CH8591 -Heat Transfer 2020-2021

UNIT I: CONDUCTION
PART A
C305.1 At the end of this unit students has ability
To learn about heat conduction, Thermal conductivity measurement.

1. What is conductance in heat transfer? (May, 2013)

Conductance in heat transfer is an atomic or molecular process and occurs in the presence
of temperature difference. Generally, occurs in solid and stagnant liquid.

2. Write the modes of Heat Transfer?

The modes of Heat Transfer are Conduction, Convection & Radiation.

3. State Fourier’s Law. (Nov 2013, May 2014)

Fourier’s Law states that if two plane parallel surfaces each having an area A are separated by a
distance, x, and are maintained at temperature T1 and T2 respectively, the rate of heat conduction Q at
steady state through the wall is given by,
dT
Q   kA
i. dx
Where k is called the thermal conductivity of the solid and is assumed to be constant throughout the
wall.

4. What is effect of temperature on Thermal Conductivity? (May 2016)

It is fundamental property of a material that gives a measure of the effectivity of the material
in transmitting heat through it. In metals, increase in temperature increases thermal conductivity as,
a. = ko (a+bT+cT2)
b.
5. Define thermal conductivity. ( Nov 2013)
The rate at which heat passes through a specified material, expressed as the amount of heat
that flows per unit time through a unit area with a temperature gradient of one degree per unit distance.
For thermal conductivity, K, the unit is W/m.K.

6. Difference between Thermal conductivity and thermal resistance. (Nov 2014)

The reciprocal of thermal conductivity is thermal resistivity, usually measured in kelvin-meters per watt
(K·m·W−1).

7. Write the approximate range of thermal conductivities of solids, liquids and gas.(Nov 2015)
Solids: The thermal conductivity of metals varies from 2.3 to 420 W/m.K. The best conductor is silver (
k=420 W/m K); followed by red copper (395); gold (302); aluminum (210); Ice: 2; Lead = 35.3;
Liquids:Alcohols and Oils: 0.1-0.21; Water (liquid): 0.6 W/m K;
Gas: 0.23 – 0.26 W/m K.

8. What is film coefficient?

Heat transfer coefficient is also called as film coefficient, because heat transfer at a phase boundary is
sometimes visualized as occurring through a thin stagnant film adhering to the boundary or the interface
between the phases.

9. Classify Convection.
It can be classified as Forced convection and Free or Natural convection

10. When Forced convection occurs and how?

It occurs when motion in the medium is caused by an external mechanical agency such as pump, a
blower, an agitator, etc.

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11. When free convection occurs and how?

It occurs when motion in the medium is created by adverse gradient, as a result of temperature
difference.

12. What is heat transfer coefficient?

An empirical heat transfer coefficient is based on the phenomenological observation that heat flux is
proportional to the temperature driving force and the proportionality constant is heat transfer
coefficient.

13. What is Radiation?

A body at a temperature above absolute zero always emits energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
called Radiation.

14. What is TEMA?

It is abbreviated form of Tubular Exchangers Manufacturers’ Association and it provides the standard
or stipulated heat exchanger design code.

15. When LMTD correction factor is to be used in heat exchanger design?

In multi pass exchangers, the fluids are not always in countercurrent flow and this causes in the average
driving force. A correct factor, FT, is to be used to get true mean temperature difference.

16. Write one dimensional heat conduction

d 2T
0
dx 2
17. Write the three dimensional equation for unsteady state condition and with heat source
d 2T d 2T d 2T q 1 u
    .
i. dx 2 dy 2 dz 2 k  t
ii.
18. Write the S.I. units of Thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient.
For thermal conductivity, K, the unit is W/m.K.,
For heat transfer coefficient,h, the unit is W/m2.K

19. What is Steady state conduction?

A solid body is said to be in a steady state if its temperature does not vary with time and
conduction occurs on that body is said to be steady state conduction.

20. What is heat transfer coefficient?

The heat transfer coefficient is a measure of the intensity of heat transfer between the surface of
a body and its surroundings.

21. Explain the fact for negative sign in the Fourier’s law of heat conduction
It is due to the fact that with an increase in length x, there is a decrease in temperature.

22. Write briefly on analogy between flow of heat and flow of electricity.(May 2015)
Thermal Conduction Electric Conduction
Heat flow rate: Q = ΔT/ Rthermal Electric current : I = ΔV/ R
Temperature difference: ΔT = T1 - T2 Potential difference : ΔV = V1 - V2
Thermal resistance: Rthermal = Δx/(kA) Electric resistance = R

23. State any four importance of heat transfer in a chemical plant. (May 2015/Nov 2014)
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In chemical engineering, rate of heat transfer should be predicted in a variety of process situations. For
example,
(i)In mass transfer operations such as distillation, the overhead vapor has to be condensed to liquid
product in a condenser, and the bottoms are boiled off into vapor in a reboiler. Often the feed stream is
pre-heated using the bottoms product in a heat exchanger.
(ii)The production and use of process steam, which is brought to various locations in a plant through
steam pipes as a heating utility. Also, these steam pipes need to be insulated to minimize heat loss to the
ambient air. Such insulation is also important when transporting hot fluids from one place to another.
(iii) A similar application is the transport of refrigerated liquids through piping – here we need to
insulate to avoid transferring heat into the liquid from the ambient air.
(iv) Chemical reactors can generate heat if the reaction is exothermic, and this heat must be removed to
avoid a runaway reaction; likewise, endothermic reactions need a supply of heat to maintain the
reaction.

24. State the significance of contact resistance. (May 2017)

This phenomenon is said to be a result of a thermal contact resistance existing between the contacting
surfaces. Thermal contact resistance is defined as the ratio between this temperature drop and the
average heat flow across the interface.

25. State the importance of thermal time constant. (May 2017)

The time required for a thermistor to change 63.2% of the total difference between its initial and final
body temperature when subjected to a step function change in temperature, under zero power
conditions.

