•

SOUND SCULPTURE

a collection ofessoys byortists

surveying the techniques; applications;
ard future directions of SOJrd sculpture.

John Grayson

editor
 Canadian Shared Cataloguing in Publ ication Data Nrs Iq8.<;"
Grayson, J o hn. .5(. '3
Sound sculpture : a collec tion of essays by
artists surveying the techniques, applicatio ns
5("8
and futu re direc tions of sound sculpture I J o hn
Grayson, editor. -
I. Kinet ic sculpture. 2. Sound in Art. I. Title.
NB1272.G73 9 73 1.55

o
Cover: Computer Grap hic A 14GC F03 by J ohn Grayson

Printed at Pulp Press

All rights reserved. Printed in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, by any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording. o r otherwise, without prior written permission
of the publisher.

Copy right@1975 by A.R.C. and the individual authors.

Published by A.R.C. Publications, Aesthetic Research Centre of Canada, P.O. Box 3044,
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6B 3X5.

u
Acknowledgements

Deep appreciatio n is ex tended to all the artists

fo r p ermissio n to use their material. T heir suppo rt in this
effort to d elineate the fie ld o f Sound Sculpture is gratifying.

Doris Shadbolt and Tony Emery of the V3-"1couver Art

Gallery were in strumen tal in suppo rting the exhibit o f
Sound Sculpture which involved most of the artists described
in this hook.

Talo nboo ks pl ayed an importan t role in th e initial typese tting

o f this book.

The printing of the book was assisted by a publications grant

from the Canada Council. Without the Council 's over·all
suppo rt . this publication would simply have no t been possible.
T hank you gentlemen.

Special thanks is ex tended , for extensive support and assistance,

to the members and Board of Advisors of the Aesthe tic Research
Centre of Canada, especially David Ros(:nboom, J oan Cost(:lIo,
and Stuart Cald(:r.

J ohn Grayson,
Duncan, B.C.

no
A Note

A stereo LP featuring the sounds of many o f t he Sound Sculptors d escribed

in this book will soon be issued by ARC Press in Vancouver. Write for further
informatio n.

A.R.C. The Aes th etic RCllearc h Ce ntre o f Canada:

A.R.C. Press Research Centre Laboratory of Experimental Aesthetics

P.O. Box 3044, P.O. Box 711, P.O. Box 54 1
Vancouver, B.C. V68 3X5 Duncan, B.C. V9L 3Y I Maple, Ontario LO] lEO

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

J o hn Grayson is a sound sculptor, universi t y lecturer, experimental theatre

producer. and farmer. He also occas io nall y produces television programs
for the Canadian Broadcasting Corpo ration. Over t he years h e h as organized
and conducted num erous workshops, seminars, in ternational conferences
and exhibition s for a diverse range of instituti ons in such areas as: th e
theatre arts ; p erceptual awareness; compu ter art systems; sound sculpture ;
exp anded music systems; and variou s facets of music education. He is
cu rrentl y the Managi ng Directo r o f th e Aesthe tic Research Centre o f Canada.
Foreword

This publication attempts to present as which will more completely involve the
forthrightly and practically as possible the various energy/perceptual systems of man.
wide range of multi-levelled information A different kind of sound sculpture is
necessary for the serious student's under- developing. Part III centres on this.
standing of the varied processes and skills
involved in sound sculpture. At the same
time it is intended to acquaint the general Part IV presents descriptions of innovative
reader with the full range of the multi- and creative applications of everyday,
faceted world of sound sculpture. readily availab le materials for the creation
of so und sculpture. This section when
It is divided into four parts. The first is coupled with the information provided in
devoted to the majority of the senior the e xtensive referen ces given at the cnd of
artists active in the field of sound the book will allow even a back-porch
sculpture and consists, as does th e hobbyist sound sculptor to begin many
remainder of the book, of articles and interesting projects on his own.
illustrative materiaJ largely written o r
compil ed by the artists themselves. The information provided in this book can
be further supplemented by viewing various
Part II consists of a scries of diverse essays color and black and white video tapes which
and articles by distinguished senior artists depict many of the artists and their works
of strong interdisc iplinary background "in performance". These various tapes are
\wich serve to provide a lattice work of available on loan. For further information
those heritages integraJ to the field of write : Video Library, Vancouver Art
sound sculpture. GaJlery, 1145 W. Georgia St., Vancouver,
B.C., Canada, V6E 3H2.
We can be sure that future developments
which involve the integration of visual form
and beauty with magi cal, musical sounds
through participatory experience (in
essence: sound scu lpture) will take place Ed.

v
 •

CONTENTS:

PARTI: ESSAYS ON SOUND SCULPTURE

BERNARD BASCHET _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :S tructurcs Sono res _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

FRANCO IS BASCHET _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :S tructures So no res and the Fu ture _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 13

A. VILLEMINOT'_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :Sketches o f Large Scale Baschet Sound Sculptures _ 15

HARRY BERTOIA _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Sounding Sculptures _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 20

ALLAN KAPROW _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Anim atio n: Steph an Von Huene's Sound Sculptures _ 24

STEPHAN VON HUENE _ _ _ _ _ Pho to Album _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 1

DAVID JACOBS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Notebook _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 4

REIN HOLD PIEPE R MARXHA US EN_ Variatio ns on the Theme fo r Listening to Door Kno bs_ 68

CHARLES MAlTOX _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The Evolution of My Audio-Kin etic Sculptures _ _ _ 80

PART II : HERITAGES & ATTITUDES _ _ ln tw ductio n _ _ _ _ _ _ 87

HARRY PARTCH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Mo nopho nic Ju st Intonation (excerpted) _ _ _ __ 89

HARRY PARTCH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ No Barriers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

90

LO U HARRISONI _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Lou Harriso n's Music Prime r (excerptcd) _ _ _ _ __ 92

GYORGY KEPES _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The New Landscape in Art and Science (excerpted )_ 94

R . MU RRA Y SCHA FER' _ _ _ _ _ The Graphics of Musical Tho ught _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 98

v,
PART III : FUTURE DIRECTIONS In troduction _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 126

OA VIO ROSENBOOM _ _ _ _ _ _ _VancQuvcr Piece _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 127

WALTER WRIGHT.'--_ _ _ _ _ _ _Videotape Kitchen Notes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 132

DAVID ROTHENBERG _ _ _ _ _ _Visual Music - A New Art Form _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 138

JOHN CHOWN ING I 'he Simulation of Moving Sound Sources (excerpted) 142

Corporeal Sound Sculpture _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 148

COREY FISCHER _ _ _ _ _ _ _---:Transitions _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 150

JOHN GRAYSON _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A Sound Awareness Workshop _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 153

PART N PRACTICAL PROJECTS & POSSIBILITIES

WILLIAM COLVIG _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A Western Gamelan' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 162

PAUL EARLS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Sounding Space: Drawing Room Music _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 170

IVOR DARREG The Amplifying Clavichord 176

TONY PRICE A Musical Carillon 178

A Concert of Factory Sirens and Steam Whistles _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 180

LUIS FRANGELLA _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Rain Music II : A Large Scale Environmental Sound Sculpture_ 182

MAX DEAN _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A Sound Activated Sound Sculpture _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 186

Sound Sewage' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 190

Selected Readings _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 192

A Request to Sound Scu lptors I Photo Credits 196

THE BASCHETS
francois Raschet was born in Pari s in 1920.
He was trained b y sculptors Emmanuel
Au ri costc and Hubert Yenccsse, and stud-
ied acoustics on his own . He li ves in the
Spani sh Basque country, where he works,
and in Paris. His brother, Bernard, was
born in Paris in 19 17. He studied engineer-
ing a t t he Ecole Cen trale and was the former
chid of musical research for t he French
Broadcasting System . He li ves near Paris.

In 1952 the Baschet brot hers began t he ir rcsc;arch cs into so un d with an analysis o f al l exis ting instru-
men ts. Since then , they have huilt dm.e ns o f 1Illi( lliC musical sculptures. Recently the Daschcts have
bee n huildin g a wide variety of sound scu lptures design ed to be played by anyone, young and o ld alike.
They have been steadil y movi ng toward a non-exclusive, totall y p articipatory, people's :lrt.

In 1968 Be rnard Raschet wro te an eigh t I):lrt essay in Fre nch which appe ared in ' Leonardo, Journal of
the Inte rn ational Conte mporary Artist.' Five parts of thi s essay n ow follow in t heir First English
translation.

Structures Sonores by Bernard Baschet

A 8 STRAcr

If art and love :arc similar, :art sho uld be understandable without an y explanation ; the 'Sonorous S tructu res'
made b y the Basc het brothers should be unders tood witho ut analysing thei r componen ts, or the impul ses
of the ir creation . Nevertheless, the ir process of researc h, creatio n , executi on is of interest.

The me mhers o f the te.tm p ossess several (lualiFications in the Fields o f music, sculptu re, poetry :lnd 1)lay
produ ction, however the lellding id e:\ of the team is research fo r creating sou nds and shapes.

Onee a way o f produ cin g sound is found, approp ri ate shape is required for the device: t he ' musical sculpt urc-
object' can he conside red either as a musical instrument, as an instrument easy to play, as a 'sculpture-object'
fo r which sound is on ly eo mplcmclIlilry. or eve n as the starting p o int for working with materials.
1
 Frcnch Monumcnt Born on 5 7th St.
steel. aLumillulII
2 / 3 x 6 x 8 fee t
 Untitled No. 2 1
(lilllnillum, !iled
27x 18x 18inche!

3
 Then comes the problem of choosing the means of communication in such a way that a message is both
understandable and o riginal. All the work of the team is directed towards the finding of a new musical ex-
pression. On the assumption that a playing instinct is possessed by everyone, members of an audience are
invited to try their hand at playing these instuments.

The work of the team is directed to a search for harmony, in the sense of harmony between shapes, sounds,
sculpture, music, light, poetry and motion - a h armony for a new generation.

INTRODUCfION

The contemporary artist seeks to "discover" the relationship that exists between modern man and the
modern "object ", i.e., the external world of technological activit y.

He must assimilate and make a part of himself the n ew things which bombard him: shapes, sounds,
mechanical gadgets, etc. and project them " hum ani zed," if I m ay use the expressio n , into his works.

In technological activity, the materials are assembled according to a structure characterist ic of their
physical properties and are easily grasped b y the in te llect. The laws, in this case, are already determined.
Art trys to assemble the materials according to a structure internal to us. Perhaps it is the structure of
the images o f these materials which we seck in ourselves? This concept calls in emotion , whi ch is en-
tirely excluded if we arc speaking of technological activity.

The success comes, I believe, in discovering the structures which coincide . In short, to seck a certain
order which coincides in the space without and the space within .

