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Calculus 1
Lesson 3
Basic Derivatives
Higher Order Derivatives
Implicit Differentiation

Tangent Line with Slope m

Definition
If f is defined on an open interval containing c and if
the limit
y f c  x   f c 
lim  lim m
x 0 x x 0 x
exists, then the line passing through (c, f(c)) with
slope m is the tangent line to the graph of f at the
point (c, f (c)).

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Derivatives
The derivative of f at x is

f x  x   f x 
f x   lim
x 0 x

provided the limit exists. For all x for which this

limit exists, f ’ is a function of x.

Notation of derivatives

f x , , y,  f x , Dx  y , Dx y

dy d
dx dx

x f x  x   f x 
 f x 
dy
 lim  lim
dx x0 y x0 x

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Basic Derivatives
1. The Constant Rule
The derivative of a constant function is 0.That is, if
c is a real number, then d
c  0
dx
2. The Power Rule
If n is a rational number, then the function
f(x) = xn is differentiable and d n

dx
x   nx
n 1

For f to be differentiable at x = 0, n must be a

number such that xn-1 is defined on an interval
containing 0.

Basic Derivatives
3. The Constant Multiple Rule
If f is a differentiable function and c is a real
number, then cf is also differentiable and
d
cf x   cf x 
dx
4. The Sum and Difference Rules
The sum (or difference) of two differentiable
functions f and g is itself differentiable. Moreover,
the derivative of f + g (or f – g) is the sum (or
difference) of the derivatives of f and g.
d
 f x   g x   f x   g x 
dx

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Basic Derivatives
5. The Product Rule
The product of two differentiable functions f and g
is itself differentiable. Moreover, the derivative of
f∙g is the first function times the derivative of the
second, plus the second function times the
derivative of the first.
d
 f x g x   f x g x   g x  f x 
dx
d uv  udv  vdu

Basic Derivatives
Extension of the Product Rule
d
ux vx wx   ux vx wx   ux wx vx   vx wx ux 
dx

derivation

d
u x vx wx   u x vx  d wx   wx  d u x vx 
dx dx dx

 u  x vx w x   w x u x v x   v x ux 

 u  x vx w x   u  x w x vx   vx w x ux 

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Basic Derivatives
6. The Quotient Rule
The quotient f/g of two differentiable functions f
and g is itself differentiable at all values of x for
which g(x) ≠ 0. Moreover, the derivative of f/g is
given by the denominator times the derivative of
the numerator minus the numerator times the
derivative of the denominator, all divided by the
square of the denominator.
d  f x  g x  f x   f x g x 
 , g x   0
dx  g x   g x 2
 u  vdu  udv
d   ,v  0
v v2

Chain Rule
If y = f(u) is a differentiable function of u and u = g(x) is
a differentiable function of x, then y = f(g(x)) is a
differentiable function of x and
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
or, equivalently,

d
 f g x   f g x  g x 
dx

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General Power Rule

If y = [u(x)]n where u is a differentiable function of x
and n is a rational number, then

 nu x 
dy n 1 du

dx dx
or, equivalently,

d
ux n  nux n1 ux 
dx

Example
Find the derivative of the following:

1. y  x  5
2. y  3 x 5  4 x  2 x  2  10
4 3
3. y  2 3 x   6
x3 x

4. y  2 x 3  3 x  2 
5

1
5. y 
x

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Example
Find the derivative of the following:
2 x
6. y  11. y 
 x  4x2  x  9
3
 1 x2
7. y  x 4

1 x2 1  x3  1
12. y  4
5x 2  2 x  6 x3 1
8. y 
3x  1
9. y  x 5  3 x 3  x 2  5
10. y  9  9  x

Homework
Find the derivative of the following:

1. y  x 4  5  x 2  x 4

2. y  10  5 x 2 
4
3


3. g u   3u 2  5 3u  1  2

t3  t
4. s  5
2t  1
3a  bt 3
5. f t   3  6at 
2 2b
6

t 5 3t

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Higher Order Derivatives

y  f x 

 y  f x 
dy
First derivative of y wrt x
dx
d  y d 2 y
Second derivative of y wrt x  2  y  f x 
dx dx
d  y d 3 y
Third derivative of y wrt x  3  y  f x 
dx dx
d  y d 4 y
Fourth derivative of y wrt x  4  y  f x 
dx dx

d y n1  d n y
nth derivative of y wrt x  n  y n  f n x 
dx dx

Example
Determine the following:

d4y
1. y  x  3 x  2 x  8 x  1,
4 3 2

dx 4
 
2. y  1  x , y
3

3. y 
x  b x  a  , y
x  b 

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Seatwork
Determine the following:

d3y
1. y  4 x  3 ,
1/ 2

dx 3
2. y  x2 x  1 , y
3

Implicit Differentiation
Implicit Function - is a function of the form
R(x1,..., xn) = 0
Example: f(x, y) = 0
g(x, y) = 0
u(x, y) = 0
Explicit Function -solving for y of an implicit
function Example: y = f(x)
y = g(x)
y = u(x)
where:
f, g, u = use to denote a function
(x, y) = notation used to designate an ordered pair
x = independent variable
y = dependent variable

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Implicit Differentiation
Simple power Rule
d 4
dx
 
x  4x 3

Chain Rule
d 4
dx
 
y  4 y3
dy
dx

Implicit Function f x, y   c

f  x, y   0
d
Finding the first derivative of y wrt x
dx
Determine y’ (dy/dx)

Implicit Differentiation
GUIDELINES FOR IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with

respect to x.
2. Collect all terms involving dy/dx on the left side
of the equation and move all other terms to the
right side of the equation.
3. Factor dy/dx out of the left side of the equation.
4. Solve for dy/dx.

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Example
Determine the following:

1. 2 x 3 y  3xy 3  5, y
2. xy  ( x  y ) 2 , y
d2y
3. y  2 xy  3 x  4  0,
2 2

dx 2
4. a x  h  b y  k  ab, Dx2 y

Homework
Determine the following:

x y
1.   3ab2 , y
y x
2. x 3  y 3  1, Dx2 y
x  2y
3. x 3  , y
x  2y

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