26. Is heat transfer scalar or vector quantity? Explain (May 2017)

Heat transfer has both magnitude and direction so it is a vector quantity.
PART B
1. Derive the steady state heat conduction equation for a cylinder and discuss the temperature distribution
for a composite cylindrical wall. (Dec. 2013); (Dec. 2012)(Dec 2018)
2. (i) Derive steady state heat conduction equation for the hollow sphere of three different layers of
different material.(June 2013)
(ii) The composite wall of an oven consists of three materials, two of which are of known thermal
conductivity, kA = 45 W/m.K and knowm thickness, LA = 0.35 m and LC = 0.18 m.
The third material, B which is sandwiched between materials A and C, is of known thickness, L B = 0.12
m, but unknown thermal conductivity kB. Under steady conditions, measurements reveal an outer
surface temperature of 25 oC, an inner surface temperatrure of 650 oC and oven air temperature of 830
o
C. The inside convection coefficient h is known to be 30 W/m2k. What is the value of kB?(June, 2013)
3. Compare the temperature distribution in a spine (pin fin) having a diameter of 2 cm and length
10 cm and exposed to a convection environment with h=25 w. m2 K for three fin materials;
copper (k = 385 W/mK), stainless steel (k = 17 W/mK) and glass (k = 0.8 W/m K). Also
compare the relative heat flows and fin efficiencies with respect to copper fin. (Nov 2015)
4. (i) Discuss the concept of mean temperature difference. (May 2015)
(ii) State the application of conduction in liquids in a chemical plant.
(iii) Calculate the rate of heat flow through the wall of a refrigerated van of 1.6 mm of steel at
outer surface, 110 mm plywood at the inner surface and 2cm of glass wool in between, if the
temperatures of the inside and outside surfaces are 17 oC and 28 oC respectively. Take thermal
conductivities of steel, glass-wool and plywood as 23.2 W/m oC, 0.014 W/m oC and 0.052 W/m
o
Crespectively.
5. A plane wall 10 cm thickness generates heat at a rate of 4 x 10 4 W/m2 when an electric current is
passed through it. The ‘h’ between each face of the wall and ambient air is 50 W/m2K. Find (i) Surface
temperature (ii) maximum temperature of wall. Let ambient temperature = 20 oC and k = 15 W/m.K.
6. (i)Derive the expression for steady state heat conduction through hollow cylindrical pipe and also for
composite cylinders.
(ii) A spherical shaped vessel of 1.5m diameter is 120 mm thick. Find the rate of heat leakage, if the
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temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces is 220oC. Thermal conductivity of material
is 0.35 kJ/m h oC. (May 2015)
7. Derive the generalized expression for One Dimensional Unsteady state heat conduction with heat
generation, with neat sketch.
8. Derive the expression of heat transfer through Composite Wall (solids) and compare it with an electric
circuit.
9. Temperature distribution across a large concrete slab 50 cm thick heated by one side as studied as : T =
60 – 50 x + 12 x2 + 20 x3 – 15 x4, where T is in K and x is in metres. Let A = 5 m2 and K = 1.2 W/m k,
thermal diffusivity = 1.77 x 10-3 m2/sec. Find a) Heat entering and leaving the slab, b) heat energy
stored in unit time, c) rate of temp. change at both sides of the slab, d) the point at which the rate of
cooling or heating is maximum.
10. A steam pipe of 0.12 m outside diameter is insulated with a layer of calcium silicate. If the insulation is
20 mm thick and its inner and outer surfaces are maintained at 800 K and 490 K respectively, what is
the heat loss per unit length of the pipe? Thermal conductivity of insulation of 0.05 W/m.K,300 K.
(June, 2013)
11. A 10 cm high pressure pipe carries saturated steam at 17 bar gauge pressure obtained from a waste heat
boiler of an ethylene oxide plant. The actual ID of the pipe is 102 mm an dits wall thickness is 6mm
(k=45 W/m oC). The pipe is lagged with a 75 mm layer of glass wool (k=0.49W/m oC) which is held by
a thin external cover of aluminum. The ambient air temperature is 32 oC and the heat transfer
coefficient at the outer surface is 14.2 W/m2oC. At this pressure, the temperature of resistance, calculate
the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside and the inside area and the rate of heat loss
from a 3 m section of the pipe.

12. Consider a spherical shell of inner radius r 1 and outer radius r2 whose thermal conductivity varies
linearly in a specified temperature range as K(T) =K0(1+ᵦT) where K0 and ᵦ are the two specified
constants. The inner surface of the shell is maintained at a constant temperature of T 1 and the outer
surface is maintained at T 2. Assuming one dimensional steady state heat transferobtain the relation for
the heat transfer rate through the shell and the temperature distribution T(r) in the shell.(Dec 2017)
13. Consider a short cylinder of radius r 0 and height H in which heat is generated at a constant rate of g0.
Heat is lost from the cylindrical surfaces at r=r 0 by convection to the surrounding medium at a
temperature Ta with a heat transfer coefficient h. The bottom surface of the cylinder at Z=0 is insulated,
while the top surface at z=H is subjected to a uniform heat flux q h. Assuming constant thermal
conductivity and steady two dimensional heat transfer, express the mathematical formulation.(Dec 17)
14. Derive an equation for critical thickness of insulation for a cylinder (June 2014)
15. Explain the method of measurement of thermal conductivity. (June 2014)
16. A composite cylinder consists of 10cm radius steel pipe of 25mm thickness over which two layers of
insulation of 30mm and 335mm are laid. The conductivities are 25W/mK,0.25W/mK and 0.65W/mK.
The inside is exposed to a convection at 300˚C with h=65 W/m2K. The outside is exposed to air at a
temperature of 30˚C with h=15W/m2K. Determine the heat loss/m. Also find the interface
temperature(may 2017)
17. A steel pipe of outside diameter 30cm carries steam and its surface temperature is 220˚C. It is exposed
to a surrounding at 25˚C. Heat is lost both by convection and radiation. The convective heat transfer has
a value of 22W/m2K. Determine the heat loss per 1m length of the pipe. Check the economical merits of
adding insulation pads of 7.5cm thickness with a thermal conductivity of 0.6W/mK. The cost of heat is
Rs 200/ per 108 kJ. The cost of insulation is Rs 8000/m length. The unit is in operation for 200hr/yr.
The capital should be recovered in two years. After adding the insulation also the same convection and
radiation prevail over the surface. (May 2017)
18. A steam boiler furnace is constructed out of a layer of fire clay 1.25 mm thick and a layer of red brick
500 mm thick.If the wall temperature inside the boiler furnace is 1373 K and on the outside wall is 323
K .Determine the amount of heat loss per m2 of the furnace wall (Dec 2018)
19. A furnace is constructed with 225 mm of firebrick, 120 mm of insulating brick and 225 mm of building
brick. The inside temperature is 1200 K and the outside temperature 330K.If the thermal conductivities
are 1.4,0.2 and 0.7W/mK. Find the heat loss per unit area and the temperature at the junction of the
firebrick and insulating brick(Dec 2019)
20. A steel tube fitted with transverse circular steel fins of constant cross –section has the following
specifications:

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Tube o.d :d=54.0 mm, fin diameter d=70.0 mm
Fin thickness w=2.0 mm number if fins/meter run=230.
Determine the heat loss per meter run of the tube when the surface temperature is 370 K and the
temperature of the surroundings 280 K .The heat transfer coefficient between gas and fin is 30W/m2K and
the thermal conductivity of steel is 43W/m2K(Dec 2019)

UNIT II: CONVECTION

PART A
C305.2 At the end of this unit students has ability
To understand Concepts of heat transfer by convection.

1. Define fouling factor.(Dec. 2013)

Formation of scale or a deposit on a heat transfer surface is called fouling and the heat
transfer resistance offered by the deposit is called fouling factor or dirt factor.