Souriau, in 'Leonardo,l writes: "so many artists today, and this is yet another of the striking traits
of t he present times, are neither sculptors, musicians, nor poets (nor both at the same time), but search
for new means of expression which do not enter int o any of the forms which have long stereotyped the
traditional artistic activity."

Likewise, I find this ot her o bservation exact: "Contemporary artists are seekers."

We feci profoundly that we are all of these: seekers, musicians, sculptors, poets, but also craftsmen
and stage directors. All of this is what const itutes o ur daily work.

We are musicians because we are performers and play in concert ; sculptors because with our hands we
shape sheets of metal into forms, and assemble iron and other metals; poets, because we attempt to
create the "supernatural element" - a universe of light, shape a nd sound; craftsmen, becausc wi th our
hands we build musical instruments, referring also to our sensorialit y; stage directors because wc have
staged productions where music, lighting effects, and sh apes enter with the participation of actors,
dancers.

4
Piano with Two Ears
wood, steel, iron, aluminum alloy
48 x 27 inches 5
 The activity of the " Baschet Brothers " can be schematized by the tree in the figure below. Th e roots
are the base our knowledge where the sap originates. The branches hold the fruit - our works. These
are the directions of work : on the right those which concan sounds, and on the left , those which con·
cern the forms. Of course there is co nstant communication between all the branches. The trunk rep·
resents the essential in our work : the creation and invention of the sounds and the forms. 2. 16

I
•
I•
I
I

J
--_
----. J

_.. _--
"- -- -_ _.-
..

--

of the activIty of the

a.chet brothel1l
6
MUSICAL STRUCTURES INTENDED FO R THE GENERAL PUBLIC

The bran ch of activity which involves putting the musical instruments at the public's disposa l stem s
fro m an observatio n first made fo llowing o ur concerts. At the end o f such co ncerts, we in vite members
o f the audie nce to come UI) o n stage so th at they may spea k to us if t hey wis h to, and exami ne o ur
instrume nts.

Generally speaking, there arc as man y peop le o n stage as can be accommodated , and we must protect
the instrumen ts from the eagern ess of the curio us who, while shy at first, let themselves beco me carried
away b y their own sono ro us discove ries.

At our exposition of Decorative Arts at the Marsan Pavilion in 1964, we had th us pro \·jdcd a room for
that p urpose - an idea which was used again at o ur latcr exposi tions in the Scall dina\,ian co untries. Ger-
many, England , the United States and Mexico. Th e pleasure and fre edom felt thro ugh this expe rience
generall y depends upon agc and na tural artist ic abi lity, but we have seen o lder peop le who. wi th a look
of delight on their fa ces, lite rall y lose all o f their inhibitions. The reserve and timidit y whic h exis ts
when o ne faces t hc keyboard of a piano fo r exa mple, d isap pears. E,'cryt hing bein g unknown. there are
no teachers to give advi cc or to l)Oint ou t mistakes. We say 'Go a head , nobody knows how to play it.
discover for yourselves! '

We have discovered how much modern man conserves the taste for . a nd no doubt the need for creating
his own sounds and his own rhyt hms. The "game playing" instin ct e xists in all o f us , This tende ncy
towards the publi c participating in sllch works is found everywhere in modcrn art , from C:.tlder to
Kinetics.

Works of art are no t simply valuable o bjects which o n o ne h and carry a pricc tag. and , o n t hc o lher
hand, bear a " Do Not Tou ch " sign ; on th e contrary, they are to be p layed wi th . and one sho ul d ap-
proach t hem not o nly with t he eyes and the ears, but wilh t he hands as well. Art becomes o nce again
a social fun ction , It is an area where the freedom 10 lo uch for pleasure, and for understanding exists.
not only for the pri\'jleged few, but fo r everyone, just as nature has a lways been for chi ldren li\i ng in
the country. In the area of techno logy, which has in a sense invaded our modern life, there is no place
fo r fantas y, games, or to uching. At t he present, ho wever, these are the essent ial clements o f life.

For us, this line of work scrvcs as a sort of " tes ting bench ", But , we have no need to arra nge compli-
cated keyboards- th e fi rst co nditio n is that they be easy to play. It is esse ntial t h" t the instrum ent be
solid and resistant to the pu nishment it recei\'es from classes of 12-year·o ld children.

SCULPTUR E-OBJECT S

The son orous mechanism is not the essential part of the object , but serves ra ther as a fr;lInewo rk which
must be integrated into a form .

7
 search for radiators or sound diffusers has us to use uniform (reglees) surfaces. then had to
the surfaces into the shape of a cone , and, according to the metal, the shape and the curvature,
we obtain different sounds. After that, a number of experiments which have produced
required shapes.

In general, we merely bend the sheet of metal, working only with simple geometric forms. As in our
musical where one allows to be carried away by the sounds, we followed
same with the sheet Almost all of our forms are made directly by bending a sheet of
metal with our hands. The sonorous mechanism itself is always the fruit o f the intellect. In this re-
spect, our hands are more creative than o ur brains, or at lust it may be tha t their scopes are
not the same. I think that all artists the problem to to make their hands, brain
and their soul live together freely and in harmon y like three members of the same family.

But, not all o f our sonorous objects are comprised of metal sheets molded into shapes. The whole ob-

which often has an architectural appearance , could be constructed of vibrating elements only . In
fa ct, the distinction between the sonorous sculpture and in struments at the public's disposal is a bit
theore tical, the result being in both cases the satisfaction of the eye and the ear.

In this field , the idea of working in groups has also inter ....ened. Francois is at the base of this develop-
ment, on one hand because of his inventive fertility, and on the other hand because of
his training and vocation as a sculptor. I myself am more interested by the architectural and composi-
tional aspects of the work due to my training as an engineer and my experience as a

This is thus at a brainwork of one is by another. An important ad-

dition to the team is Xavier la a sculptor and painter who has in productio n
of and the Dress-forms. Franco ise Burtz, nic knamed "Co libri " has for given us a
great of help and that which is perhaps more important in long run -

sonorous obvious ly commissioned : for a school, a sculpture-instrument which the

children will be able to practise upon ; to e nliven the centre of a group of a t a
clock sculpture; for an exposition in San Antonio, Texas, a musical fountain (cf. p. 10).

CREATIVE METHOD

In our work, there is an alternation of methods and attitudes in regard to certain problems which must
be solved.

The first method is empiricism. It is hands which dis cover and the completely un conditioned ear
which listens attentively. Very few designs are used for the shapes - it is the material itself which deter-
mines its ultimate form (man y other sculptors have said this before us). For the music, it is group im-
provisation which and - improvisation which is, in fact, a o f
attempts, much an through an unfamiliar forest : by step.

8
"Primitive man found magical sounds in the materials around him - in a reed, a piece of bamboo, a
particular piece of wood held in a certain way, or a skin stretched over a gourd or a tortoise shell -
some resonating body. He then proceeded to make the object, the vehicle, the instrument, as visually
beautiful as he could. His last step was almost automatic. The metamorphosis of the magical sounds
and the visual beauty into something spiritual. They became fused with his everyday words and ex-
perience: his ritual, drama, religion - thus lending greater meaning to his life. These acts of primitive
man become the trinity of this work : magical sounds - visual form and beauty - experienced ritual. "

Harry Partch, 1967

!
I
,
Untitled No.7
siailliess

35 x -18 x 22 illches 9
•

10 H(:misfair Musical Fountain

Our second met hod was choscn when, aft er having discovered the possibility of creating so und by the
process describcd above, we decided to make musical in strulllcnts. The method o f p erfect ing existing
instrume nts could not be utili sed. for it gene rall y gave poor res ults. We have made the following an aly-
instrum ent Ciill hI:': decomposcd in this manner:

a) an excitatory (stimulating) element ;

b) a vibratin g clement;
c) a reson an t clement, which produces the tones;
d ) a cl ement whi ch radiatcs through the air (coup ling);
be tween (b) and (c), we are introducing a new so und collecting clement.

We have drawn up a table of possibilities of eac h cleme nt found scattered abo ut in acoustic experiences.
Then, we have re·synthesized t he ele men ts which interested li S.

II is in this manner that we have succeeded in crea ting at the first attempt the ancestors of a whole
famil y of in struments t he equi va lents of the clavichord and thc vio da gambOl (members of the family
of strin ged instruments).

This formula allows us to stand bac k and consider o ur diffi culti es. and thus be able to in troduce com-
pletely new so lutio ns. It is this metho d which has given the modern world its astonishing machine-tools
for pub li c work s, the fantastic spati al form s for sidere;:11 expos itions .. . this who le world o f n ew images,
unthinkabl e fift y years ago. T his is not an art of transition , but rathcr an art of mutation.

CONCL US ION

People often as k us what correspondence we find be twecn shapes and sounds, because we work with
both. If such a corres po ndence d ocs exist, it is found o nl y at the level of a certain style and qualitative
val ue of inspiration which we cann ot perceive. In fact , this music-im age problem is p rese nt at the level
of a correspondence be t ween the two by association. People tend to associate certain sounds with cer·
tain o bjects through con diti oned rc n exes. In fact, Radio , Television , and the Film Industry o ft cn use
our music to enhan ce the effectiveness o f undcrwatcr sce nes, scien ce- fi c tio n fi lms, voyages in space, etc.
This assoc iation can be due o nly to a chrono logical concordance new so unds for n ew im ages.

We ourselves have tried o ut this sort o f assoc iatio n in o ur presentations where o ur instrum en ts arc used
as the decor. With certain li ghting effects, we havc tried to create, in accordan ce with the music, a
world of fantasy.

Right from the beginning we have been working with dancers, the in struments thc mselves becoming as
much a dan cing clemen t as a musica l accompaniment. Poetry fits beautifull y with our music, which en-
han ces it without overpowering it ( this has given rise to sevefill recordings). T hese sam e types of arti stic
experiments have been carried o ut in the Scandinavian countries and Mexico in the individual sty les of
each.
 I have tried to elucidate in this article all the problems which we must fa ce and the manner in which we
have solved them up to th e prescnt. OUT problems are also those of our generation, a nd it is with the
knowledge and means of our era that we attempt to solve them.

In response to the question which is always asked of us, 'What are you gelting at?,' I say quite simp ly
that I believe apple trees produce apples. If they don't, then they are sick. We feel in full healt h when
one of the works which is, in effect, a part o f o urselves leaves the work-room .

In actual fact, we instincLively search for the harmony which exists between shape, sound, sculpture,
light, poetry, music ... , but is it not first necessary that this harmony exist in ourselves before we are
able to realize it?

