrical, mechanical and computer
software systems.

8
Civil Engineering Associations

The main role of Civil Engineering associations is to secure the profession of translators
and interpreters. These associations promote among its members the principles of professional
competence and decorum by organizing initiatives and activities. It also 'train' clients by
explaining the specificities of the translation and interpreting market and providing information
on the Civil Engineering profession.

International Associations

International Civil Engineering Association are the association that connects an

association around the world or regional of the world.

World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO)

The World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO) is an international,

non-governmental organization representing the engineering profession worldwide.
Founded in 1968 by a group of regional engineering organizations, under the auspices of
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO) in
Paris, WFEO brings together national engineering organizations from some 100 nations
and represents more than 30 million engineers from around the world.

ASCE is involved in WFEO through its membership in the American Association

of Engineering Societies (AAES), the U.S. national Member. Although it is a
multidisciplinary organization, the most common discipline within both the membership
and leadership structure is civil engineering.

Asian Civil Engineering Coordinating Council (ACECC)

The purpose of Asian Civil Engineering Coordinating Council or ACECC is to

schedule Asian forums where worldwide members of the civil engineering profession
may jointly develop programs of coordination and mutual action in designated matters
affecting the interests of civil engineers and related professionals. The triennial Civil
Engineering Conference in the Asian Region (CECAR) is one of ACECC’s major
forums. This conference offers an interesting opportunity to discover innovative
technologies and researches achieved in and outside the Asia region. Although the

9
 Council mainly consists of the civil engineering societies/institutions in that region, its
membership is open to professional organizations worldwide.

Local Associations

Local Association connects group of civil engineers and aspiring civil engineers around
the Philippines.

Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)

The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers or PICE is a professional organization

for civil engineers in the Philippines. It was formed by merging two separate
organizations of civil engineers: one group working from government sector and the
second group working in the private sector.

Comparison between Civil Engineering from Past to Present

As the time goes by, the civil engineering has been a huge development compare to its
ancient time to present. Right from Designing, workers, materials and equipment that engineers
used and the methods that civil engineers used.

Designing

Designing means finding out the dimension of a structural member and amount of
other materials such as reinforcement, prestressing and etc. which will be sufficient to
withstand different types of loads and forces applied on that member, at the same time it
will be economic and providing serviceability. Designing of structures during ancient
times is a trial and error, if the engineers back then made mistakes they immediately start
with the new design. In present time, civil engineers used a complex design and
technology when it comes to designing. They used an application such as AutoCAD and
Sketchup.

Workers

When constructing infrastructure workers are needed, they are responsible to

finished an infrastructure project. In ancient time, artisan is called to the workers in
ancient Egypt, Artisans typically worked side by side in large workshops. They

10
 usually worked for 10 days straight before taking time off. The Pharaohs called upon
hundreds of Artisans at a time to work on royal projects. Also, manual laborers are the
workers in ancient Greek and Roman, they are responsible for agricultural works. In
present time, civil engineers, architect, mason, and carpenter are the workers when it
come civil engineering projects. Civil engineers are responsible for planning. Architect
are responsible for designing. Mason clean excess mortar with trowels and other hand
tools. Lastly, Carpenters do many jobs in construction, building or repairing structures,
which can mean anything from framing a house to building stairs and door
frames to putting in cabinetry or drywall. Carpenters might build things out of raw
materials, or install pre-built items.

Materials and Equipment

Materials and Equipment are needed to start a civil engineering project. In the
past, they just used stones, saws, axes, chisels, and wooden mallet. But in present time,
civil engineers used glass and advance machinery.

Importance of Civil Engineering to the Society

Civil Engineering has an importance to the society. They are not only responsible for
constructed a building. Civil engineering also help society for its development when it comes to
advance technology and for economy. Civil engineering has played a vital role in increasing
health and quality life, because civil engineering is not about building and planning a house.
They also responsible for developing better water supplies, municipal sewer systems, waste
water treatment plants, to improved agriculture through water resource development and
distribution projects to rapid and dramatic changes in transportation systems, civil engineers
have developed the basic infrastructure on which modern society depends. Civil engineers deal
with almost every aspects of our everyday lives. Also, Environmental sustainability cannot be
attained without infrastructure since human cannot cope up with the changing environment
without having a habitat that protect them from the harsh setting of our own planet. This is where
the engineers-civil engineering takes a major part in building a successful society. Civil
engineers scrutinize every detail of a geographic location to utilize it so that it can be at its’ full
potential as well as habitable, comfortable, and environmentally friendly.

11
Transportation Engineering

Transportation Engineering supports the advancement of a society by way of

connecting one community to other communities to exchange or to travel the goods
through a bridge, tunnel, and highway that is safe, secure, and sustainable.