2. What are the uses of Transient Heat conduction?(June, 2013)

The unsteady state of conductive heat transfer is generally called as Transient heatconduction.
Temperature at any point depends not only on its position on 3 axes but also ontime. In all the
industrial applications, transient heat conduction is happened.

3. Define Prandtl Number?(Dec. 2012)

It is defined as the ratio of Momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity. If Pr<1, the
momentum boundary layer remains within the thermal boundary layer. If Pr>1, the reverse becomes
true.

4. Write the significance of Stanton number?

It is the ratio of rate of wall heat transfer by convection and rate of heat transfer by bulk flow.

5. Write the significance of Graetz number?

It is similar to Peclet number but used in connection with analysis of heat transfer in laminar flow in
pipes.

6. Write various momentum and heat transfer analogies

Colburn analogy, Reynolds analogy and Prandtl analogy.

7. Write the significance of Thermal diffusivity

Higher the thermal diffusivity, the less time is required for heat to penetrate into the solid.

8. Write the Critical radius of insulation

The minimum radius required for insulation, above which heat loss decreases with increase in the
thickness of insulation.

9. What are fins?

Heat transfer by convection between a surface and the fluid surrounding it can be increased by
attaching to the surface thin strips of metal, called fins.

10. Write the physical significance of Biot Number

It is the ratio of conductive resistance to heat transfer to the convective resistance to heat transfer.

11. Write the basic criteria required for lumped heat system. (Dec. 2012)
The Biot Number should be less than 0.1.

12. What is Thermal Contact Resistance?

When two flat solid surfaces are in contact, there may be scattered tiny gaps containing an entrapped
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gas (usually air) at the contact surface, this resulting heat transfer resistance at the interface is called
the thermal contact resistance.

13. Write about film boiling

The film boiling reduces the heat transfer coefficient. Film boiling will occur for nearly all fluids, if
the temperature difference between the metal surface and the liquid is greater than F.
14. What type of condensation is best and why? (Dec 2019)
Drop wise condensation is best than film wise condensation, because, in the former, more surface area
is exposed to the hot fluid and in the latter, the heat transfer surface area is covered by the film and
this film blankets the surface, hence, film itself acts as the resistance for the heat transfer.

15. Write the advantage of using 1-2 shell and tube heat exchangers than 1-1 exchanger.
Increased velocity in the tube side fluid creates turbulence. This turbulence influences the heat transfer
rate. Hence 1-2 exchanger is best over 1-1 exchanger.

16. Why evaporators are operated at reduced pressures?

To enable the use of low pressure steam as heating medium, to prevent thermal degradation of the
solute and to reduce the wall thickness of the evaporator body.

17. When thermal and hydro boundary layer thicknesses are same?
When the Pr = 1, the thickness of thermal and hydro boundary layers are same.

18. Explain Reynolds Analogy

According to Reynolds Analogy, Stanton Number is the half of the Fanning Friction Factor with the
following restrictions: 1. Pr = 1, 2. No form drag.

19. Explain Colburn Analogy (Dec 2019)

According to Colburn Analogy, JH is the half of Fanning Friction Factor with the following:
0.5 < Pr < 50,
No Form drag.

20. Write the Dittus Boelter Equation. (Nov 2015)

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8.Pr0.33

21. Write the physical significance of Peclet Number?

The ratio of rate of heat transfer by bulk flow and rate of heat transfer by conduction.

22. Why forced convection net transfer rate is higher than natural convection? (May 2017)
The potential of heat transfer is much higher; thus the heat transfer coefficient is higher.

23. Brief on thermal boundary layer. (May 2017)

In heat transfer, the boundary layer is known as Thermal Boundary layer, and its thickness can be
defined as the distance at which fluid attains 99% of free stream temperature.
PART B
1. Derive Reynolds analogy and colburn analogy and also mention their validity.(Nov 2015)
2. Derive the relationship between individual and overall heat transfer coefficients.
3. A 6.35 mm ID tube is maintained at 37.8 oC along its surface. Ethylene glycol at 15.6 oC is
allowed to flow through this tube with a mean velocity of 0.61 m/s. Determine the mean heat transfer
coefficient over the first 1.5 m length of the tube. The properties of ethylene glycol are: viscosity at
15.6 oC = 25.67x10-3 kg/ms; viscosity at 37.8oC = 10.38x10-3 kg/ms; Thermal Conductivity = 0.292
W/m K; density = 1100 kg/m3; Pr at 15.6 oC = 204.
4. (i) Explain the concept of thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer. (Nov 2015)
ii) Air at 1 atm and 300 K ows across a 30 cm square plate at a velocity of 25 m/s. The last half of the
plate is heated to a constant temperature of 360 K. Compute heat lost by the plate. (June, 2013)
5. A big slab of Aluminium at a uniform temperature of 250 oC is exposed suddenly to a surrounding
temperature of 70 oC. What is the total heat removed from the slab per unit surface area when the
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temperature at a depth of 5 cm has dropped to 130 oC?(June, 2013)