REFERENCES,

I. E. Souriau, L'esthct ique et l'Artiste Contem porain, ' Leonardo I,' 63 , 1968.
2. E.S.F. Chladni, 'Traite d' Acoustique.' Courcier, Paris, 1809.
3. H. Boassc, 'Verges et Plaques . Cloches et Cari llons. Tuyaux ct Resona1e urs. Cordes c 1 Membranes.
Instruments a Vent. E1 Pendu les, Spirales , Diapasons.' Delagrave, Paris, 1927.
4. A. Foch, 'Acoustique.' Armand Colin, Paris, 1947.
5. L. Condurie, 'Acoustique Appliquee .' Eyrollcs , Paris, 1955.
6. Y. Rocard , 'Dynamique Generale des Vibrations.' Masson, Paris, 1949.
l . J.S. Matras , 'Acoustique Appliquee,' Serie: Que sais·je ? No. 385. Presses Universitaires de
France, Paris.
8. F. Winckel, 'Vues Nouvelles sur Ie Mo nde des Sons.' Dunod, Paris, 1960.
9. M.D. Vernon , 'The Psyc hology o f Perception.' Penguin Books , Harmondsworth , 1963.
10. 'Situation de la Recherche .' Flammarion, Paris, 1960.
II. P. Schaeffer, vrraile des Objets Musicaux.' Seuil, Paris, 1967.
12. A. Tomatis, 'L'oreille et Ie Langage. Et La Dyslexic.' Seuil, Centre du Langagc, Paris, 1963.
13. A. Macha lcy, 'La Notation Musicale,' Serie: Que sais·je? No. 514. Presses Universitaires de
France, Paris.
14. P. Guillaume, 'La Psychologic de la Forme.' Flammarion , Paris , 1937 .
15. W. Wiora , ' Les Quatre Ages de la Musique.' Petite Bibliotheque Payot, Paris, 1963.
16. B.M. Petlov, ' Psycho logie des Aptitudes Musicales.' Presses Univcrsitaires de France, Paris, 1966.

12
Structures Sonores & Future by Francois Bascht:l

My brother Bernard and I want to make a synthesis of the following three elements:

shapes
sounds
public participation

We make shapes and objects with which music can be produced manually - is without electricity or
electronics. Therefore a nyone can play on them.

Beginnings in 1954 were difficult. Sacha Gui lry said: 'My wife wants dinner at 7. I want it at 8. We
end up by eating at 7.30 and nobody is happy.'

In o ur attempts to sy nthesize new fo rm and new sound we encountered sim ilar commen ts . Music
people said 'this is no music.' Sculpture people said 'this is no sculpture.'

Things have improved . After our show at the-Museum of Modem Art in New York which lasted
for four months it is easier for us to see the future.

Shapes: Acoustical laws are precise - some families of shapes are good, some are bad. We have to
develop metal or plastic surfaces that can be compared to sails. To get a satisfactory acoustical ratio,
some of these surfaces must be suspended. This means that we have to fmd the right equilibrium in
our designs. The structures also have to be strong, some of them have been played on by more than
150,000 people including children . Thus we try to combine the aesthetic with the functional.

Sounds: Possibilities in relating sound to form are immense. So far it is the architects that have been
most interested in our researches. At the moment we are working on a musical monument for a school
near Paris. It wiU assume the form o f a giant vibraphone that will replace the bell. It will playa tune
composed by the best pupil of the musical class, which will be changed periodically. Francois Prieur
is the architect.

13
 Another U. S. architect wanted us to make a big 'conversation piece' for a shopping centre. We pro-
posed a musical fountain with both the sound and water jets controlled by the public. The chords
would be carefull y programmed so that the so unds would not be offensive. We pro posed recentl y to
a grain company that we should make a musical foun tain with grain fallin g from the ce iling filling
oscillating buckets. When full , the buckets would tilt and hi t vibrating bars. The gra in would be re-
turned to the position by a conveyor belt. A secti on of this project is now at the New York
University Museum . For their 200th anniversary t he Baccarat crystal plant company commissioned
us to make a 12 x 12- foot monument that would essentially convey the sound of crystal. These few
e xamples indi cate that the possibilities o f usi ng no n·e lectronic sounds in architecture are immense.
We have on ly explored a few possi bilities so far.

Music: After the big vogue for electro nic music o f the past 15 years, man y musi cians seem to come
bac k to manually produced sounds. T he instrumen ts we have been develo ping wi t h J acques and
Yvonn e Lasry since 1954 prese nt real possibilit ies. This year the Lasrys are holding summer courses
in Burgundy in the use o f the instruments. Moreover, if one thinks of the conventional orches tral in·
struments, with the exception of the wind instruments, onl y th e violin is pe rfect. Harps, guitars, can
be redesigned. The grand piano is a heavy musical wheelbarrow. The piano of the futur e is not yet
born.

Technical : We were surprised to have bee n approached by people in very different fi elds. We have
been as ked , for in stance , to ma ke educationa l musical devices.

In th e States we have finished five structures for the Nationa l Theatre for the Deaf. T hey will be used
primarily for background music but experim ents are also being carried out at the New York School
for the Deaf to ma ke special structures so that the children can feel the vibrations by biting the ex-
tensions of the instruments.

Public Participation : We feel that in our present-day computer-card civilisation the public must fmd
new ways of express ion . In our pe rfor mances, whenever it is possible, we invite the public to play.
Reactions are very dive rse. I e ncountered some people in a Scandin avian museum watching o thers
playing with the in struments. " Are you loo king at the structures?" I asked. " No ," they said , "we
are watching the publ ic. We have never see n so man y Scandin avians so happy witho ut being d runk."

14
A Note

sketches on the following three pages illustrate some of the conceptual and visual processes
involved in the creation of large scale environmental/ public Baschet sculptures. The sketches wefe
rendered by the French artist A. Villeminot and are reproduced here with his kind permission.

A large Musical Fountain constructed by the Baschet Bro thers in 1968 appears on page 10. It is
constructed of stainless steel and can he played by the public by directing various water jets at
different parts of the sculpture .

...,c";:;»,,;" ' .
,. ,) ,

Takagiphone

15
 lkedaphone

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16
Ikcdaphonc

17
18 Se kinephone (fro nt view)
 ..... .

.. ... 11/"·· ." _ _ ._,; - ' •.... ' ..

Katsuraphone (rear view)

19
 HARRY BERTOIA
Born 1915 in San Lorenzo, Italy. Moved in
1920 to the United States after a brief stay
in Canada. Studied and taught at the Cran-
brook Academy of Art. Works to be found
in major museums and public areas through-
out the Western hemisphere. Currently lives
and works near Bally, Pennsylvania.

Even though Bertoia has been working with sound in his sculpture for well over a decade, he feels
that he has only just begun. Currently he and his brother are continuing experiments with rods of
different metals in an effort to produce a fu ll range of tones bearing no relationship to our present
musical scale. They have cleared out the barn at his home in Bally and it has been refinished inside
to serve as a sounding box (surrounding, rather than within these instuments of music). Bertoia
has constructed sculptures of varying metals, thicknesses, and heights, which have been placed in-
side the barn for further experiments "to develop the range , autonomy, rhythm, and continuity of
the sounds." Some of his currently preferred metals are: bronzes (silicone, tobin); beryllium copper;
nickel alloys; monels; and the newer alloys of similar quality.

20
Bertoia in his converted 'sounding box' barn. 21
22 Part of Berloia's private collection o f his Sounding Sculptures.
Bertoia's sculp tures being played by the public at the Vancouver Art Gallery .

23
Step han Vo n I-Iu cne

24
STEPHAN VON HUENE
Born 1932 in Los Angeles, Californ ia. Gradu-
ated from Chouin ard Art Institute in 1959.
and received M.A. from the Universi ty of
California, Los Angeles in 1965. Cu rrently
Associate Dean of the School of Art, Califor-
nia Institute of the Arts.

Animation by Allan Kaprow

Current art is often made of abse nces: absence of purpose, absence of meaningful conn ection between
things, abse nce of material and co nceptual definition, absence of elaboration , absence of professional-
ism. absence of uplifti ng ,'allies, absence of personal identity, absen ce, even, of pathos. Artists seem
intrigued b y t hese gaps, th ese meta-states that leave t hings blankly self-evident or conn ected in per-
functory series like the numbers in a traffic co unt.

Stephan von Huene's art is o ne of presences. No t simply the physical presences of well-crafted objects ,
inventive and focuse d for eyes and cars; but, rat her, ' magical ' presences. Here are be ings, surrogates
fo r ourselves, who perform for a time and then arc mute until requested to act and speak again. Oracles.
They com municate in crypto-syllables from a language just be yond translation. They emit hoots, moans,
cl icks, beeps and breathy sounds, punched out on hidden paper tapes and run by vacuum sweeper
motors. I\ 'e seen th em in t heir mahogan y dusk. Lights shine from t heir insides. Ceremo nies.

For instance: A one-man band without t he man who is the band , mechanically having
become the band, plays for itself in an empty room. A white rose.
Presence of the absence (d. p. 27).

And: A vaudeville team in some bar in 1920 where for a nickel in a slot t hey'll
rag, rattle, tonkle, scrape and blow. Washboard face with cowbell feather.
Guardian Nickelodeon. Very serious. Mutt a nd Jeff at attention (cr. p. 28).

And : Enormous shoes of the clubfoot dandy, tapping away nifty twist of the
hard-tipped tocs under heavy folded cuffs. Insidio us dance to the music
we refuse to hear so we listen to the tappcty tap of the man we won't
see. Tappety (d. p. 29)

25
r

And : Erect wooden co lumns, alone, in pairs, tJlrccs and more (NYC office
buildings), floating on contained light, totems intoning cad(:ll ccs of
windy stories spoken to the shi ver ing back. J okes. J o kes you d on't
laugh at since you do n 't know when . (Meditative punch-lines.)
Squared lips mouthing them , saying so mething known but forgotten.
Dead-pan. Elegant. Ancestor (d. p. 30).

Von Hutne's art is located at a point just between those turn-o r-the-century fanta sies of machines that
come alive, and arc hetypal c\'ocalions that reach beyo nd time. It thus escapes both the topicality o f
modernism and the datedncss of the recent past. There is no nos talgia in his beings who artic ulate
thei r own existence almost didacti call y and " in tongues." They seem on their o wn , stylisti call y re-
moved froml1Ow just enough to perform without either necessity or apology. They are perhaps eve n
a little smug in their mystery. What they are not , that is , what is abse nt, is o f 110 importance to them .
It is what makes their magic so potent.

