Recommendations for Design and Construction

of Ultra High Strength Concrete Structures,

- Draft

September 2006

Japan Society of Civil Engineers

 CONTENTS

Chapter 1 General····························································································· 1
1.1 Scope of Application······················································································ 1
1.2 Definition of Terms······················································································· 3
1.3 Notations···································································································· 4

Chapter 2 Design Basics ···················································································· 5

2.1 General ······································································································ 5
2.2 Design Life of Structure ················································································ 6
2.3 Basic Principles for Examination of Performance·············································· 7
2.4 Safety Factors ····························································································· 8

Chapter 3 Design Values of Materials ·································································· 9

3.1 General ······································································································ 9
3.2 Strength ··································································································· 10
3.2.1 Characteristic Values ········································································· 10
3.2.2 Compressive Strength ········································································ 12
3.2.3 First Cracking Strength ····································································· 14
3.2.4 Tensile Strength and Tension Softening Characteristics ·························· 17
3.2.5 Other Types of Strength ····································································· 20
3.3 Stress –Strain Curve ·················································································· 21
3.3.1 Compressive Stress-Strain Curve························································· 21
3.3.2 Tensile Stress-Strain Curve ································································ 23
3.4 Young's Modulus ························································································ 25
3.5 Poisson's Ratio··························································································· 26
3.6 Thermal Characteristics ············································································· 26
3.7 Shrinkage ································································································· 26
3.8 Creep ······································································································· 28
3.9 Fatigue Strength························································································ 29

Chapter 4 Load······························································································· 32
4.1 General ···································································································· 32

Chapter 5 Structural Analysis··········································································· 33

5.1 General ···································································································· 33
5.2 Calculating Response Values to Evaluate ULS ··············································· 33
5.3 Calculating Response Values to Evaluate Serviceability Limit State·················· 34

Chapter 6 Verification of Structural Safety ························································· 35

6.1 General ···································································································· 35
6.2 Safety Verification for Flexural Moment and Axial Forces ································ 35
6.2.1 Design Capacity of Member Cross Section············································· 35
6.2.2 Details of Structure ··········································································· 38
6.3 Examination for Safety against Shear ··························································· 39
6.3.1 General···························································································· 39
6.3.2 Design Shear Force on Linear Members················································ 39
6.3.3 Shear Capacity of Linear Members ······················································ 40
6.3.4 Design Punching Shear Capacity of Planar Members······························ 47
6.3.5 Design Member Forces of Planar Members Subjected to In-Plane Forces ··· 48
 6.3.6 Design Capacity of Planar Members Subjected to In-Plane Forces ············ 48
6.4 Examination of Safety against Torsion ·························································· 48
6.4.1 General···························································································· 48
6.5 Examination of Safety for Rigid Body Stability··············································· 49

Chapter 7 Verification of Serviceability ······························································ 50

7.1 General ···································································································· 50
7.2 Calculation of Stresses················································································ 50
7.3 Limiting Value of Stresses ··········································································· 51
7.4 Examination of Tensile Stresses ··································································· 52
7.5 Examination of Displacement and Deformation ·············································· 53
7.6 Examination of Vibration ············································································ 54

Chapter 8 Verification of Fatigue Resistance ······················································· 55

8.1 General ···································································································· 55
8.2 Examination of Safety for Fatigue ································································ 55
8.3 Design Variable Force and Equivalent Number of Cycles ································· 57
8.4 Calculation of Stress Caused by Variable Loading··········································· 57
8.5 Fatigue Resistance of Structural Members to Shear ········································ 57

Chapter 9 General Structural Details ································································ 58

9.1 General ···································································································· 58
9.2 Concrete Cover ·························································································· 58
9.3 Clear distance of Reinforcing Steel ······························································· 59
9.4 Beveling ··································································································· 59

Chapter 10 Prestressed Concrete······································································· 61

10.1 General··································································································· 61
10.2 Prestressing Force ···················································································· 61
10.3 Examination for Serviceability Limit State (SLS)·········································· 62
10.3.1 Examination for Flexural Moment and Axial Forces ····························· 62
10.3.2 Examination for Shear and Torsion ···················································· 62
10.4 Examination for Ultimate Limit State (ULS)················································ 62
10.5 Examination for Fatigue Limit State (FLS) ·················································· 63
10.6 Examination during Construction······························································· 63
10.7 Examination for Durability········································································ 63
10.8 Structural Details ···················································································· 64
10.8.1 Tendons·························································································· 64
10.8.2 Precast Concrete Members ································································ 65

Chapter 11 Verification of Durability ································································· 66

11.1 General ································································································ 66
11.2 Examination of Carbonation ··································································· 68
11.3 Examination of Corrosion of Reinforcing Fibers from Chloride Ion Ingress····· 69
11.4 Examination of Steel Corrosion from Chloride Ion Ingress··························· 70
11.5 Examination of Freeze-and-Thaw Action··················································· 71
11.6 Examination of Chemical Attack······························································ 72
11.7 Examination of Alkali-Aggregate Reaction ················································ 73
11.8 Examination of Fire Resistance ······························································· 74

Chapter 12 Construction ·················································································· 75

12.1 General··································································································· 75
12.2 Constituent Materials ··············································································· 75
12.2.1 General ·························································································· 75
12.2.2 Materials to Use for the Matrix·························································· 76
12.2.3 Water ····························································································· 78
12.2.4 Admixtures ····················································································· 78
12.2.5 Reinforcing Fiber ············································································· 79
12.3 Mix Proportions ······················································································· 79
12.3.1 General ·························································································· 79
12.3.2 Consistency····················································································· 81
12.3.3 Examination of Strength··································································· 83
12.3.4 Form for Expressing Mix Proportions ················································· 84
12.4 Production······························································································· 85
12.4.1 Storage··························································································· 85
12.4.2 Batching························································································· 86
12.4.3 Mixing ··························································································· 87
12.5 Transportation ························································································· 88
12.6 Casting ··································································································· 89
12.7 Finish ····································································································· 90
12.8 Curing ···································································································· 91
12.9 Formwork and Support ············································································· 94
12.10 Inspection······························································································ 95
12.10.1 Inspection in Receipt of Materials····················································· 95
12.10.2 Inspection of Production·································································· 96
12.10.3 Inspection of Construction ······························································· 96
12.10.4 Inspection of Concrete····································································· 97
12.10.5 Inspection of Products····································································· 99

Chapter 13 Cold Weather Concreting ································································ 101

13.1 General·································································································· 101
13.2 Materials and Mix Proportions ·································································· 101
13.3 Transportation and Placement ·································································· 102
13.4 Curing ··································································································· 102

Chapter 14 Hot Weather Concreting ································································· 104

14.1 General·································································································· 104
14.2 Materials and Mix Proportions ·································································· 104
14.3 Transportation and Placement ·································································· 105
14.4 Curing ··································································································· 106