6. Derive unsteady state heat conduction equation for cylindrical coordinates.
7. A semi-infinite plate without internal source of heat/sink is placed in the first X, Y quadrant with edges
x=0, x=L, y=0, y=∞. The edges x=0, x=L, y=∞ are maintained at uniform temperature of T 1 and fourth
edge y=0 is maintained at steady state temperature distribution of f(x). Find the temperature
distribution in the plate.
8. Water flows at 50 oC inside a 1” inner diameter tube, such that hi = 3500 W/m2.K, thickness
of wall is 0.8 mm, thermal conductivity k = 16 W/m.K. Calculate overall heat transfer coefficient‘U’
and heat transfer rate per unit length, at the atm. temperature of 20 oC.
9. Steam at 120 oC is flowing through at wrought-iron ( k = 59 W/m.k) tube of ID = 5 cm and OD = 7 cm
which is covered with 1 cm thick asbestos (k=0.1105 W/m K) insulation. If the convection heat
transfer coefficient at the inner and outer surfaces of the tube are 200 and 10 W/m2.K, respectively, and
the atmospheric air is 25 oC, estimate the rate of heat losses from steam per metre length of the tube.
Assume that the steam in the tube is held at a constant temperature.
10. Derive the expression for Lumped Heat Capacity analysis.
11. A stainless steel ball of OD 1 cm at a temperature of 320 oC is immersed in a liquid of 120oC for
which h = 100 W/m2k. Find time required for the ball to reach a temperature of 200 oC. Take density =
7800 kg/m3, CP = 460 J/kg.K, thermal conductivity, k = 40 W/m.K.
12. Air at 303 K and 1.01 bar flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 190m/min. If the plate size is
0.5m*0.5m and maintained at 353 K, find the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thickness,
local heat transfer coefficient, average heat transfer coefficient, total loss per hour and the drag force
on the plate.(Dec 2017)
13. It is desired to estimate the batch time for heat treatment process involved in cooling alloy steel balls of
15mm dia from 820˚C to 100˚C in an oil at 40˚C with a convection coefficient of 18W/m2K. The
material properties are density=7780 kg/m3, specific heat=576 J/kgK, conductivity =45 W/mK,
determine the time required. If this is to be achieved in 10 min, determine the value of convection
coefficient. If the convection coefficient increases to (i) 5000W/m2K (ii) 6000 W/m2K using
evaporating liquid, determine the time required to cool 100˚C. (Dec 2017)
14. Difference between natural and forced convection with suitable examples. (June 2014)
15. Consider a large plane of wall of thickness L=0.3m and thermal conductivity 225W/m˚C and surface
area 10m2. The left side of the wall at x=0 is subjected to a net heat flux of 700W/m2 while the
temperature at that surface is measured to be 80˚C. Assuming constant thermal conductivity and no net
heat generation in the wall, express the differential equation and boundary conditions for steady one
dimensional heat conduction through the wall. Obtain the relation for variation of temperature in the
wall by solving the differential equation and evaluate the temperature at the right surface of the wall at
x=L. (May 2016)
16. Dry compressed air at 7 bar and 125˚C is to be cooled to 75˚C in a tubular cooler, the diameter being
5cm and the wall temperature at 20˚C. Determine the length of the tube required. The velocity used is
1.2m/s. (May 2017)
17. A constant heat flux is provided over a cylinder of diameter 2.5cm and water at high pressure flows
over it in an annulus between the cylinder and the 5cm diameter of the pipe. Water enters at 120˚C and
is to be heated to 240˚C. The flow rate is 6kg/s. The heat flux is 8100 kW/m2. Determine the length
required and also the temperature of the inner cylinder wall at the exit. The outer surface can be taken
as insulated. (May 2017)
18. Air stream at 300 K is moving at 0.3 m/s across a 100 W electric bulbat 400 K.If the bulb is
approximated by a 60 mm diameter sphere, Calculate the heat transfer rate and the percentage of power
lost by convection.(Dec 2018)
19. Derive an expression for overall heat transfer coefficient from individual heat transfer coefficient.(Dec
2018)
20. Using the method of dimensional analysis, obtain the relevant dimensionless groups in forced
convection, to obtain conviction coefficient.The physical quantities pertinent to forced convection are
listed below, together with dimensions.Flow Length L; free stream velocity u , m/s; fluid density ρ,
kg/m3 ;fluid viscosity kg/ms; Thermal conductivity k, W/m.K. ; specific hest capacity c, J/kgK;
Convection coefficient h, W/m2.K (Dec 2019)

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21. Air at 27˚C and 1 atm flows over a flat plate at a speed of 2 m/s. Calculate the boundary layer
thickness at distances of 20 cm and 40 cm from the leading edge of the plate. Calculate the mass flow
that enters the boundary layer between x=20 cm and x=40 cm.The viscosity of air at 27˚C is 1.85*10-5
kg/ms. Assume unit depth in the z direction. (Dec 2019)

UNIT III: CONDENSATION

PART A
C305.3 At the end of this unit students has ability
To learn Heat transfer to boiling liquids&condensing vapours

1. Define Nusselt Number. (Dec. 2013)

Nusselt number is the ratio of wall temperature gradient to temperature gradient across the fluid in the
pipe.

2. When thermal and hydrodynamic boundaries are equal? Explain. (June, 2013)
The thermal and hydrodynamic boundaries are equal for the fluids having Pr = 1.
Mostly the gases will have the Prandtl number equals to 1. The thicknessof these boundaries are samefor
almost all gases.

3. What is the effect of presence of Air in condensation process

Air or any non-condensable fluids will blanket the heating surface and it offers higher heat
resistance. Hence 1% of non-condensable fluids will reduce the heat transfer rate by 50%.

4. What are the types of heat exchangers?(Dec. 2012)

It can be classified as standard heat exchangers and compact heat exchangers. The standard
heat exchangers can further be classified as double pipe heat exchangers and shell and tube
exchangers.

5. What is subcooled boiling? (May 2015)

The boiling which indicates the location where the vapor can first exist in a stable state on the heater
surface without condensing or vapor collapse.

6. What condenser can be used for sub cooling?

For sub cooling, vertical condensers are often used.

7. What steps can be taken to change the film wise condensation to drop wise one?(May 2016)
Add traces of oil with the steam 2. Use highly polished condensing surface.

8. Differentiate the film boiling and nucleate boiling

When the temperature gradient is greater than 50 F, film boiling occurs and the temperature gradient is
less than this, Nucleate boiling occurs.

9. What is meant by Nucleate boiling

When vaporization takes place directly at the heating surface, it is called Nucleate boiling. Heat transfer
rate is higher for nucleate boiling than film boiling.

10. Define Fin Efficiency.(Nov 2015)(Dec 2019)

The ratio of actual heat transferred by fin to the maximum heat transferable by fin, if the entire fin area
were at base temperature.

11. Write various design procedures widely used in Heat exchanger design
1. Kern’s Method 2. Bell’s method

12. Compare Kern’s method and Bell’s method

Kern’s method assumes that cross flow is used in shell side. But in practical, due to leakages in the

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baffle holes, co current or countercurrent flow is available on shell side.

13. What is critical heat flux in pool boiling of water?

The maximum heat flux is called critical heat flux, occurs at Nucleate boiling and is of the order of 1
MW/m2.

14. Write the physical significance of Reynolds number

It is the ratio of inertial force to viscous force.

15. Write the types of boiling ?(May 2016)

Pool boiling 2. Forced convection boiling. Pooling boiling can be sub classified into Interfacial
evaporation, Nucleate boiling, stable film boiling, Radiation.

16. Mathematically, differentiate natural and forced convection

For natural convection, Nu = f (Gr, Pr)
For Forced convection, Nu = f (Re, Pr)

17. Write about natural convection (Dec 2019)

Heat is transferred from higher temperature region to lower one and the heat transfer rate is increased by
the mixing of fluids, occurred due to difference in density (due to temperature difference)
18. What is steam trap?
It is used for removing the condensate from the evaporator. A steam trap allows the condensate
to flow through it, while it stops the steam from blowing out of it.
19. What is Equivalent Number (De)?
De = 4 (Hydraulic Radius) = 4 rH, where rH = CSA/ Wetted Perimeter
20. What is NTU? (May 2015)
The Number of transfer unit can be abbreviated as NTU and it is indicative of the size of the heat
exchangers.
21. Concise on the regimes of boiling. (May 2017)

PART B
1. A 5 cm O.D., 1m long tube is to be used to condense steam at atmospheric pressure. The water flows