Von Hu ene's Totem Tones at the Vancouver Art Gallery

26
27
Washboard Band
WQod , leal her trim ,
plleumatic
7.5.\"4.5.\"2 feet

28
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wood. leather. pneumatic system
8x4x2 feet

30
Photo Album
Von Huene compiled a se ri es of informative photos "taken of my machines, inside
and outside, o f m y tools, c tc." The photo essay (excerpted) he felt to be the mos t
useful way to depict his way of working in sound scu lpture.

31
David Jacobs

34

«
 DAVID JACOBS
Born 1932 in Niag-Ma Falls, New York.
Studied in Califo rnia, obtaining his l\'I. A. at
Los Angeles State College. Presentl y Act ing
Chairman, Fine Arts Department , Hofstra
Univers ity. New York.

Notebook
These photographs and pages fr om my sketchbooks arc presented more or less in chronological order
and deal with innating sound sculptures and so und performan ce/ex hibi tions I have made sin ce J 96 7.

There arc two distin ct and quite different groups of sound sculptures. The first group was presented
variously under the titles "The Wah Chang Box Works Assyrian Air Fair," " Mothers !\'1ccha ni cal
Wonde rful Wah Wah ," " Wonderful Wah Wa h," etc. , and consisted o f sculptures which generated reed
sounds and in some cases simple escaping air a nd motor sounds.

T he seco nd group dating from late in 1969 ,md still being added to is called " Wah Wah" (being the
name o f each piece as we ll as the group as well as the performance) and consists of scu lptures gc ner;lt-
ing excited columns o f air. The more mysterio us airy soun ds of th e Wah Wa h secm to defy iden tifi-
cation and placeme nt hovering near yo ur ear or in your head or just pas t you beckoning yo u to a p lacc
of privilege.

Sou nd is an integra l part of my sculpture at this timc, shapi ng space at least as effectively an y visual
elements.

A co mmentary fo llows on pages 63-67.

35
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 You are invited to the
"WAH CHANG BOX WORKS
ASSYRIAN AIR FAIR, BABY"

Being a group of performing, singing,

breathing, hard and soft things,
by Oavid Jacobs

At the studio of
Allan O'Arcangelo
127 Columbus Avenue
at 66 Street (opposite Lincoln Center)
Time: 9 :30 P.M.

Oec 3 1987

43
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62
Page 36 February 1967. (8\4xlO% drawings) T hese two pages show how I added towers
of clinking clacking a luminu m to a flopping clement designed by Charlie Frazier
in what was to be a collaborative presentation with Herb De itch and his group of
musicians. Frazier's flopping base, a prototype of two hover craft he made for
Allan Kaprow's Happening "Gas," was unstable and could not balance the towers
I buil t. The last drawing shows how I turned the whole thing upside down,
added a platform on top the flapper, and added a stable base. The air
(generated by a vacu um motor and fan) pushing against this pla tform escaped
through small holes into which I th rust small organ pipes.

Page 37 February 1967. Another imm ediate addition seen here is the integrating for the
form of black joined inn er tubes.

Page 37 February 1967. Without a do ub t this is the mom ent of birth of an integrated inflat·
ing, sounding, form.

Page 38 March 1967. Although I had made several ot her so und scu lptures as earl y as 1957,
this body of work was born under the same sun sign as I and seemed to me very
appropria tel y shaped.

Page 38 March 1967. Polaroid photos of the first comple ted sound piece which I've a lways
called "Mother." This piece was improved somewhat when re·built latcr in the
summer.

Page 39 March 1967. Photo, Barbara Bernal. Taken in the Wah Chang Tungsten Refinery
in Glen Cove, Long Island where Frazier (middle row right) and I had studios. The
sculptures in the foregrou nd are Frazier's, and Professor Herbert Deitch, a colleague
of mine at Hofstra University, is playing the trumpet.

Page 40 Mayor June 1967. Allan Kaprow's drawing in my book suggesting a met hod for
programming the severa l pieces I had made by this time. This bumped disc swit ch·
ing syste m was one he had used whi le investig-.l.ting apparent ly random systems whjie
he was studying with Cage, I beli eve.

Page 40 March 196 7. A cut stretched inner tube e mitting reed vibrations. Used in the second
piece I refer to as "Pop."

63
- Page 4 1 Apri l 1967. A smacking force remindin g me of Bran cus i's " Kiss." this b ecame
"Breat her," a rhythmica ll y inrla tin g piece o f escaping a ir sounds.

Page 4 1 August 2. 1967. Somew hat revised this idea became "Champ." a sometimes gru nting
piece.

Page 42 August 23, 1967. The air syste m for " Ho rn," an offensive blas tin g pi ece.

Page 42 Septe mber 1967. Pho to, Mi chael Fales. The grO lip o f n in c perfo rming so und scull>-
tures which appeared in t he Emil y Lowe Ga llery al Hoh lra University as " The Wah
Cha ng Box Works Assyrian Air Fair." Each pi ece had an clcctromcchani caillrogram
(timer) w hich I could thwart at a console. At this series o f performances I used
co lored lights, slides, films and ta ped factory sounds to crea te an environmenta l
e ffect. I used these audio, clem ents finally at the D 'A rca ngeio studio per-
forman ce in December a lso.

Page 43 August /Septe mber 1967. Programming sys tc m as used for work d escribed above.
Series of three four-switch timers interrelated so as to pro lo ng pallcrn. The fir st
tim er o n the left was an ancient o ne wit h a fl ywhee l slowed b y a variable magne t
making poss ible slower or fas ter progra ms in fo ur pieces.

Page 43 Portion of the in vi tation to the seri es o f performances held in New York in November
and December of 1967.

Page 44 August 13, 1967. Visualizati o n of electrica l con nectio n fro m tim er to ou tle ts.

Page 44 June 4, 1969. A poem relating to my life in a rubber fa cto ry in San Clemente,
Ca li fornia circa 1951.

P:tgc 45 April 30, 1969. I thought I'd discovered something pretty important when I stretched
rubber over a pipe attached to a blowing vacu um cleaner motor and placed the rubher
lips agai nst my cornet.

Page 45 Fall 1970. Imagi ne my e mbarrassme n t when I d iscove red that a mech anica l buglcr
with rubber lips had been made in 18 10. Sketch from a bea utiful color pho to in
Bu chner's Mechanical Musical Balchwort h l)ress. London.

Page 46 May and Jun e 1969. Drawinb"S developing a most ly rubber ex haus t sounding picce
d escribed below.

Page 46 JUll e 1969. "F loor Piece." Co llccti on: Vcra Lis t.

64
Page 47 In Fall of 1970 I was granted a semester leave from Hofstra University where I have
taught sculpture since 1962. During this sabbatical I read at various libraries in New
York. The music library at Lincoln Center as well as the Free Library of the General
Society of Mechanics & Tradesmen of the City of New York were good places for me
to find o ut about some of the phenomena which I had discovered in the studio. I
began by trying to trace the history of programming from the early barrel organ
t hrough other mechanical musical instrum en ts, androids and automata, the jacquard
loo m, street organs, t he Link trainer of World War II, an d switc hing devices, to the
computer. All arc based on a switch which is "on" o r "ofF" whether it's a log with
nails in it tripping organ keys or a card with holes in it letting threads fall onto the
weaving pattern of a loom or a paper piano roll causing a blinking message on the
underside of airplane w ings or a punched paper roll switching a motor in a factory.
Winkel's Componiu lll (a composing machine made in 1821) cou ld play witho ut
repetition for 138 trillion years.

Page 47 A programming switch like one used together wit h thwarting buttons for the three
pieces which appeared as "Mothers Mechanical Wonderful Wah Wah" at 'Options,'
Milwaukee Art Center and Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago in 1968. This
programming switch, widely used in industry, consis ts of a cylinder w ith 60 grooves
which rotates complete ly in a minute. Each groove may contain a moveable plastic
peg which can actuate a mi croswitch each second. The length of program in this
case is, then, one minute for each switch (a single motor may drive a uni t containing
as many as 57 switches, each switch being separate ly programmed by the plastic pegs .)
Of course this useful principle is that of the barrel organ and the music box. Varia·
tions on this system include lengthening the program by causing the cy linder to move
latera lly, permitting another row of pegs to actuate the sw itch.

Page 48 Photo, courtesy jewish Museum. View of some of the pieces which were in cluded
in the 'Innatable Sculpture Ex hibition' at the jewish Museum the summer of 1969.
In the fall; the who le exhibition traveled to t he Witte Memorial Museum in San
Antonio. In the winter, a slightly different selection under the ti tle "Wonderful
Wah Wahs" performed at Co lgate University.

Page 49 1970. Photo, Hugh Rogers. Steve Hendirckson and I working in my 13th Street
studio.

Page 50 1969. A stack of t hree mi croswitches and a 5-rph motor of the kind available from
surplus o utlets. T hese switches and motors are very durable a nd rare ly fail even though
they may have seen ten or more years of service. Automatic d ish and clothes washers
also yield very usable parts.

65
 Page 50 January 28, 1970. At top left is the tracing o r a metal disc wi th o ne notch w hich
can actuate a mi eroswi tch . Below. my nata l horoscope is superimposed and nic hes
cut out corresponding to the arrangement o f planets. This is the program of the
small picce I ca ll "Se lf Portrait."

Pages 51 - 52 February 1970. A " drawing" and later " painting" mach in e which made the graph-
like drawings in whi ch we sec both the simple program and the si mple res ultant
" drawing. " Later developments added variablc voll age an d therewith a " how mu ch "
on or o rf possibilit y. These and o ther develo pments made a btreat er appa rent dist;:IIl Cc
or dirrefence between the program disc input and the o utput or produ ct. Never-
theless, it was no t without interest that I read " Man is a l\hchine" by Woo lridge.

Page 53 This photo signals the beginnin g of the change from recd so unds to vibrating air
co lumn so unds. This floor piece was plann cd for construclio n at San .J ose State
Co llege b y m yself and s tuden ts during May of 1970 .

Page 54 May 1970. Th e San Jose piece emilled so und o f ,Ill

excited air co lumn in ,duminum
pipe ten inches in diameter and twenty feet lo ng. A large rubber construction innated
slowly, causing a very low fu ndamenta l note first , then o ther higher partials till the
highest was reached as the serpentine r ubber tubes were e ngorged with a ir. T he piece
then de flated a nd the sounds dropped in vo lum e and pitch till a ll was silence.

Page 55 Photos, Justin Kron eweller. I can be seen operatin g a variabl e voltage unit con trolling
the speed of motor and fan housed at the top of the rubber portion . Here and here-
after I have lIsed bo th or either m anual contro ls and progra mmed co ntro ls.

Page 56 A five- pipe sounding unit composed o f 2-, 4., 6-, 8-, and I O-foot pipes two in ches
in diameter. This piece was first pla yed at Corne ll University's Sibley Dome in s pring
1971. A manual variable voltage control is seen at the left.