Coastal Engineering

Coastal Engineering is deal with the different geographic location means the way
of live varies from one location to other as well as different types of jobs available.
Communities near the ocean, port, waterways, coastal, riverine, and wetlands should have
state of the art facilities in order to cope with the changing era without damaging or
posing a threat to the marine life as well as the habitants nearby.

Structural Engineering

Structural Engineering is deal to provide vital information such as roof types,

foundations, floors, steel beams, material quality, retaining wall, etc., suitable to the
geographic location of a building or structure to be built.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental Engineering the purpose of this engineering is to utilize the natural

resources available such as land, water, and air available at a certain location.

Geotechnical Engineering

Geotechnical Engineering under this discipline, the engineer examines and/or

investigate the type of rock and soil mechanics, to create a design of structure suitable to
the type of geography which the structure will be built.

Construction Engineering

Construction Engineering is the vital part of the branches since they are the one
who implement the design to actual structure coming from the architects.

12
 Architectural Engineering

Architectural Engineering applies both engineering principle and technology to

create a unique and sustainable design and construction.

Utility Engineering and Surveying

Utility Engineering and Surveying they are the one who maintains the utility of an
infrastructure such as water or gas mains, electrical grids, and other types of delivery
systems.

Civil Engineering Projects

Civil Engineering Projects used for the development of one’s country and it also use as
historical places or landmarks of one’s country.

International Projects

The following is the well known international civil engineering projects:

Golden Gate Bridge

The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the

one-mile-wide (1.6 km) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The
structure links the U.S. city of San Francisco, California—the northern tip of the San
Francisco Peninsula—to Marin County, carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California
State Route 1 across the strait. The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized
symbols of San Francisco and California. It was initially designed by engineer Joseph
Strauss in 1917. It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by
the American Society of Civil Engineers

Gotthard Tunnel

The Gotthard Tunnel is an approximately 15-kilometre-long railway tunnel and

forms the summit of the Gotthard Railway in Switzerland. It

13
connects Göschenen with Airolo and was the first tunnel through the Saint-Gotthard
Massif in order to bypass the St Gotthard Pass. It is built as one double-track, standard
gauge tunnel. When opened in 1882, the Gotthard Tunnel was the longest tunnel in the
world.

The tunnel rises from the northern portal at Göschenen (1,106 m) and the highest
point (1,151 m) is reached after approximately 8 kilometers (5.0 mi). After two more
kilometers, the border between the cantons of Uri and Ticino is passed; after another 5
kilometers (3.1 mi), the tunnel ends at the southern portal near to Airolo (1,142 m). The
trip takes about seven to eight minutes by train. Services are operated by the Swiss
Federal Railways.

The Colosseum

The Colosseum also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre is an

oval Amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built
of travertine limestone, tuff (volcanic rock), and brick-faced concrete, it was the
largest Amphitheatre ever built at the time and held 50,000 to 80,000 spectators. The
Colosseum is just east of the Roman Forum. Construction began under the
emperor Vespasian in AD 72 and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and
heir, Titus. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96). These
three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the Amphitheatre was named
in Latin for its association with their family name.

The Colosseum could hold an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators at various

points of its history over the centuries, having an average audience of some 65,000; it
was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal
hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Roman
mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It
was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order,
a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.

The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway

14
 The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, sometimes only The Causeway is a fixed link
composed of two parallel bridges crossing Lake Pontchartrain in
southern Louisiana, United States. The longer of the two bridges is 23.83 miles
(38.35 km) long. The southern terminus of the causeway is in Metairie, Louisiana, a
suburb of New Orleans. The northern terminus is at Mandeville, Louisiana.

Since 1969, it was listed by Guinness World Records as the longest bridge over
water in the world; in 2011, in response to the opening of the longer Jiaozhou Bay
Bridge in China, Guinness World Records created two categories for bridges over water:
continuous and aggregate lengths over water. Lake Pontchartrain Causeway then became
the longest bridge over water (continuous) while Jiaozhou Bay Bridge the longest bridge
over water (aggregate).

Burj Khalifa

The Burj Khalifa known as the Burj Dubai prior to its inauguration in 2010, is

a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. With a total height of 829.8 and a roof
height of 828 m, the Burj Khalifa has been the tallest structure and building in the world
since its topping out in 2009.

Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed five
years later in 2009. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. The building was
opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai. It is designed to
be the centerpiece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The decision to construct the
building is based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy,
and for Dubai to gain international recognition. The building was originally named Burj
Dubai but was renamed in honor of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United
Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; Abu Dhabi and the UAE government lent
Dubai money to pay its debts. The building broke numerous height records, including its
designation as the tallest building in the world.