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inside the tube maintaining the wall surface at 60 oC. Estimate the mass of condensate for the tube in
(i)horizontal position (ii) vertical position. (Nov 2015)
2. By dimensional analysis derive the relationship between the dimensionless numbers for
naturalconvection.(Dec. 2013)
3. By dimensional analysis, prove that, Nu = f(Re, Pr) for forced convective heat transfer operation
4. Explain the physical significance of the above mentioned dimensionless groups.(Dec. 2013)
5. Compare drop wise condensation and film type condensation.
6. Explain in detail on mechanism of boiling. (June, 2013)
i) Derive the expression for calculating turbulent boundary layer thickness.
ii) Define Prandtl number and explain its significance.
iii) Write a short note on heat transfer to molten metals. (June, 2013)
7. Explain in detail, Graphical analysis of two dimensional systems.
8. Explain different analogies relating heat, mass and momentum transfers in detail.
9. 400 tubes of 6mm diameter are arranged in a square array and exposed to saturated steam at a pressure of
0.15 bar. Calculate the mass of the steam condensed per unit length of tubes for a tube wall temperature
of 25 oC. (Nov 2015)
10. Steam is condensed at pressure of 1.4 atm absolute in a vertical condenser at the rate of 8100 kg/hr using
water at 32 oC. The outlet temperature of water is 84oC. The design coefficient may be taken as 190
Btu/hr ft2oF. Find out heat load, cooling water requirement and area of heat transfer.(May 2015)
11. Water flows through a vertical tube of 8 cm diameter and 120cm long and maintains its surface
temperature at 343K. The tube is kept in an environment of saturated steam at atmospheric pressure; find
the heat transfer coefficient on the surface assuming laminar film condensation. Also find the heat
transfer rate to water and rate of condensation of steam.(Dec 2017)
12. Saturated water at atmospheric pressure is boiled using a specially coated stainless steel pate, ground and
polished and maintained at a temperature of 380K. If the area of the stainless steel plate is 2m 2, what will
be the rate of heat transfer from it to the water when the nucleate boiling exists? Assume the value of C a
as 0.008. (Dec 2017)
13. Explain different types of boiling. (June 2014)
14. Water is boiled at sea level in a coffee maker equipped with 22cm long and 0.5cm diameter immersion
type electric heating element made of mechanically polished stainless steel. The coffee maker initially
contains l litre of water at20˚C. Once water starts to boil, it is observed that half of the water in the
coffee maker evaporates in 25 min. Determine the power rate of electric heating element immersed in the
water and the surface temperature of the heating element. Also determine how long will it take for this
transfer to rise to a temperature of 1litre of cold water from 20˚C to the boiling temperature.(May 2016)
15. Saturated steam at 32˚C condenses on the outside of 5cm outer diameter, 5cm long vertical tube. The
temperature of the tube is maintained at 22˚C by the cooling water. Determine the rate of heat transfer
from the steam to the cooling water. The rate of condensation of the steam and the approximate thickness
of the liquid film at the bottom of the tube. (May 2016)
16. For water boiling at 1 atm at 100˚C determine the value of excess temperature in the film boiling region
for a heat flux equal to the critical flux for this condition. (May 2017)
17. What is film wise and drop wise condensation? Which would you prefer ?Why?(Dec 2018)
18. With the help of q/A Vs T, explain the various stages involved in the boiling of saturated liquid and
briefly discuss about the influence of boundary layer on heat transfer(Dec 2019)
19. A. Write the assumptions made for calculating heat transfer coefficient during film condensation on a
vertical plate
B.Dry steam at 100˚C condenses on the outside surface of a horizontal pipe of O.D 2.5 cm. The pipe
surface is maintained at 84˚C by circulating water through it. Determine the rate of formation of
condensate per meter length of the pipe. The properties of condensate at film temperature are ρ f=963
kg/m3 ,µf= 306*10-6 N s/m2 ; Kf=677*10-3 W/mK; λ=2257 KJ/kg(Dec 2019)

UNIT IV: EVAPORATION & RADIATION

PART A
C305.4 At the end of this unit students has ability
To understand Theory of evaporation - single effect and multiple effect evaporation
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1. What is grey body? (Nov 2014, May/June 2016)

The materials whose emissivity and absorbivity are independent of their wavelengths are called grey
body.
2. Differentiate between grey and black body. (May 2015)
The materials whose emissivity and absorbivity are independent of their wavelengths are called grey
body. On the other hand, in black body, emissitivity and absorbivity are unity.
3. Define steam economy.(Dec. 2012)
Ratio of kg of vapor produced to the kg of steam supplied. Economy of single effectevaporator may be
0.8 and increases with number of effects.
4. State Stefan Boltzmann’s law.(Nov 2014)(Dec 2019)
Stefan – Boltzmann law states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black
body across all wavelengths per unit time. j * is directly proportional to the fourth power of
the black body’s thermodynamic temperature, T.
1. Hence, j  T
* 4

2 5 k 4 J
The value of the constant  is:   2 3
 5.670400 X 10 8
15c h sm 2 K 4
5. What is monochromatic radiating power?(Dec. 2013)
The amount of radiant energy emitted by a surface per unit area, per unit time and unit wavelength is
called monochromatic emissive power of a blackbody.
6. Write the types of evaporators.
In broad sense, the evaporators can be classified into Natural and forced circulation evaporators.
7. What are the common operational problems of an evaporator? (Nov 2015)
Insufficient vacuum, Insufficient precooling, Moisture of saturation., High pressure drop
8. When the liquor is dirt, what type of evaporators can be used?
Basket type evaporators are best when the feed liquor is dirt because cleaning is very easy such that the
calendria can be removed easily and cleaned.
9. When the liquor is too viscous, what type of evaporators can be used?
Agitated Thin film evaporators can be used when the liquor is too viscous even for 1, 00,000 cP.
10. When the liquor is too heat sensitive like fruit juices, what type of evaporators can be used?
Falling film evaporators can be used, where the retention time is less and more heat transfer rate can be
achieved in lesser time.
11. Classify the evaporators, based on the mode of feed supply.
Forward feed, backward feed, parallel feed and mixed feed evaporators are available.
12. What is the wavelength of thermal radiation?
The wavelength of thermal radiation will be 0.1 to 100 micrometers
13. Differentiate Evaporation and drying.
The removal of a part of the solvent from a solution of a non-volatile solute by vaporization is called
Evaporation where as if the entire solvent is vaporized out from the solution leaving a solid residue as
the product, the operation is called drying.
22. What is spectral emissivity?
It is the ratio of intensity of radiation emitted by a body at wavelength to that of the radiation emitted
by a black body at the same temperature and wavelength.
14. What is Absorptivity, Reflectivity and transmissivity?
The fraction of incident radiation absorbed, reflected and transmitted by the body is called
Absorptivity, Reflectivity and transmissivity, respectively.
15. Differentiate White body and Black body.
The substance which reflects all the incident radiation is called White body whereas that which absorbs
and emits all the incident radiation is called Black body.
16. What is view factor?
The fraction of the total radiant energy that is emitted by the surface I and is intercepted by the surface
j is called view factor.
17. Differentiate Specular and diffuse radiation.
If the angle of incidence of radiation is equal to angle of reflection, then it is called specular radiation
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and when the incident radiation is reflected in all directions uniformly, the reflection is called diffuse
radiation.
18. Write the types of steam trap.
1.Expansion traps 2. bucket traps and 3. tilt traps.
19. Write the types of evaporators.
Horizontal tube natural circulation evaporator, vertical type natural circulation evaporator, Long tube
vertical type evaporators, falling film type evaporator, forced circulation type evaporator, agitated film
evaporator, open pan solar evaporator.
20. Define multiple effect evaporators.
The vapor, which contains latent heat, is generally discarded in an evaporator, thereby wasting
energy. But it can be used as steam supply to another unit operating under a lower pressure and
temperature. The vapor from the second unit can be further used as steam supply to third unit and so
on. The economy gets increased in MEE.
21. What is meant by capacity of evaporator? (Dec 2019)
Kg of vapor produced per unit time is called as capacity of evaporator.
22. What is the effect of roughness of surface on radiation? (May/June 2016)
Roughness of the surface increases the emissivity.
23. What is Planck’s constant and where it is used?
The energy of each quantum in Radiation will be E = hv.
Where, h is Planck’s constant = 6.625 X 10-34 J.s.
24. Write the effect of BPE in multiple effect evaporators.