Page 56 1970. Pho to, James Hendrickson, J r. Left-to-right : "Ash leigh " G ib bo ns, my r..-s t
apprentice from the Great Lakes Colleges Asso ciation Arts Program , lIle, Steve He nd-
rickson , another GLCA appre ntice, and Ri chard Wengenroth, paintcr ,md Direc tor
of GLCA Arts Pwgram ill New York.

Page 56 Fall 1970

Page 57 Dated 1971. I called this piece "Blue Ria lto " ,t fter th e brand name o f the innc rluiJes
I made it from. " Blue Rialto" produces mos t satisfy ing bea tings and differen ce tones.
The pipes arc fi ve inches in diamet.er, arc 8 and 12 feet long and the 8-fool pipe is
hal f·sto pped . " Blu e Rial to" was firs t s hown at Hofs tra Un ivers it y's E mily Lowe
Gallery in 197 1, crron cously albcit pla yfull y titled " Bobb y. ,.

66
»

Page 58 Dated 1971. A drawing of hanging pieces in anticipation of the Wah Wah at Corne ll 's
Sible y Dome.

Page 59 April 19 71. Photos, David Jacobs, Jr. Listeners at Sibley Dome. During the day all
pi eces were operating at a constan t gently beating low vo lume. From 4-6 p.m. on
each of three days a crowd gathered for a " con cert performance."

Page 60 Photos, David J acobs. Sib ley Dome, Cornell.

Page 60 Student musician playing with Wah Wahs.

Page 60 Robert Moog at the "console" of the Wah Wah.

Page 60 Young people responding physica lly to an inflated Wah Wah.

Pages 6 1-62 February 1972. Photos, Todd Greenaway. Wah Wahs at the Vancou ver Art Gallery

67
•

68 .
RClllho 1(I Pil'l)Cr 'I
I' ar.,
.
-
REINHOLD PIEPER MARXHAUSEN
Born 192 2 in Vergas, Minnesota. Studied at
various art schoo ls, institutes, and universities
thro ugho ut the mid-western United States.
Received M.F .A. degree J 962 from Mills
Co ll ege , Oakland , Cal ifornia. Has exhibited
widel y sin ce the early 1940's, and is the
author of man y articles on art and re lated
subjects. Currently Chairman of the Art De-

Variations on the Theme partment, Concordia Teachers' College,

Seward, Nebraska.

for Listening to Door Knobs

MILK FOR MELODI ES

Child hood in pra irie country \Vas a delightful ex perience. T he open spaces , the parsonage with
eight childre n . three cows. pigs, dogs. cats , large garden, an d so much silence o ne could hear the grass
grow.

Herding cows along co untry roads after sch oo l, gave me the time and opportunity to amass the largest
co llection of agates and fo ur, five, six, and seven leaf clovers.

Music was part of worship. So music could o fte n be heard coming from the parsonage p iano. It was
either the church hymns li ke " Rock of Ages" played b y the mother. or the rigid sou nds of scales be ing
practiced by t he children taking piano lesso ns.

Saturday was p iano lesson day whic h meant walking for two miles one way up the country road
carrying the music and a pail o f fTesh mil k w hich would be exchanged for the lesson s.

The sou nds o f the scales sounded st iff n ext to the sou nds I could hear on the walk back home.

The beautif ul hum I co uld hear by (Jutting m y ear to the telephone po les stimulated visio ns of peop le
talking to each other fr om Minn eapolis to Chin a.

69
 -':':..:.> -.

70 Marxhausen
 •

Marxh ausen 71
 80'ITLED MUSIC

1)laying the scales o n th e piano in the country ca n be boring. Hearing so meone pla y som e whiskey
boUles on an amateur ho ur on lh e radio one even ing was sli mulal ing. Whiskey bou les co uld easil y
be found alo ng any countr y road while h erding cows. So I gathered up as man y as I co uld without
my father knowing it. Testing was done while fath er was gone visiting the members of his parish.

Tuning is easy. Begin wit h " bottle. Hit the side with a sli ck and check to sec whal note it is. By
adding water, the 110te goes lower. Add o r subtract wa ler until yo u get the note you wa nt. A whole
sca le can be do ne with the sa me size boUle. Flat bottl es arc better than round olles and nat ro unded
" hip bottles" have th e best tone o f all.

How do you a pproach a minister fath cr with an instrumcnt madc of whiskcy bottlcs? By first prac-
ticing a lot. In thc corncr of thc garagc cnough practicc wcnt on so that th c rirst cnco unt er b ctwec n
fath er, son , and whiskcy bo llles would rcceivc a favorable resl)onsc ... cvcn if the tUlle was "T winkle
Twinkle Little Star."

From the low, water-fi lled quart whiskcy bo ttles, up to the small mcdi cine bottles, four octaves lire
casilyattained. Thc quality o f the notes is determincd b y the sizc of thc bo ttle and t he amount of
w-oltcr in it

Build a woodcn frame a little taller than eye level. Put screw eyes in thc wood. Suspcnd the bottles
with string from thc screw eyes. Arrange thc no tes like a piano. Naturals lower and in thc back row.
and sh arps and n ats in front of and a lit tl e higher. A stri ng in back of cach row wi ll keep the bot tics
in placc and prevent thcm fro m sw inging or turning. Mallets arc easy to make of wood and felt or
rubber.

The bott lcs cou ld merel y be plaecd on a tab le and played that way. but thc tonc is so muc h better
when s uspended.

Touring Minncsota as a teen ager and performing for any a nd all groups was a free expe rien ce e\'e n
if thc tuncs were "Bells of Mary" an d "Beer Il arrcl Polk.I."

Thcn I learned to play the carpenter saw.

C MELODY SOUND

Music instructo rs and band directors tend to have strong feel ings abo ut which instruments arc to be
mo re acceptable than others. As a freshman in Lewistown High , I bought a C Melo d y Sax from the
band director. I p layed it in his band .

The nex t )'ear I transferred to Austin High. The first day in band I as ked the directo r where I shou ld
sit with my C Melo d y Sax.

72
 ..

.
Reinho ld Pieper Marxh

73
 Marxhauscn
74
"Your w hat?" he raged in utter di sbelieL

When we were a ll seated he managed to embarr,LSS me in fro nt o f the who le gro up b y say ing, "Some
idiot sold this yo ung mUll a C Melody Sax and he should be hung at sunrise." He went on and o n a nd
I felt bad.

I felt worse in th e months t hat fo llowed . T h e director allowed me to sit wit h the regular sax peop le ...
but there was little C Melody shee t music so I had to usc O boe, Bassoon, E nat A lto, tenor o r what ever
music was le ft over.

I learned to trans pose music, but mostl y I learned to pla y b y ear.

IT'S ONLY A SAW

The Khatchaturian piano co nce rto calls for 32 measures of n exe to n solo. When the Lincoln Nebraska
sympho ny selected to perform this, there was a search for a mu ch needed saw p layer. Sin ce compet i·
tion is not that keen in Nebraska, I was s uggested and passed the audition.

A violinist played my part and recorded it o n casse tte tape. By playing the ta pe over and over again
in my basement, whi le looking a t th e sheet music , I co uld memorize t he parI. Here a nd there I would
put a pe nci l mark on the ed ge of the saw b lade to give m e some indi catio n o f where some notes were.

Saws have differen t sizes, s hapes , num ber of teeth . Thickness of metal , ki nd of m etal, and width of
blade all make a di fference in to nc. The blade I usc has been worn d own by much cutting and filin g.
The wooden handl e hardly exists and it was bought at a Nebraska aucti on sale for J 0 cent.s. The s t u·
dents used it for clltting plaster o f I)ar is before I discovered its beautiful. rich, so und q uali ty.

The d ircctor had a hard time heari ng me play. When he asked t he fir st violinis t whc ther he co uld hear
it, he replied that he co uld hear it bu t he doesn't believe it.

Think of all the money spent on buying a violin, t he funds eXI)ended for all the lessons and countless
ho urs spent to be able to play it well . And then finally to he ab le to p lay in the symphony.

The elderl y woman in t he vio lin section silting nex t to me Illid a n express io n of stony resis tan ce and
d isbe lief at the fir st day of practi ce. She looked at lIle and a lm ost cried as s he quiet ly and sadl y said,
" It 's, it's only asaw."

I did n o t reply. " You o nl y have a violin."

75
 ONE DAY WHILE LI STEN ING TO A DOOR KNOB

T he sculpture studio had o nl y o ne ()enon , besides me, working in it. My plans were to cons truct a
piece o f sculpture with s un, m oon , and slars as meta l eleme nts. The work was begun by welding wires
to a round metal object. At th is point a strange curiosity overtook me. When the o ther person was
not looking, I placed t he o bject to my cars and stru mmed the wires. Wow !

T he ye t unheard of, unearthly, indescribably beautiful and haunting sounds came fro m the ho llow
chambers o f a door knob. Inti mate sounds o nl y heard by the p layer. Sounds t hat have made a nun
dan ce , o ld people laugh, and everyone smi le.

Back to the studi o. Weld morc wires on anot her knob. J oi n the two together by a steel ba nd. Stereo!

The object looked menacing and dangerous. The potential listener is afraid and expects the worsl.
Instead, the resulting sound is o ne o f the most pleasing exp ericnces onc ca n have. All o utsidc sounds
arc eliminated . No wasted vibrations for cars that don't listen. Th e partic ipati o n in this object is a
kind o f curios ity fulfilment. The p lanned sculpture never became a realit y. Because I fou nd some·
thing much more intcrcstin g.

When you can listen to a d oor knob, yo u arc frce.

PICKETY WICKETY CLICKITY CLACK

A picket fence docs n ot h ave to look even . It can be uneven just as well. When it is uneven, the
sound will be more intercsting when the neighborhood boy comes by wit h his stick to drag a long
the staves.

Long sticks make low notcs. Short sticks makc high notes.

Cut the sticks and tunc t he m . Arrange t hem so a recognizable tunc can be p layed.

Let the boy and the neighborhood discover that thc fence has a tunc.

Let the Neighborhood discover wh y th e fence looks so uneven.

Change the tune each year.

Make a wooden fence in a circle . Tunc the in tcrchangeable stic ks so you can playa ro und . Three
children running around and clacking the fence a t the sa me speed can play the ro und .

76
RAIN DROPS

The rain water runs down th e shingles on the stud io roof. It nows over the rough wood surfaces and
so metimes it runs in the grOO\'CS between . Sudde nl y there is the roo f edge and the long drol} down -
to the studio decking. The sound of t he drop on the wooden noor is vcry soft and can hardly be heard.

One day a tin can got in the \ V"dY of a drop and the so und was loud and delightful.

