• There are three types of Globalization

namely: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC,

CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
• POLITICAL – when we became familiar
with their political system, democrats,
republicans etc.
• When you change the idea of the
government, leadership, & processes
• This also where the government
seize the opportunity of making
trades with other countries like
investments
Much has changed since time immemorial. Of
• ECONOMIC – exchange of goods and
these changes, we can say that globalization is a
products/services (imports from other
very important change
countries, different brands of gadgets,
The internet for example allow us to know what currencies-exchange rates)
is happening to the rest of the world • CULTURAL – changes the way our culture
is in our viewing patterns / cultural
Thomas Larsson (2001) saw globalization as the exchanges
“process of world shrinkage, of distances getting • Martin Khor regarded globalization as
shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the colonialization
increasing ease with which somebody on one side
• It is a by-product of colonialism
of the world can interact, to mutual benefit with
because it is shown on how we
somebody on the other side of the world
exchange our culture and how easily
• The world becomes smaller (shrinkage), a they adapted to what they can see
metaphor used which means that it is around them
now easy to reach and it is more • The reality of globalization makes us see
convenient than before ourselves as part of what we refer to as
• It is all easier for people to interact from the “global age” (Albrow, 1996)
one place to another • Global Age refers to a period of time
when there is a prevailing sense of
the interconnectedness of all human
beings, of a common fate for the
human species and of a threat to its
• Many scholars gave and tried to define it
life on this Earth
however, the results are different and
• Period when we are interconnected
sometimes contradicting. Some
with each other. Started during the
connotations pertain to progress,
18th century
development, and integration like
• One of the effects of globalization is it
Larsson’s. While some see it as occurring
promotes and increases interaction
through and with regression, colonialism,
between different regions and
and destabilization (political)
populations around the globe
• Globalization is the free movement of
• Because of globalization, we are now
products and services coming from
aware that there is a product that exist in
different countries around the globe
a different side of the world
• It trades and promotes the products and
• It also increases our brand awareness
services
• It is the interdependence of countries

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THE TASK OF DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
There are a total of 114 definitions of
globalization by the Geneva Center for Security
Policy (GCSP) in 2006
The word globalization first appeared in the
Webster’s dictionary in 1961 and definitions of Why study GLOBALIZATION?
this word could be classified as either (1) and (2)
• Globalization is many things to many
(1) broad and inclusive definitions different people
• Ohmae (1992) stated “globalization • All of us became part and parcel of
means the onset of the borderless world globalization and vice versa
• Borderless World – means that it is • We are not just consumer but also
now easy for one country to barter producers
or trade to another country. There is • Globalization is changing as human
nothing that can stop them from the society develops. It has happened before
movement of goods and products and is still happening today. We should
from one country to another expect it to happen in the future
• Broad and inclusive definitions include a • Globalization is here to stay because
variety of issues that deal with majority of what we are enjoying came
overcoming traditional boundaries, from other countries
however, implications of globalization is • Overall, the concept of globalization is
not well defined due to its vagueness not easy to define because in reality
• It means that it has now a lot of globalization has a shifting nature
issues now arising concerning the • The perspective of the person who
positive and negative effects of defines globalization shapes its
globalization definition
• Arjun Appadurai (1996) said,
(2) narrow and exclusive definitions “globalization is a “world of things”
• Robert Cox said that “the characteristics that have different speeds, axes,
of the globalization trend include the points of origin and termination, and
internationalizing of production, the new varied relationships to institutional
international division of labor, new structures in different regions,
migratory movements from South to nations, or societies
North, the new competitive environment • in this article, “The Globalization of
that accelerates these processes, and Nothing,” Ritzer (2003) said,
internationalizing of the state, making “attitudes toward globalization
states into agencies of the globalizing depend among other things, on
world” whether one gains or loses from it
• Narrow and exclusive definitions are METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
better justified but can be limiting
because their application adheres only to • to better understand globalization, we
a particular definitions. No matter how will utilize metaphors
one classifies a definition of • Metaphors make use of one term to help
globalization, the concept is complex as us better understand another term
the definition deals with either economic,
political, and social dimensions

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SOLIDITY

• Refers to barriers that prevent or

make difficult the movement of • Theories on globalization see it as a
things process that increases either
• Barriers that can either be natural or homogeneity or heterogeneity
man-made • Homogeneity and Heterogeneity both
• Today’s globalization paved way for gives us the idea about the effects of
people, things, and information to globalization
harden overtime. Consequently, they
HOMOGENEITY
have limited mobility (Ritzer, 2015)
Examples of natural solids are landforms and • refers to the increasing sameness in the
bodies of water. Man made includes the Great world as cultural inputs, economic
wall of China and the Berlin Wall and the factors, and political orientations of
imaginary line such as the nine-dash line used by societies expand to create common
the People’s Republic of China in their claim of the practices, same economies, and similar
South China Sea forms of government.