Influence of BPE is strongest in last effect because of higher liquid concentration. So, the effective
temperature driving force in each effect is reduced because of the BPE.
25. What are the factors should be taken into account during the selection of
Evaporator?
Solution viscosity, heat sensitivity of the solute, scale or fouling characteristics of the solution,
corrosiveness, presence of suspended solids and forming characteristics.
26. List the advantages of multiple effect evaporators. (May 2017)
Each successive steam chest in the multiple-effect evaporator condenses at the same temperature as
that at which the previous effect is evaporating. ... The condensation duty is distributed between the
steam chests of the effects, except for the first one, and so condenser and cooling water requirements
will be less.
27. State the importance of wien’s displacement law. (May 2017)
It is based on the fact that hotter objects have more energy than cooler objects and therefore emit more
radiation at higher frequencies than at lower frequencies.
PART B
1. (i) Arrive at the equation to find out the radiation heat transfer between the two black surfaces.
(ii) Briefly explain black body concept.
(iii) The effective temperature of a body having an area of 0.12 m2 is 630oC. Calculate the total rate of
energy emission, the intensity of normal radiation and wavelength of maximum monochromatic
emissive power. (May 2015)
2. Discuss in detail on design of furnaces. (May 2015)
3. Briefly explain the working of a multiple effect evaporator with a neat sketch. (Dec. 2012).
4. Classify evaporators. Explain the working of a falling film evaporator with a neat sketch.
5. A double effect evaporator is used to concentrate 11200 kg/hr of 5% solids to 50%. The feed enters at
33oC and saturated steam at 115 oC enters the first effect for supplying the heat. The pressure in the
second effect is 13.65 KPa absolute. The overall coeeficients are U1 = 2250 and U2 = 1610 W/m2 K.
The specific heat of the solution is given by Cp(kJ/kg oC)= 4.19-2.35X. where X is the solute fraction
by weight? Find out the area of evaporation. Assume no BPE. Carry out the calculation for only one
trial. (May 2015)
6. Explain the following:
Absorptivity
Reflectivity
Emissivity
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d) Kirchoff’s law
7. i) Explain the different types of radiation.
ii) Two parallel plates 0.5 m by 1 m, spaced by 0.5 m apart. One plate is maintained at 1000 oC and the
other plate is at 500oC. The emissivities of the plates are 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. The plates are
located in a very large room whose walls are maintained at 27 C. the plates exchange heat with each
other and the room, but only the plate surface facing each other need to be considered in the analysis.
Find the net transfer to each plate and to the room.(June, 2013)
8. i) Explain the constructional details of long tube evaporator.
Discuss different types of multiple effect evaporator based on feeding. (June, 2013)
9. Write about Forward feed and Backward feed multiple effect evaporators.
10. An aqueous solution of a high molecular weight solute is concentrated from 5% to 40% at a rate of 100
m3/day. The feed temperature is 25 oC, and the concentrated product leaves at its boiling point.
Calculate the rate at which heat must be supplied if evaporation occurs at (i) 1 atmosphere pressure (ii)
a vacuum of 650 mm Hg. What advantage of this operation under vacuum is apparent from the
answers?
11. Explain the following in brief:
(i) Governing law of radiation.
(ii) Wien’s displacement law.
(iii) Duhring’s Rule.
12. Derive the equivalent emissivity for radiation exchange between small gray bodies and large
parallel gray planes.(Dec. 2013)
13. A feed of 3000 kg/hr of a 1.2 wt% NaOH salt solution at 311 K enters continuously in a single
effect evaporator and is being evaporated to 3.0 wt%. The evaporation is at atmospheric
pressure and the area of the evaporator is 72 m2. Saturated steam at 383.2 K is supplied for
heating. Since the solution is dilute, it can be assumed to have the same boiling point as water.
The heat capacity of the feed can be taken as 4.10 kJ/kg.K. Calculate the amounts of vapor and
liquid product and the overall heat transfer coefficient.(Nov 2015)
14. A furnace discharges hot flue gas at 1000 K and 1 atm abs pressure containing 7% CO 2 into a
stack having an inside diameter of 0.6m. The inside walls of the refractory lining are at 900 K
and emissivity of the lining is 0.75. Calculate the rate of heat transfer from the gas by radiation.
(Nov 2015)
15. Explain the constructional details of short tube evaporator.(May 2014)
16. Explain the relation between emmisivity and absorptivity. (June 2014)
17. Explain the experimental determination of emmisivity. (June 2014)
18. A triple effect forced circulation evaporator is used to concentrate 10000kg/hr aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution from 10 to 40%. The feed is at 30˚C. The last stage is at 50mm of H
absolute, U1=6000w/m2k U2=3600w/m2 and U3=2100w/m2k and it’s a forward feed. Find the
heat transfer area and the steam economy. The steam available at 123˚C is (H fg=2010kJ/kg).
Latent heat at other stages are at 2100kJ/kg and 2200kJ/kg. The temperature in the last stage is
38˚C. Assume Cp of solution is 4kJ/kgk (Dec 2019)
19. Consider to rectangular surfaces perpendicular to each other with a common edge which is
equal to 1.8m long, the horizontal surface is 0.8m wide and the vertical surface is 1.5m high.
The horizontal surface has an emmisivity of 0.75 and is maintained at a temperature of 413K.
The vertical surface is black and is maintained at 553K. The back sides of the surface are
insulated. The surrounding surfaces are at 303K and can be considered to have an emmisivity
of 0.8. Determine the net rate of heat radiation heat transfer between the two surfaces and
between the horizontal surfaces of the surroundings.(Dec 2017)
20. A group of 32 transistors dissipating 2W each are to be cooled by attaching them to a black
anodized square aluminium plate and mounting the plate on the wall of a room at 30˚C. The
emmisivity of the transistor and the plate surface is 0.9. Assuming the heat transfer from the
back side of the plate to be negligible and the temperature of the surrounding surfaces to be the
same as the air temperature of the room, determine the sie of the plate if the average surface
temperature of the plate doesn’t exceed 45˚C. (May 2016)
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21. The absorber surface of solar collector is made of aluminium coated with black chrome
(α=0.87 and ε=0.09). Solar radiation is incident on the surface at the rate of 650 W/m2. The air
and the effective sky temperatures are 25˚C and 15˚C respectively. And the convective heat
transfer coefficient is 20W/m2˚C. For an absorber surface temperature of 75˚C determine the
net rate of solar energy delivered by the absorber plate to the water circulating behind it.(Dec
2019)
22. Calculate the rate of heat oss from thermo flask if the polished silvered surfaces have
emissivity of 0.05 ,the liquid in the flask is 368 K and the casing is at 293 K .Calculate the rate
of heat loss if both surfaces were black.Stefan-Boltzman constant is 5.67*10-8 W/(m 2K4) .(Dec
2018)
23. An aqueous solution at 15.5˚C and containing 4% solids is concentrated to 20% solids. A
single effect evaporator with a heat transfer surface area of 37.2m2 and an overall heat transfer
coefficient of 2000 Wm-2 K-1 is to be used. The calandria contains dry saturated steam at a
pressure of 200kPa and the evaporator operates under vacuum of 81.3kPa. If the boiling point
rises to 5K, calculate the evaporator capacity.(May 2016)