1\lany cans of various sizes were placed along the Too rlin e so t hat the drops wou ld hit the can bottoms.
Wow.

Some drops came down fast and some slowl)', Different cans, different so unds, different speed and
beat. On a good rainy day 30 cans in a row ca n rcally make a neighborhood sound . As the rain slows
down the beat changes. !\'Iakc a rainy day worth listening to. Card board boxes or other maleria ls
would havc a different quality of sound . Com binc different materials.

Keep extra cans and boxes aro und in case it rains. If you do not have a roof to ca ll your ow n, set up
a piece of cardboard or plywood o n a slant !lcar your house and catch th e drops as they rUIl o rr the
edge.
Make a rainy d ay worth listenin g 10.

DEUG IIT

Breaking the sound barrier is as important as breaking the sigh t barricr. Thc so unds wc accept arc as
stcreotyped as thc sights wc ca ll beautiful (prctty). Maybe thc word delightful can better describe the
response that is needed in order to have a signifi cant relatio nship to sight an d so und,

Delight should be man's response to art as it pops up unexpectedly herc and there in our ...
as man creates it o r as it is found in nature. One ne\'er understands art o r art fo rms and respondmg
comcs only whcn we arc full y awa ke and ali\'c,

Delight is satisfying, immcdi ate, bettcr than cule.

Dclight is fillcd with joy, sponta neous, accidental.
Delight is irrational, irrcvcr:t.nt.
Delight is to expect thc unexpected,
Delight is a gigglc unexplained ,

Dc light ncvcr happens whcn you know too much.

Thc sounds we will accept arc almost as stercotyped as the sights wc will beh o ld. In the arts , an y
kind of cliti sm prevcnts man from responding as a human bcing rather than as a cultured pcrson.

77
 BOn-LED Bln-rERFLI ES

He who binds himself a joy

Docs its winged life des troy.
He who kisses ajay as it nies
Lives in e ternity's sunrise.
William Blake

The little boy's two hands were closed tight ly. T he)' held somet hing valuable . He said he had some
butterflies. What good arc butterflies when t hey arc in a fis t?

Do you rc;all y ha\"c butterflies in t here? He nodded ... and asked for ajar.

Bul bUllcrfl ics need the su n and the fl owers and t he fresh air an d the sunsh ine. " a nd I don't believe
you have butterflies in your fis ts. A Irick.

The litt le face looked up with an expression that would d ispel d isbe lief. Grudgin gly t he t wo fists
slowl y opened. Un believab le! Seven bea l lip bu ttc rnics fl opped abou t the fresh air li ke shee ts o f
pl ywood in a hurricane . How d ocs a small boy cap t ure and co ntain seven bu tter fli es in his fi sts?
T he same way adu lts rill t he ir li ves wit h things t hat will look good o n t he m an t le.

78
Marx hauscn 79
CHARLES MATTOX
,

Born 1910 in 8ro nson, Kansas, studied with

Arshile Gorky and worked wit h David Smith
in the thirties. Special effects man in the film
,- industry, California, in the forties. Several
one·man shows and group exhibitio ns in bot h
_ ......."a_ North America and Europe. Curren tly Pro-
fe ssor of Art at the Univers ity of New !\lcxico.
80
a

The Evolution of My Audio-Kinetic Sculptures *

DISCUSSION OF MY SCULl'ruRES

Building sculpture wit h those considerations in mind, we are faced some of the same problems
that are a part o f a mach ine culture. Sculp ture designed to move or be moved with motors and elec-
troni c parts h as a s ho rt life span as co mpared to traditional sculptu re. I feci this is as it should he, and
I am willing to accept th e fact th at my wor ks will have to be serviced, refinished and finall y be
.

T hi s docs not mean that the pieces are not well-bu ilt and finish ed with great care. All the large CornlS
arc fiberglass cove red and fini shed with eight to twelve coats of automotive lacquer. The metal parts,
wherever possible, are machine-finished or chrome-plated. I tlsually lI SC primary co lors and have found
man y standard auto motive colo rs that suit my needs. For exte rior pi eces, I have been using e ither
epo xy, which is very diffi cult to handl e, o r vin y l floor fini sh , which stands up we ll but docs n ot have a
wide range of co lors.

Several years ago I made a series o f pi eces that wc re non-mae hinelike in their effect, in spite of t he use
of mo tors and magnets, highl y fini shed s urfaces and geo me tri c shapes. 'Act o f Love' was one o f the
first of the se . Figure I sh ows one of the drawin gs from which the sculpture was constructed. A small
red ba ll detaches itsclf from the parent ball and moves toward an 'erogenous zone' on the neighboring
b all. It erawls around the zone for a w hile and then returns. The metal parts are stainless steel, pol-
ished and machine-finished. Act ivated b y t he top motor in the large sphere through a cam an d spring
arrangeme nt, the lower moto r is made to move through 1Ul arc. Thi s action causes the nexib le plastic
tube on the lower mo tor to extend and re tract through a hole. This tube has a small red ball at its ex-
tremity. The tube is acti vated by closing the mercury swi tch on t he lower motor. Thi s switch also
activates an electric ma1:,'11 et in the s maller sp here which attracts the turning ball issuing from the large
sphere. T he mo to r is slow (4 minutes for a co mplete eycle). The effect is very erotic and h as a great
deal of rando mness in it. The piece is bui lt o f p lastic and stain less steel. The two s ph eres arc blac k auto·
motive lacquer and all the m etal surfaces arc machill(' fini s hed. The small red ba ll is the o nly spot of
co lor.

A sim ilar machine is the ' Blue Seven', 32x 18x I 5 in. m size. It consists of an upright figure t hat looks
like the numera l seve n . It sits at o ne end of a red platform and very slowly begins to tilt toward a
large black sphere si tting on the other end of the platform. When the seve n almos t to uches t he ball ,
the ball jumps and buzzes , whereupon the seven s hape re treats to its former position and sto p s.

*Excerpted from Leonardo, 2, Autum n 1969. 81

 Roo",. ' 0 po,nl of IClnQtnt

\
.... On eqUllote,al
,

Neop'lnt 'ube

8oll ·I,OtI-co,.

Elec"o moQM!
\
\

,
\
-1-
,,
,
;</\ \
"
--'

'. " \

Figure I Figure 2

82
«
Blue Seven
painted fibregla.u (motori::ed)
22x31:d4 illches

83
$
•

•
 Another of this group is a piece called 'The Fuzz is Your Friend ', built in 1967. A large ball covered
with black monkey fur is suspended in s pace o n a hexago nal table by three springs. The table is 39 in .
high and the ball 24 in . in d iameter. The ball has a motor and ecce ntric insidc and ge ts current through
two o f the s prings. When a foot switch is stepped o n, the ball begi ns to jump up ,md down rather slug-
gishly. The moving fur has erotic overt ones. People usuall y react stro ngly to the piece; some arc
frighten cd w hercas so me see m to enjoy to u ching it (cf. pagc 84).

Mathcmati cal configurations have becn the stimulus for thc shape and movemcnt o f m .my of my rccent
pieces I)articulari y t he pieces that in corporate sound . Franz Reul eu x, a nincteenth-century mathcma-
tician wrote on the subject of man and machines in three-dimcl1.s io nal space, and discovered the parti-
cular set of geo mctric fi gures that arc const ant diametcr shal)es !> (c f. Fig. 2). Thcy can be drawn fro m
any regular o r irregular o dd·s ided po lygon and lhey move ill a nOll-circu lar c urvc of constant diameter
en abling them to rotate , oscillate or turn over 011 them selves whilc main taining the ir balancc.

'Thcremin ' is an electronic instrument that changes tone and volum c by body capacitance. Moving your
hand near the right· hand c hrome tube 0 11 top of the piece, t he tone (o r pitch) bccomes highc r, and
moving the other hand ncar t he left· hand tube ch anges the vo lume. Thus, the viewer produ ces elec-
tronic music. The ccnter rods pla y sounds when the piecc is rocked and can be used alon e or in
conjun ction with t he t herem in (cf. page 85).

REFERENCES:

I. L. Mumford, 'Art and Technics', New York: Colu m bia University Press, 1952, p.1 39 .
2. E. Mundt , Review, 'ArtfoTUI1l', 2, .12 (April 1963).
3. C. Mattox, 'Sculpture in the Six ties ', stateme nt in exhib ition cil tal ogu e
(Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Mu se um , 1969.)
4. C. Mattox , Notes on New Wo rks, 'Art forum ' 4, fit (Feb. 1966).
5. J. Langsner, Kinetics in Los Angeles, ' Art in America' 55, 108 ( 1968).

86
po

PART II

A Note
This section presents material from four disti nguished senior artists who hail from very di verse, mu lti·
disciplinary bac kgro unds.

T he contributions by Harry Partch and Lo u Harrison cover over-all views a nd attitudes importa nt to
the life stance o f both the sound sculptor and the artist at large. Gyorgy Kcpcs o utlines the history of
one of the mos t im portant fa ce ts in vo lved in t he creation of sound sculpture: t he laws of proportion.
R. Murray Schafer eXl)lo res the aven ues of m etamorphos is between t he acoustic and visua l eve nt , fro m
its beginnings in classical music to the present as a lllulti·artform .

87
Harry Partch, conceived in C hina, was born
in Califo rnia in 190 I and died there in 1974.
Partch o nce whim sicall y cited as basic
influences o n his c reat ive o utput: " public
libraries, Ya<lui lndi ans, Chinese lull abies.
Hebrew chants fo r the dead , C hristian
hymns, Congo pubert y rites, Chinese
mu sic halls in San Fran cisco, lumber
yards,jun k shops, and ' Bo ri s Godunov'.

/l orry Pu rld, will, I,is

'C ollnl Tn'l' , a/ld ·COtlC Go/lgs ·.

BB
HARRY PARTCH
Harry Partch is the man who first used the combin ed three phrases: magical sounds; visual form and
beauty; and expe ri enced ritual , as describing the core genesis o f his art.

Here is an essay, long out of print, which Partch wrote in 1952, preceded by a brief excerpt from a
dissertation made on audio tape by Partch in 1967 o n ' Mono pho ni c Just Intonation.'

His action, wisd om and work during the p ast fifty years has con tinued to in fluence the work of artists
o f every generation the world over. He is viewed b y man y of t hese artists as the foundin g fa ther o f
Sound/ Sculpture. among other things.

"Meaningfuln ess must h ave roots. It is not eno ugh to feci t hat one's roots ex tend back on ly a decade
or a cen tury. It is my strong be lief that the human race has known and abandoned magical sounds,
visual beauty, and experie nce-ritual more meanin gfu l than those n ow current. I must therefore declin e
to limit t he dimensions of m y rat her intense be liefs by t he modernl y speciali zed word : music. I believe
devoutly that t hi s specialit y must become less speciali zed for the sake o f its own survival.