Local Projects

The following is the well-known local civil engineering projects:

15
San Juanico Bridge

San Juanico Bridge is part of the Pan-Philippine Highway and stretches

from Samar to Leyte across the San Juanico Strait in the Philippines. Its longest length is
a steel girder viaduct built on reinforced concrete piers, and its main span is of an arch-
shaped truss design. Constructed during the Marcos administration through the Marcos
Japanese ODA scandal loans, it has a total length of 2.16 kilometers - the longest bridge
spanning a body of seawater in the Philippines.

Marcos built the bridge as a personal gift to his wife Imelda using public funds
siphoned through the controversial Marcos Japanese ODA scandal. It was one of the
high-visibility foreign-loan projects initiated by Marcos during the run-up to the 1969
Presidential election campaign. Completed four years later, it was inaugurated on 2 July
1973 on the birthday of Imelda Marcos. Upon its completion, economists and public
works engineers quickly tagged it as a white elephant which was "a possession that is
useless and expensive to maintain or difficult to dispose of because its average daily
traffic was too low to justify the cost of its construction. As a result, its construction has
been associated with what has been called the Marcoses' "edifice complex".

La Mesa Dam

The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is an earth dam in Quezon City, Philippines.

Its reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters, occupying an area of 27 square
kilometers. It is part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system, which supplies most of the
water supply of Metro Manila.

National Museum

The National Museum of the Philippines is an umbrella government organization

that oversees a number of national museums in the Philippines including ethnographic,
anthropological, archaeological and visual arts collections. Since 1998, the National
Museum has been the regulatory and enforcement agency of the Government of the
Philippines in the restoring and safeguarding of important cultural properties, sites, and
reservations throughout the Philippines.

16
 The National Museum operates the National Museum of Fine Arts, National
Museum of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, and National
Planetarium, all located in the National Museum Complex in Manila. The institution also
operates branch museums throughout the country.

Manila Light Rail Transit System

The Manila Light Rail Transit System , commonly known as the LRT, is an urban

rail transit system that primarily serves Metro Manila, Philippines. Although categorized
as a light rail system because it originally used light rail vehicles, it presently has
characteristics of a rapid transit system, such as high passenger throughput, exclusive
right-of-way, and later use of full metro rolling stock. The LRT is jointly-operated by
the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA), a government corporation attached to
the Department of Transportation (DOTr), and the Light Rail Manila
Corporation (LRMC). Along with the Manila Metro Rail Transit System and the Metro
Commuter Line of the Philippine National Railways, the system makes up Metro
Manila's rail infrastructure.

Philippine Arena

The Philippine Arena is the world's largest indoor arena. It is a

multipurpose indoor arena with a maximum seating capacity of 55,000 at Ciudad de
Victoria, a 140-hectare tourism enterprise zone in Bocaue and Santa
Maria, Bulacan, Philippines about 30 kilometers north of Manila. It is one of the
centerpieces of the many centennial projects of the Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC) for their
centennial celebration on July 27, 2014. The legal owner of the arena is the
INC's educational institution, New Era University.

SMX Convention Center Manila

The SMX Convention Center is located in Pasay, Philippines. It is the largest

private venue in the Philippines for trade events, industry conventions, corporate
functions, and international exhibitions. The building is located beside the SM Mall of
Asia, and is considered part of the Mall of Asia Complex. The SMX is owned by the SM
Prime Holdings.

17
18
 CONCLUSION

Civil engineering has played a vital role in increasing health and quality life, because
civil engineering is not about building and planning a house. They also responsible for
developing better water supplies, municipal sewer systems, waste water treatment plants, to
improved agriculture through water resource development and distribution projects to rapid and
dramatic changes in transportation systems, civil engineers have developed the basic
infrastructure on which modern society depends. Civil Engineering wasn’t only capable on
building and planning a house, they also capable for the development of the society. Right from
the road we saw every time we travel, from the running water we used to take a bath and a home
where we live. Civil engineering is responsible for all of that, even general people didn’t realize
what civil engineers contributes to its society.

As the time goes by, civil engineering has been developed. Right from the designing
because before they done a trial and error method, which have a lot of work because you need to
start again when you make a mistake. Then, to the workers before artisan and manual laborer are
responsible for building an infrastructure but nowadays, civil engineer, architect, mason, and
carpentry are responsible for building an infrastructure. Back then, they just used a stone, axe,
chisel and wood to build infrastructure, but in present time civil engineers used glass and any
advance machinery.