UNIT V: DESIGN OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

PART A
C305.5 At the end of this unit students has ability
To learn about design of heat exchanger
1. What are tie rods? (Dec. 2013)
The rods which are used to support the baffles are called as tie rods. Usually in heatexchangers, there will
be two tie rods, at the top and at the bottom of the exchanger.
2. Define LMTD.(May 2015)(Dec 2019)
LMTD is defined as, logarithmic mean temperature difference, which is used in heat

exchanger. It is, T 
T1  T2 
 T 
ln  1 
 T2 
3. Distinguish between heat transfer with and without phase change. (June, 2013)
Cooling the hot oil using cold water is the example for heat transfer without phase change. On the
other hand, when cooling the water vapor, it starts to get condensed, which is the example for heat
transfer with phase change.
4. What is Baffle spacing?
The distance between 2 adjacent baffles (Centre to centre) is called baffle spacing or baffle pitch. It
should be 0.2 to 1 time of shell diameter.
5. Differentiate Heat exchangers and condensers. (May 2015)
Condensers are coolers whose primary purpose is the removal of latent heat instead sensible heat and
phase change is involved. Whereas, heat exchangers transfer the sensible heat and no phase change is
involved.
6. What are compact heat exchangers?
A new class of heat exchangers which offers more than 700 m2 of heat transfer area per m3 of heat
exchangers is called as compact heat exchangers.
7. Write various design codes widely used.
1. TEMA – Tubular Exchanger manufacturers’ Association
2. ASTM – American Society of Testing Materials
8. What is tube pitch? (Nov 2014)(Dec 2019)
Minimum centre to centre distance between adjacent tubes in shell and tube heat
exchangers.
9. Write the applications of heat exchangers in process plants
1. Cooler 2. Exchanger 3. reboiler 4. Heater 5. Condenser 6. Chiller.
10. Write the various parts of shell and tube heat exchangers.
1. shell 2. tube 3. baffles 4. tube sheets 5. tie rods and spacers 6. Flanges 7. Channel cover 8. inlet
nozzles 9. channel

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11. Write about Schedule Number.
The wall thickness of pipe is indicated by the schedule number, which increases with the thickness.
The Schedule numbers, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 are in use.
12. Why baffles are used in heat exchangers
To improve the turbulence by increasing the velocity, to increase the residential time.
13. Write the advantages of Spiral type heat exchangers
It offers higher heat transfer coefficients because of the secondary flow created in a fluid in spiral flow.
Suitable for handling viscous fluids and slurries, offer reduced fouling rate and can be cleanly relatively
easily.
14. Write the optimum velocity range of tube side fluid in heat exchangers
The velocity ranges from 1 to 2 m/sec, preferably 1.5 m/sec should be maintained to create turbulence,
to achieve higher transfer rate and also to reduce fouling.
15. Why tube sheets are used in heat exchangers
The circular metallic plates are used to hold the tubes, on both the ends of the heat exchanger, are called
as tube sheets.
16. Write the standard lengths of tube for the construction of heat exchangers
8, 12, 16 and 20 ft are standard lengths of tubes
17. When the pressure drop across the tube is low, what changes can be done to improve pressure
drop in heat exchanger design?
1. Reduce the diameter of the tube 2. If the diameter of the tube is smaller, increase the
number of tube passes.
18. When the pressure drop across the shell is low, what changes can be done to improve pressure
drop in the heat exchanger design?
1. Reduce the number of shell passes. 2. if it is one shell pass, then decrease the baffle spacing by
increasing the number of baffles used.
19. Write the significance of floating head heat exchangers
When the temperature differential between the shell and the tube sides is large, the thermal stress will
be generated. This problem can be countered by using floating head heat exchangers.
20. What is Diffuse Gray?
A surface is called Diffuse Gray if its spectral emissivity and the absorptivity are independent of the
angle of incidence or the angle of emission.
21. What is Effectiveness of heat exchanger? (Nov 2015)
It is the ratio of actual heat transfer to the maximum possible heat transfer in the given heat exchanger.
The value will be 0 – 1.
22. Write the flow arrangements in heat exchangers
1. Parallel or co-current flow, counter flow 3. Cross flow. Cross flow is best and counter
flow is better than parallel flow from heat transfer rate point of view.
23. Write the types of tube layout of a shell and tube heat exchangers.
1. Triangular pitch 2. square pitch.
24. State the advantages of compact heat exchangers. (May 2017)
1. Compact heat exchangers are available in a wide variety of configurations to suit most processes heat
transfer requirements.
2. The advantages of CHEs, and associated heat transfer enhancement techniques, extend far beyond
energy efficiency.
3. Lower capital cost, reduced plant size, and increased safety are typical benefits arising from the use of
CHE.
4. CHE can replace some normal size heat exchangers bringing advantages and performance.