"T he experient ial, ritualistic, dramatic area has co nstituted a vcry large part of m y belief and work. And
as for imaginative and scu lptural forms o f instruments I have eas il y give n as much tim e to this endeavour
as to intonation ....

" .... It is either very easy or very difficu lt to recline alongs ide d ogma with serenity. I have see n
through m ost of my life how lonely and contemp lative investigation of musicaJ, hum an materials is
discouraged b y dogma. The d oors t hat are closed because of ed uca tio n are the saddes t doors th at human-
ity never walked through. And t here is at leas t the q uestion whether the world has already kno"ro and
lo ng ago abandoned both habits of education and usages superior to those we currently adhere to.

"Now that we have suffered the present dogmas in the West for about 300 years, who would want to
exchange t hem for a different set o f rigid stipulati on s? I wouldn ' t. Respo nsible freedom, it seems to me,
is the dissideratum .

"The wi dely revered master-disciple concept represents, on both sides, too easy an escape into the limbo
of no responsibility. I have said th at if an yone calls himse lf a pupil o f mine, 1 will hapl)ily strangle him .
But this is simply an expression of an attitude , and amazingly, in the deeper meaning, it is an expression
o f hope."

89
 No Barriers

Once in a while it would seem desirable, between all the speciali zed stimuli - of music in co ncerts , o f
the verbal in plays, of th e dynamically visual in ballet - to find all these apparent d es ires and responses
in a single work o f art. A work that would not exclude an y area of respon se - visual, aural , verbal -
in any combination , in order to engage the whole person, either as perfonncr or as observer. E xperience
docs no t exclude , because the eye, the car, the bo d y, and the mind register, react, s tore away, and there·
forc evolve, consciously or otherwise. The mind does not put its reactions into little loc ked rooms to
be ope ned laborious ly , one at a time. Under appropriate stimulus they unlock wi.thout conscious effort,
instantly and simultan eo usly.

If understanding is a \'aluable personal asse t it is desirable fo r each participant in such a work to be

aware of the total potential of an y human in volvem ent. The musician as dancer, the dancer as ditch·
digger, the ditch-digger as physicist, the p hysicist as hobo, the hobo as messiah , the m essiah as criminaJ,
or any other conceivable metamorphosis. Perhaps suc h a state ment seems irrelevant to the idea o f a
work of art , yet I do not think so.

Without understanding of human experie nce there is nothing. No interpretation , therefore no communi-
cation. No at-oneness , therefore no universality. We may work, as artists and creators, toward origin al-
ity and individuality. Yet we must know that this is not a goal, that it must si mpl y be inevitable and
incidental, because - in a true bio logic se nse - each of us is an original and individual being. Death
alo ne , however we may interpret it, is evide nce enough. For an artist to be different, with fo rethought,
is to be as my playwright friend Wilford Leach has written, "just p lain perverse (whi ch is often the case),
dealing in nonsense (whi ch is often the case), either playing a big joke o n his audien ces or an even bigger
joke on him se lf (which is generally the case)."

The inspiring.exasperating and life-giving life-destroying purpose o f the creative artist or interpre ter is
the attainment of understanding that sires co mmunicatio n. Discovered books may help, and frequently
do: teachers a15o, though seldom; the roo m crac kling with witty conversation - h owever enjoyable _
alm ost n ever. Experie nce, experience, experience, and after that som e lonely walks aJong the railroad
tracks or a thousand other places, to make experience meaningful - these are all-imparting.

90
Some philosophy, however pcrsonal, howcver put down , must - in my humble opinion - "alidate an y
statement regarding the actualmcchani cs of communication from the stage or any place else but , here
again o ne can only point. The creator clcars as he goes, hc evolves his own techniques, devises his own
tools, destroys where he must. If he wants a whole-experience reaction from hi s audience he em ploys
or stipulates every possible sti mulus at his comm and, singly or simultaneously; including music of any
imaginable bastardy; dance and drama in any historical or anti-historical fonn, noise, light, shadow, sub-
stan ce, or perhaps only the semblance of substan ce, and sounds fr om the mouth that communicate only
as emotion.

The audience need not worry him too much. The separate ways in whi ch peopl e have been conditioned,
with one attitude at a symphony, an other at a play, still others - se parate and distinct - at night clubs
and hash houses with juke boxcs, jam sessions , and community sin gs, are only skin deep. Touch the
total experience, which does have an underl ying total affinity and the conditioned attitude evaporates,
though perhaps o nly for a moment.

That there is , in tota l experience, a dee p and abiding tie with peoples removed both in time and space,
seems to me be yond argument. In this regard music a lo ne, o f the cle ments that we ordinarily call cul-
ture, has all but been ignored by the Western world. Co nsider the ancicnt cultures o f the Orient , where
the synthes is mentioned is more or less constant practice_ We specialize here, too; we study, separately,
Oriental languages, literature, art, even da nce. We call in lecturers and teachers nath'e to these subjects.
Do we have the m in music? We do not. We confine our instruments and our repertoire to a few hundred
years of Western Europe, and when we do have an Oriental instrument it becomes an idly twanged
'object o f art,' or when we arc intrigued by an Oriental me lody we bring it home to crucify it : " for
violin and piano."

This is a small example, and says nothing o f our European-concei,.ed instruments, which we largely
ignore. It becomes particularl y evident when we peruse any student reci tal program - Suite for Violi n
and Piano, Sonata for Pi ano, Variations for Violin and Pi ano, Etude for Two Pianos - that there is a
wealth of instruments of whi ch Audiences, teachers and students are largel y unaware .

To a disinterested observer we must seem to be on a conducted tour o f a one way street, a nxious ly
pic king up academic credits on the way, and coming fin a lly to the end, signed DEGREE, after which
there are only two choices (because the idea of imagination has aLready been pretty well squelched!);
conduct others over the same route, or (God forbid !) SlOp.

I think of the little Negro boys of New Orleans street corners (their "instruments" might be frowned
on by our serious musicians) , who play washboards, tubs, tincans, anything that intrigues thetr aural
imaginations, and who dance and make sounds from their mouths and grimacing wrinkles on their faces.
I feel we cannot ignore this basic impulse.

91
lOU HARRISON The following acc excerpts [Tom a booklet by
the noted composer, poet and painte r Lou
Harrison, whi ch contains a diversity of usefu l
information. The booklet itself is hand
calligraphcd t hroughout. Here are five brief
items excrpted from it w hich serve to com-
plement Will iam Colvig's essay o n page 163.

Excerpts from'Lou Harrison's Music Primer' *

JUST INTONATION IS THE BEST INTONATION

The ra tios I : 1,2: 1,3:2,4:3,5:4,6:5 and on to infinity are analogs of actual events , i.e., A, 440 v.p.s.
is to A, 220 v.p.s. (an "octave") as 2 is to I ; therefore 2: I correctly represents an "octave," 3:2
coreetl y represents a trued "fifth," 5:4 a trued "major third," etc. To learn to Lune and recognize
intervals you had best go to a country, quiet place for a whi le. When your cars have recovered their
powers and arc usabl e again, begin to tunc the simplest ratios on some suitable instrument. Gradua lly
add the higher intervals to your knowledge, and various in versions as these may appear in modes or
o ther fo rm ations. Each new prime number is a new adventure. I m yself would like to be ab le to
comm and all intervals through prime 13, but at presen t have only mastered those through prime 7.
Beautiful modes arc available fro m the an cien t world, too, which one may tunc up exactly as they
sounded before. I teamed most of t his from Harr y Partch. liis book "Ge nesis of a JH usic" is immensely
info rmative. T he p oet Herrick has sa id, "so melt me with thy sweet numbers." These are the numbers.

FROM THE LATIN, "SURD" = "DEAF"

In modem math ematics the term Surd refers to a ratio in which the term s will not "come o ut " even:

3.999 etc.
3
The intervals of equal temperament are Surds. Our word "abs urd " carri es the suggestion "from deaf-
n ess."

92 * (C.F. Peter's Edition. New York)

SIM ULTAN EOUS VA RIAT ION

Simulta neo us variatio n is, by far, the worldwide serio us for m of ensem ble music. This is bas icall y
Octava l coun terpoi n t. In Iran it takes the form o f a very tigh t can o n (genera lly at o ne pul se distan ce )
and is in te nsely ornamented . Such a style also occurs in India. In J apan a kind of Rubato Cano n is
charming, in whi ch o ne voice may be momentaril y e it her ahead or be hin d t he original - the rh ythm
is n o t exactl y imitated . In n on-cano ni c for m , Eas t Asian o rches tral music is very rich in Simultaneous
Variati on. T he "old st y le" gamclan music o f Java and Bali, the o rchestral works of Chin a, Korea, J apan ,
and o t hers , are entirely fascinating and alluring in the in ventio n and expression o f th eir vario us parts,
and too, in the power o f t heir general sound . T his is a beau tiful kind o f music. ( I re fer o f course to the
et hnic musics, and no t to t he p resently popular International Go t hic idi o m whi ch is "western" in origin.)

MAKING AN INSTR UMENT

I\bking an in strument is o ne of m usic's greatest joys. Indeed , to m ake an instrument is in some stro ng
sen se to summo n the future. It is, as Robert Duncan has said o f co mpos ing, "A volition . To seize fro m
the air its form s." Alm ost no pleasure is to be compared ,\li th t he first lo nes, tests and perfectio ns of
an instrume nt one has just m ade . Nor arc all instruments invented and over with , so to spea k. The
world is rich \\lith mo dels - but innum erable for ms, ton es and powers await their summons from the
mind and hand. Make an instrum en t - you will learn mo re in this way t han you can imagine.