These solid barriers still exist; however, solids McDonaldization is the process by which
have the tendency to melt and are increasingly Western societies are dominated by the principles
becoming liquid. Liquid as a state of matter takes of fast-food restaurants (Ritzer, 2008)
the shape of its container. Liquids are not fixed. • Jihad is the alternate of “McWorld”
The movement of the liquid is difficult to stop which refers to the political groups that
(viral videos, internet sensations)
are engaged in an “intensification of
LIQUIDITY nationalism and that leads to greater
political heterogeneity throughout the
• Refers to the increasing ease of world” (Ritzer, 2008)
movement of people, things, • We are now becoming dominated by
information, and places in the small number of big corporations
contemporary world
• Tends to melt whatever stands in its path HETEROGENEITY
(specially solids) (Ritzer, 2015)
• Pertains to the creation of various
• Liquids flow (foods, illegal and legal
information etc.) cultural practices, new economies,
and political groups because of the
FLOW interaction of elements from
• The movement of people, things, places different societies in the world
and information brought by the growing • Heterogeneity that refers to the
“porosity” of global limitations (Ritzer, differences because of either lasting
2015) differences or of the hybrids or
combinations of cultures can be
Liquidity and Solidity are in constant interaction;
however, liquidity is the one increasing and
produced through the different trans
proliferating today planetary processes
• Culture is associated with cultural
hybridization

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 • expansion and intensification of social
relations (across world time and across
world space) – the advent of changes
that happened from one country to the
other is brought by the exchange of
information that tends to expand from
one country to another.
• Expansion refer to both the creation of
new social networks and the
multiplication of existing connections
that cut across traditional, political,
economic, cultural, and geographic
PROGRESS boundaries
DEVELOPMENT • Intensification – refers to the expansion,
INTEGRATION stretching, acceleration of these
networks (Ex. trades and financial
Progress - because once a country tried to trade markets)
with another country, their GDP, and financial
capability increases Arjun Appadurai – different kinds of
globalization occur on multiple and intersecting
Development - every time that there is an
dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”
exchange of information, there are certain
developments that happens (infrastructure, • Ex. Ethnoscapes – global movement of
economic activities, businesses, opportunities) people (foreign people in a country where
they do not originate)
Integration - with the integration of the culture
• Mediascapes – flow of culture (we
of other countries, the way people lives now is
adopted the culture of other countries,
greatly influenced by other culture
influence by their food, music, etc.)
T. Lharsson, it pertains to increasing ease with • Technoscape – circulation of mechanical
which somebody on one side of the world can goods and software (why we have
interact, to mutual benefit with somebody on the different brands of gadgets)
other side of the world • Financescape – denotes the global
circulation of money [flow of money all
• increase ease means that it is now easy over the world] (the global circulation of
for the people to communicate with money let us increase our productivity,
anyone across the globe 24/7 economic viability in our country)
Ritzer, it is a trans planetary process or a set of • Ideoscape – realm where political ideas
processes involving increasing liquidity and the move around (political ideals and realism
growing multifunctional flows of people, objects, are influenced of globalization)
places, and information DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE
• trans planetary process (increasing CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM involves
liquidity) – it’s now easy for people to barriers that prevent flows that serve to make
connect even when we are distant apart.
cultures more alike-so cultures remain
Manfred Steger – the expansion and stubbornly different from one another
intensification of social relations and • which means that a certain country
consciousness across world time and across remains to have different lifestyles with
world-space

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 other countries. Each culture is many new areas of the world, replacing
stubbornly different from one another military dictatorships and communist
states (coming from the revolutionary
government of Bonifacio comes a
democratic ideas that we are using
today. )
• English Language – English has become
quite widespread as the international
second language throughout the world
CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION is a mixture of • New Technologies – Satellite TV
cultures and the integration of the global and the • Global Sports Competitions – Winter /
local (what some refer to as “glocal”) leading into Summer Olympics; World Cup in soccer
unique combinations. It is important to remember
that many countries contribute to the sharing of
their culture (s) around the world