25. State the assumptions of parallel flow heat exchangers. (May 2017)
In parallel flow heat exchangers two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in
Parallel to one another to the other side.
26. What is Fouling and how it can be prevented in heat exchangers(Dec 2018)
Scaling is a type of fouling caused by inorganic salts in the water circuit of the heat exchanger. It
increases the pressure drop and insulates the heat transfer surface, thus preventing efficient heat transfer

PART B
1. An oil cooler consists of straight tube of 20 mm outer diameter and 15 mm inner diameter enclosed
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within a pipe and concentric with it. The external pipe is well insulated. The oil flows through the tube
at 0.05 kg/s (Cp = 2 kJ/kg oC) and cooling fluid flows in the annulus in opposite direction at the rate of
0.1 kg/s (Cp=4kJ/kg oC). The oil enters the cooler at 180 oC and leaves at 80 oC while cooling liquid
enters the cooler at 30 oC. Calculate the length of the pipe required if heat transfer coefficient from oil
to tube surface is 1720 W/m2oC and from metal surface to coolant is 3450 W/m2oC. Neglect the
resistance of the tube wall. (May 2015)
2. A counter flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water (Cp = 4.18 kJ/kgoC) from 20oC to 80 oC at
a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water (Cp = 4.31 kJ/kgoC) available
at 160oC at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin walled and has a diameter 0f 1.5 cm. If the
overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 640 w/m2oC. Calculate the length of the heat
exchanger required to achieve the desired heating. Comment on your results. (Nov 2015)
3. Derive ε as a function of NTU for a parallel flow heat exchanger. (Dec. 2012)
4. i) Explain parallel flow and counter flow heat exchanger.
ii) Steam at a pressure of 1.2 atm absolute is condensed in a 1-4 vertical condenser at the
rate of 8000 kg/hr using water at 300 K with flow rate of 6500 kg/hr. Find out heat load, outlet
temperature of water and area of heat transfer. Take Uo = 600 W/m2K. (June, 2013)
5. With a neat sketch explain the construction and operation of i) Box type furnace ii) De
florex circular furnace. (June, 2013)
6. Derive the energy balance and LMTD for a counter current heat exchanger. (Dec. 2013)
7. Water enters a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger at 15 oC, flowing at the rate of 1,300 kg/hr. It is
heated by oil (CP = 2,000 J/kg.K) flowing at the rate of 550 kg/hr from an inlet T of 94 oC. For an area
of 1 m2 and U = 1,075 W/m2.K, find heat transfer rate and outlet temperature of water and oil.
8. Explain the steps involved in designing the Shell and Tube heat exchanger.
9. Explain compact heat exchangers.
10. Draw and explain the working principle of shell and tube heat exchanger in detail.
11. In a double pipe heat exchanger, 10,000 kg/hr of an oil having specific heat of 2095 J/kg.K is cooled
from 80 oC to 50 oC by 8000 kg/hr of water entering at 25 oC. Find the heat transfer area for which U =
300 W/m2.K. Compare the performance of co-current and counter current double pipe heat exchanger.
Take CP of water = 4180 J/kg.K. (Dec 2018)
12. A chemical plant produces 300 metric tons of sulphuric acid per day. The acid is to be cooled
from 333 K to 313 K by 500 metric tons of water per day, which has an initial temperature of
288 K. A counter flow cooler consisting of concentric pipes 12.5 mm thick is to be used. The
inner pipe through which the acid flow is 75 mm bore and the outer one 125 mm bore. The
outside diameter of the inner pipe is 100 mm. The physical properties of the fluid at the mean
temperature are as follows:
Properties Acid Water
Density, kg/m3 1800 998.2
Heat Capacity, kJ/kg.K 1.465 4.187
Thermal Conductivity, W/m K 0.302 0.6669
Viscosity, kg/m.s 0.0112 0.0011

Thermal conductivity of pipe material is 46.52 W/m.K. Use Dittus-Boelter equation for calculation of h.
Also calculate the length of pipe required. (Nov 2014)

13. In a process industry, the waste water (Cp=4350 J/gK) at 85˚C is used to preheat fresh water at 25˚C at
the same flow rate in a double pipe counter flow exchanger, the heat transfer surface area of the heat
exchanger is 2.5m2 and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 650 W/m2K. If the rate of heat transfer in
the heat exchanger is 60kW, determine the outlet temperature and the mass flow rate of each fluid
stream.( Dec 2017)

14. A hot water stream from a factory building has a temperature of 100˚C and a flow rate of 12 kg/s and a
specific heat capacity of 4.22kJ/kgK. The incoming water supply to the manufacturing process is at
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28˚C and has a flow rate of 9kg/s and has a specific heat capacity of 4.2kJ/kgK. It is proposed to install
a counter flow heat exchanger to recover the waste heat. If the heat exchanger has an overall area of
50m2 and an overall heat transfer coefficient of 850 W/m2K (assuming there are no heat losses from the
heat exchanger), determine the effectiveness of the heat exchanger, the heat transfer rate and the exit
temperature of the incoming water stream leaving the heat exchanger.(Dec 2017)

15. In a heat exchanger hot fluid enters at 200˚C and leaves at 110˚C while the cold fluid enters at 80˚C and
leaves at 130˚C. Determine the LMTD and the effectiveness in the following cases. Counter flow; two
shell passes and multiple tube passes; and cross flow and the cold fluid unmixed. Also find the NTU
values.(Dec 2017)

16. Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a 1 shell pass and 8 tube passes heat exchanger. The tubes are thin
walled and are made of copper with an internal diameter of 1.6cm. The length of each tube pass in the
heat exchanger is 6m and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 330W/m˚C. Water flows through the
tube at the rate of 0.25kg/s and oil through the shell at the rate of 0.35kg/s. The water and the oil enters
at a temperature of 20˚C and 150˚C respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat
exchanger and the outlet temperature of the water and oil. (Dec 2019)

17. Cold water enters a counter flow heat exchanger at 15˚C at a rate of 8kg/s, where it is heated by a hot
water stream that enters the heat exchanger at 70˚C at a rate of 2kg/s. Assuming the specific heat of
water to be constant 4.2kJ/kg˚C, determine the maximum heat transfer rate and the outlet temperatures
of cold and hot water streams for this limiting case. (May 2016)

18. Water (Cp=4180 J/kg˚C) is to be heated by a solar heated hot air (C p=1010 J/kg˚C) in a double pipe
counter flow heat exchanger. Air enters the heat exchanger at 90˚C at the rate of 0.3kg/s. while water
enters at 22˚C at the rate of 0.1kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is based on the inner side of the
tube is given to be 80W/m2˚C. The length of the tube is 12m and the internal diameter of the tube is
1.2cm. Determine the outlet temperatures of water and air.(Dec 2019)

19. Derive an expression for logarithmiv mean temperature (LMTD) for heat exchanger.(Dec 2018)

20. Hot water at 2.5kg/s and 100˚C enters a concentric tube heat exchanger having a total area of 23m2 cold
water at 20˚C enters at 5kg/s and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1000W/m2K. Find the total heat
transfer rate and the outlet temperatures of hot and cold fluids. Assume

(i) Counter flow in heat exchanger

(ii) Hot and Cold water Cp is 4200 J/kg k(May 2017)

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