In conclusion, civil engineering has a huge contribution to the society even before at
ancient times. It may be seen it by general people what exactly they do to contribute to the
society, but civil engineering projects are the evidence that they have a lot of contribution. Their
projects are can be seen everywhere.

19
 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

1. What are the sub-fields of civil engineering.

- There are 11 sub-fields or sub-disciplines in civil engineering field. They are
Structural Engineering, Construction Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering,
Transportation Engineering, Water Resources Engineering, Foundation Engineering,
Hydraulics Engineering, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Forensic Engineering,
Municipal or Urban Engineering, and Control Engineering. Each sub-discipline has a
contribution to the society.
2. What are the association under civil engineering?
- The association can categorize as international association or local association. In
international association there are two association that the Philippines are under with,
the Asian Civil Engineering Coordinating Council (ACECC) and the World
Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO). In Local Associations Philippine
Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) are the association in the Philippines whose
member are professional and aspiring civil engineers.
3. What are the differences between the civil engineering in the past and in the present?
- As the time goes by, there are a lot of development and improvement in civil
engineering, right from the designing, workers, and the materials and equipment that
civil engineers used.
4. What is the importance of civil engineering to the society?
- Civil Engineering has an importance to the society. They are not only responsible for
constructed a building. Civil engineering also help society for its development when
it comes to advance technology and for economy. Civil engineering has played a vital
role in increasing health and quality life, because civil engineering is not about
building and planning a house. They also responsible for developing better water
supplies, municipal sewer systems, waste water treatment plants, to improved
agriculture through water resource development and distribution projects to rapid and
dramatic changes in transportation systems, civil engineers have developed the basic
infrastructure on which modern society depends. Civil engineers deal with almost
every aspects of our everyday lives. Also, Environmental sustainability cannot be
attained without infrastructure since human cannot cope up with the changing

20
 environment without having a habitat that protect them from the harsh setting of our
own planet. This is where the engineers-civil engineering takes a major part in
building a successful society. Civil engineers scrutinize every detail of a geographic
location to utilize it so that it can be at its’ full potential as well as habitable,
comfortable, and environmentally friendly.
5. What are the examples of international civil engineering projects?
- Here are the examples of international civil engineering projects:
 Golden Gate Bridge
 Gotthard Tunnel
 The Colosseum
 The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway
 Burj Khalifa
6. What are the examples of local civil engineering projects?
- Here are the examples of local civil engineering projects:
 San Juanico Bridge
 La Mesa Dam
 National Museum
 Manila Light Rail Transit System
 Philippine Arena
 SMX Convention Center Manila

21
 REFERENCES

https://www.asce.org/engineering-federations/

https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-blog/1-civil-engineering?fbclid=IwAR0y9XQJ-
sqLbnLVfgaId5zNgtpJGMDE_JPbFsQxK1OHFZxYDkfMmTIuXvE

https://www.seaoc.org/page/whatisase

https://engineering.purdue.edu/CEM/aboutus/what-is-cem

https://www.mcgill.ca/civil/undergrad/areas/geotechnical#:~:text=Geotechnical%20engineering
%20is%20the%20study,and%20geosynthetics%20for%20waste%20containment.

http://www.thecivilengg.com/transportation_engineering.php

https://www.environmentalscience.org/career/water-resource-engineer#:~:text=Water
%20Resource%20Engineering%20is%20a,underground%20wells%2C%20and%20natural
%20springs.

https://www.constrofacilitator.com/an-overview-of-foundation-engineering/#:~:text=Foundation
%20engineering%20is%20the%20application,that%20must%20not%20be%20ignored.

https://www.mcgill.ca/civil/undergrad/areas/water#:~:text=Hydraulic%20engineering
%20consists%20of%20the,the%20water%20and%20the%20channel.

https://ghhllc.com/blog/civil-engineering-blog-bid-300995-what-is-coastal-engineering

https://www.asce.org/forensic-engineering/forensic-engineering/

https://aboutcivil.org/urban-infrastructure-engineering#:~:text=%E2%80%9CUrban
%20engineering%20can%20more%20properly,generally%20encountered%20in%20urban
%20areas.%E2%80%9D

https://www.parasyn.com.au/control-systems-engineering/

http://www.jsce-int.org/com/acecc

https://readmecauseimancienthistory.weebly.com/artisans.html

22
https://erenow.net/ancient/ancient-greece-and-rome-an-encyclopedia-for-students-4-volume-
set/245.php

https://m.snagajob.com/job-descriptions/carpenter/

https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/brickmasons-blockmasons-and-
stonemasons.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Tunnel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juanico_Bridge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mesa_Dam_and_Reservoir

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Arena

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMX_Convention_Center_Manila

23