• they are not anymore different,

somehow, they work together.
• They still have their own culture but now,
with the mix or influences of other
countries.
• When languages is combined to form a
new language. The roots of our cuisines
has foreign influences.
In many ways, cultures are integrated/hybridized
as they “travel” around the world in different
products
The entertainment industry provides one
example: Hollywood makes movies for the world
(as does: Bollywood that makes more), but it
often remakes foreign films and gives them a
different cultural twist
Musicians increasingly sample sounds from
around the world and integrate those into new
genres (Indian hip-hop)

CULTURAL CONVERGENCE is when cultures are

subject to many of the same global flows and
tend to become more alike (cultural identity and
the attachment of culture to place are lost)

• their culture is loss forever and replaced

by another culture because of
globalization.
CULTURAL CONVERGENCE EXAMPLES

• Democratic Ideas – in the 1980s and

1990s democratic government spread to
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 • This also denotes increased speed and
frequency of trading (books, music, etc.)
online

International Trading Systems

THE GLOBALIZATION OF WORLD ECONOMICS

Based on the history of the international
monetary fund (IMF) refers economic
globalization:
SILK ROAD (130-1453 BCE)
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
• A historical process representing the • Oldest known international trade route
result of human innovation and • A network of pathways in the ancient
technological progress world that spanned from China to what is
• Characterized by the increasing now the Middle East and to Europe
integration (there is an increase in the • Silk Road was called such because one of
number of trades in terms of volume and the most profitable and highly prized
how the investment move all over the products traded through this network is
world at a faster speed) of economies silk
around the world through the movement • Silk road was international, but it was not
of goods, services, and capital across truly “global” because it has no ocean
borders routes that could reach the American
• Based on the IMF, the increasing continent
integration or the increase in trade
actually change as the world trade
(the percentage world GDP) in 1980 is
about 42.1% by the time of 2007, the
world GDP is now 62.9%. looking at
the figures, we can say that there is a
20% increase in the GDP of the world Age of Globalization
• With the increase trade, this also • Began when all important populated
means increase of investment and continents exchange products
the investment that flows to the continuously -both with each other
world as of 1982 was about 57B USD directly and indirectly via other
and when 2015 hits it became 1.76T continents -and in values sufficient to
USD. It just show a increase in global generate crucial impacts on all trading
trade. Speed and frequency of trading partners
• This speed happens because of the • Actually started in Philippine shores
proliferation of the use of
supercomputers and the internet
• Whereas, increasing integration here
means, increasing trade. This means that
investments are moving all over the
world at faster speeds

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 colony of European countries cannot
anymore trade with other countries
UK and the US adopted the gold standard to
establish a common basis for currency prices and
a fix exchange rate system-all based on the value
of gold. Its goal was to create a common system
that would allow for more efficient trade and
prevent the isolationism of the mercantilist era
GALLEON TRADE (1571)
G0LD STANDARD
• Connected Manila, Philippines and
Acapulco, Mexico • A common basis for currency prices and a
• During the galleon trade, the Americas fixed exchange rate system-all based on
were now directly connected to Asian the value of gold
trading routes • You can actually barter your product and
• Countries completed with one another to what you will use to barter is based on the
sell more goods as a means to boost their value of your gold
country’s income • Despite facilitating simpler trade, the
• Part of the age of mercantilism gold standard was still a very restrictive
• To defend their products from system as it compelled countries to back
competitors who sold goods their currencies with fixed gold reserves
cheaper, those regimes (mainly (WWI)
monarchies), imposed high tariffs,
COMMODITY CURRENCY - currency that you have
forbade colonies to trade with other
will be based on the value of the gold that is
nations, restricted trade routes and
reserved in a certain country
subsidized its exports
• From then on, since the Americas are now Returning to a pure standard became more
connected to Asian trading routes, the difficult as the global economic crisis called the
European now and China have their own Great Depression started
competitors in terms of selling and
• whatever the amount of gold in the
trading their goods. Because of this
particular currency, that is also the
competitions, comes the age of
amount of goods that you can trade your
mercantilism
gold for
• MERCANTILISM – when one particular
country defend their products from GREAT DEPRESSION – the worst and longest
competitors who sold cheaper and goods recession (low economic activity that had
with other countries in the world. happened in a county) ever experienced by the
Because of mercantilism, a country or Western world
monarchy can impose high tariffs or tax
for big colonies to trade with other Some economists argued that it was largely
nationalities (cause of colonialism) caused by the gold standard, since it is limited the
amount of circulating money and therefore,
• was also a system of global trade
reduced demand and consumption
with multiple restriction, because of
this, a more open trade system Recovery form this crisis really began when the
emerge in 1867 when the UK and US US abandoned the gold standard. Today, the
adopted the gold standard world economy now operated based on fiat
• Because of mercantilism, majority of currencies
the countries who are under the
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FIAT CURRENCIES • Conducted in order to reduce tariffs
and other hindrances in order for free
• Currencies that are not backed by trade to stimulate
precious metals and whose value is • Delegates at Bretton system agreed to
determined by their cost relative to other create 2 financial institutions:
currencies
• International Bank for
• Don’t have any intrinsic value
Reconstruction and
• This system allows governments to
Development (IBRD, or World
freely and actively manage their
Bank) – responsible for funding
economies by increasing or decreasing
postwar reconstruction projects
the amount of money in circulation as
they see fit • International Monetary Fund
(IMF) – the global lender of last resort
to prevent individual countries from
spiraling into credit crises

NEOLIBERALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS

• In 1970s, the price of oil rose sharply.
Arab countries used the embargo to
THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM stabilize their economies and growth
which affected Western countries that
After 2 world wars, world leaders sought to were reliant an oil
create a global economic system that would • “embargo” – a government order that
ensure a longer-lasting global peace. To achieve limits bargain partly
this was to set up a network of global financial
institutions that would promote economic
• To make matter worse, the stock market
crashed ending the Bretton Wood
interdependence and prosperity
System. The result was a phenomenon
BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM called Stagflation

• Influenced by the ideas of British • STAGLATION – a decline in economic

growth and employment (stagnation)
economist John Maynard Keynes
that takes place alongside a sharp
• Keynes believed that economic crises
increase in prices (inflation)
occur not when a country does not have
enough money, but when money is not NEOLIBERALISM
being spent and, thereby, not moving
• Prevents the catastrophes of the early • A new form of economic thinking that
decades from reoccurring and affecting became the codified strategy of the IMF,
international ties WB, US Treasury Dept., and eventually
• Various countries also committed World Trade Organization (WTO)
themselves to further global economic
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)
integration through the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in • A new organization founded in 1955 to
1947 continue the tariff reduction under the
• General Agreement on Tariffs and GATT
Trade (GATT) - Main purpose was to • The politics they forwarded came to be
reduce tariffs and other hindrances to called the Washington Consensus
free trade • Its advocates conceded that along the
way, certain industries would be affected
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 and die, but they consider this necessary
for long term economic growth

Washington Consensus

• Was made to make sure that any

government will be able to monitored in
terms of its spending and in terms for
them to reduce their debt ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION TODAY
• Minimal government spending to reduce
government debt Some form of international trade remains
essential for countries to develop in the
• Privatization of government-controlled
contemporary world
services like water, power,
communications, and transport believing • The global financial crisis will take
that the free market can produce the best decades to resolve. The world has
results become too integrated. Whatever one’s
• Pressured governments, particularly in opinion with Washington’s consensus is,
the developing world, to reduce tariffs it is undeniable that some form of
and open up their economies, arguing international trade remains essential for
that it is the quickest way to progress countries to develop in the contemporary
world
THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE
CHALLENGE TO NEOLIBERALISM Exports, not just the local selling of goods and
services, make national economies grow at
present

• with exportations, growth of large Asian

economies like Japan, China, Hong Kong,
and Singapore took place. While some
countries corporations and individuals
have been benefiting more than others
Neoliberalism came under significant strain WTO-led reduction of trade barriers, known as
during the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 trade liberalization, has profoundly altered the
when the world experienced the greatest dynamics of the global economy
economic downturn since the Great Depression. It
can be traced back to the 1980s when the US Developed countries are often protectionists as
systematically removed various banking and they repeatedly refuse to lift policies that
investment restrictions safeguard their primary products that could
otherwise be overwhelmed by imports from the
In the attempt to promote free market, developing world
government authorities failed to regulate bad
investments (attempt for government for free • Japan’s determined refusal to allow rice
trade) imports into the country to protect it’s
farming sector. “Rice is sacred”
• Cheap housing loans • United States likewise fiercely protects
• Mortgage-backed securities’ (MBSs) it’s sugar industry, forcing consumers
• Sub-prime mortgages and sugar-dependent business to pay
• High-risk mortgages higher prices

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Trade imbalances characterize economic
relations between developed and developing
countries
Governments weaken environmental laws to
attract investors, creating fata; consequences on
their ecological balance and depleting them of
their finite resources
Many Philippine industries were devastated by
unfair trade deals under the GATT and the WTO

• One sector that was particularly affected

was Philippine Agriculture
International economic integration is a central
tenet of globalization, but it is not the entire thing
In the recent decades, partly as a result of
increased exports, economic globalization has
ushered in an unprecedented spike in global
growth rates. Yet, economic globalization
remains an uneven process

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