THREE TRO UBLED ATrEMPTS TO EXPLAIN ABOUT MONEY AND COMPOSE R

Three troubled a tte mp ts to expl ain abo ut Mon ey and Composer. I ) As o ne American fo undation re·
port expressed the matter, the co mposer himse lf subsidi zes the art of music. It is onl y comm on sense
then for the composer to find o ut for him self exactl y how much he can afford . For m yself, I prefer to
own most o f t he instrumen ts for which I write (and to be able to play mos t o f them) and I regard own-
ing a press or a bluep ri nting apparatus as essential ; preferabl y bo th . I more and more believe that o ne's
private support and activit y should be t he real as pect a nd limits of a composer's life - conceived as a
compound of Harry Partch and Arno ld Do lmetsch perhaps, along wi th William Bla ke and possibly
William Morris (if o ne has a little mo ney o f hi s own ). The p ath to silliness no wadays is to allo w one's
self to become indebted to a sill y society - do no t do it. Find o u t what you yourself can and ,\lill
afford - do onl y th at. 2) If you reall y have to be a com poser and are attracti ve and uninhibited , then
try to get yourself " ke pt " - whether by woman or man . T his might be easier than undertaking a whole
second career in orde r to be abl e to afford composing, an d you might get a little res torative affection
as we ll. 3) The Public is some thing o f a Mon ster. By duly constituted laws it appropriates a composers
works - all o f which it claims fo r " Pub lic Do main ." It loans to t he creator o f thi s wealth , for a brie f
perio d , a few little rights ove r his works. By copy righ ting h is wor k the composer accedes to the pre-
sumptive arrangement. (Is th is somewh at of wh y Ch arles Ives refused to copyright his?) We must then
ge t o ur life m eans by o ther me thods - ei ther fro m by-pro ducts like teaching, cop ying, arranging, etc., -
or by completely o ther means. Here the public is only parasiti c in demanding taxes - it does not take
the entire thing-as it do es in the primary malter. If the p ublic deem s our works sufficiently " aluable
to go to the tro uble to clai m them by laws, t hen why does it not " Keep" u s, or recompen se us in th e
mann er indicated ?? Instead it see ms to fancy t hat our greatest desire , e"en Need , is to Please it!
93
GYORGY KEPES
Born 1906 in Sdyp. 1-lungoITY. 1930-3 6
work(,'d ill Berlin and London on film , s tagc, and
ex hibi tion design. In 1937 c:un e to the United
States to head the Light ,md Color Department
Inst itute o f Design. Chicago. Si nce 1946 Pro-
fessor of Visu al Design . M.I.T . Prese ntl y
di rector o f M.l.T . 's Center for Advanced
Visual Studies. Works arc in the co llec tions
o f man y major America n muse ums.
Of 1\I.I.T .'s Center for A(h 'anccd Visual
Studies , Kcpcs has said : " It is a research
cen ter, or more correctly a 'search ' ccnter,
for new crcati\'c o bjectives, new formats in
art. The aims o f the Cen ter arc threefold .
First, to inves tiga te the poss ibilit ies o f crc-
ative work o n a civic scale that could give
new artis ti c dimensions to o ur urban cnvi-
ronment, and thus rcvitalize civic awaren ess
to cnvironmental values. Second, to develop
particip atory artforms; spectacles. eve nts
and pagean try t hat mi ght bring a new scnse
o f co mmunity to isolated ill dividuallives.
Third , to leam to ut ili ze new tcdmiques o f
communications mcdia to dc"elop ollr sensi-
bilities as wel l as o ur con sciOll sness of o ur
presc nt ccolobri cai and socia l si tuati on ."
Kepes discovered a descriptio n of gol S names
modulated by music in ;ut 18th ccn t ury book
o n o pera. For sevcra l years he wor ked toward
the development of a work of art based 0 11
this principle . Paul Earls co mposed t he music
for t his piece, " F lamc Orchard ." For furth er
Gyorgy Kep cs commcnt, see the section o n Earls.
94

..
From the New Landscape in Art &Science
The poetic imagination of the ancients sough t h armony in opposites, anticipati ng some of t h e advanced
scie ntific thought o f o ur time ... how we ll they worked depended upo n a ratio. Pythagoras, like
Heraclitus, felt a hidden measure in t he flu ctuation of opposites, a measure whi ch underlay the Cosm os,
as he named the well-ordered universe. T hi s measure was a numerical proportio n, a mystic key to a ll
harmonies.

To t he Pythagoreans t he who le heaven was a numeri cal scale. T he d ecimal ratio they discovered in the
intervals between t he known planets was used for t he in lc n 'aJs o f the Greek musical scale, a correspo nd -
en ce in spiring reverence and awe. T he analogue es tablished became the springboard for an immense
speculative leap: he re. they fclt, was a revelation o f a primordial , predestined bond - " the music of
the spheres" - uniting the en tire cos mos into a fundam enta l mathematical o rder. The number 10, sum-
ming up a ll n umbers, was exe mplified b y the the mystical emblem of the Pythagorean Schoo l, the ten-
pointed magie pentagram.

To us, the pentagram is the familiar " fj,re-poin ted" star form ed by the extensio n o f the regular penta-
gon 's sides o r by the endless line which jo ins alternate angles. The pentago n was manipulated in t hree
dimensions to form the twe hre-faced dodecahedron , t he regu lar solid o f which every face is a pentagon.
The four previo usl y discovered regular solids - the fo ur-sided pyramid or tetrahedro n, the six-sided
cube, the eight-sided octahedron, the twenty-sided icosahedro n - were looked upon as exemplifications
o f the four clements of t he ph ysical world , earth, air, fire, water. Now t he fift h of the regular solids or
" Platonic bodies," the dodecahedron , became t he exe mplification o f the universe itself. If t he dodeca·
hedro n was the un iverse, the pentago n was its basic unit.

In t he geometry o f the pentagon, t he line segments o f inscribed and circum scribed pentagram s and
pentagons, progressing from smaller to larger, form a mathematical series related to the Fibo nacci series.
In any two successive term s of t hi s series , the ra lio be tween the sum o f the two and the larger term is
identical with the ratio betwee n the larger term and the smaller. Articulated into t riangles, rho mbi and
other shapes, t he pentagon produces this same ratio time after time. The ratio is an irrational constant ,
0.6 18 ... , the divine proportion , as Luca Pacio li cal led it, o r, as his fri end Leo nardo do Vinci later
named it, the "go lden section." •

The golden section joined the pentagon and dodecahedron as fundam en tal exp ress io ns of a unitary
universe, and was equall y revered by the Greeks. It was the bas ic proport ion echoed and re-
echoed fro m the smallest things to the largest, harmo nized all with a ll. The Gree k temple, focal point
of the commo n life o f men and the gods, was laid out in accordance with the golden section. Its artic-
ulate structure constituted a rh ythmic progression of numerical terms, fro m individual orn amental
units thro ugh the main divisions of substructure, co lumns and superstructure to the building as a
95
 whole. The common measure ultimatel y linked the heavens with man and all his work, together in the
univcrsa l harm ony of the " music of lhe spheres." The sculptor Polyclitus' statue the 'Dor ypho ros' was
an illustration of his treatise o n measurc - the proportion of finger to hand , hand to arm, arm to the
body masses, and each of these to the statue as a whole, created at evcry step a new unity extcnding,
likt': t he Greek temple, to the outermost circle of heaven.

For twenty-five centuries, the decimaJ magic of the Pythagoreans has fired the im aginatio n o f artis ts
and scientists. Poet after poet has found inspiration in the concept of the music of the spheres. The
medieval concepts o f macrocosm-microcosm and of the hicrarch y o f spiritual levels from God to brule
with man _ "neither beast no r angel" - at the centre, stemm ed fro m th e Py thago rean roots of Neo-
platonism, which had passed into Christian thought through the work of St. Augustine. It was with
thc magic pentagram that Fausl foiled Mephistopheles. Kepler inscribed and circumscribed thc five
Plato ni c bodies with th e spheres of the plane ts to create his model of t he great plan of the universe.
Artist after artist - Vilruvius, Gothic master builders, Luca Pacioli, A lberti , Leonardo, Durer, Piero della
Francesca, Serlio, Palladio, Vignola - has sought in the go lden section no t onl y an infallible key to the
creation of beauty but, also, a fundam ental expressio n o f nature 's universal harm o ny. " Proportion,"
Leonardo wrote, " is found not only in numbers and measures, but also in so unds, weights. times and
places ; and in evcry line." Even in our day, elaborate structures of est hetic theo ry based o n th e go ldcn
section have won wides pread acceptancc.

If, now, we find the golden proportion inadequa te as the common denominator of nature's harm o ny,
we may recognize the validity o f the process o f thought out o f which the idea emerged . Inherent in
the relation between any two opposing aspects of morphological phenome na there is a third new aspect:
" But two things cannot be held together ,";t hout a bond whi eh most complete ly fus es into o ne of the
things bound . Proportio n is bcst adapted to such fusion ," Plato said in hi s 'Tim aeus.' The basis o f pro-
portion varies in accordance with the world-view and the intellectual equipment of each societ y. It
shifts from the whole-number interva ls of the Greek musical scale to relations d erived from such geo-
metrical figures as regular polygons ; the latter include propo rti o ns which arc incom mensurable, and
can only be exprC!ised in irrational numbers. The comm on ratio was sometimes found in the part-whole
relations o f a static structure, like a temple o r co lumn , at other times in the mathemati cal relat ions of
the dy namics of growth, as in the log-Mithmic spiral whi ch describes the growth of snail shclls. The
understanding of proportion was sometimes limited to a narrow aspect. At other times , the following
de finition b y Yitruvius, it co uld enco mpass many levels. "Symmetry resides in lhe correlat ion by
meas ure ment between the various elements of the plan , and between each o f those elements and the
whole ... As in the human body ... it proceeds from proportion whi ch the Greeks called analogia _
which ac hie\'es consonan ce between every part and the whole ... This symmetry is regulated b y the
modulus, the standard of common measure for the work considered, which the Greeks ca lled 'The
Nu mber' ... When every impo rtant part of the building is thus conveniently set in proportion by the
right correlation be twee n heights and width, between width and depth , and when all these parts have
also their place in the total symmetry o f the building, we o btain eurythmy." *

96 *Yitruvius, ' Book I,' Chapler 1,4.2

-
R. MURRAY SCHAFER Born 1933 in Sarnia. Ontario, R. i\lurray
Schafer is an international . .urc in the per-
forming arts. music education. and acollstic
ecology. Currentl y. he is DirccCOr o f the
World SOllndsc:lpc Project. His essay. which
follows. explo res the III c t:lIl1o q}hosis of the
graphic visual (' \'c nl wilh the acollstic e\'cnl.
The article illustrates yel another necessa ry
dimension through which one can gain
further in sight into the developing world
of sound scullJlurc.

98
The Graphics of Musical Thought
During the pas t decade ma n y composers have begun t o e xperime nt w ith new music."l.1 n o ta tio ns, ;t nd
while man y s t y les exis t , all arc c haract erized b y a coml11 on fea ture - their grea t er de pende nce on
graphic elements. I have freque ntl y experim ent ed w ith graphi c no ta tio ns, a nd in the course o f these
expe rime nts it has occurred to me thai a new t ype o f artistic eXJXricncc may be o pe ning up to us, in
w hic h musical cle me nts could have re vita li zed graphic correspo nde nces in such a w ay t hai o ne se nsatio n
could be triggered by anothe r to pro du ce synaesthes ia - tha t is, a fusion o f t wo art forms into a un i-
tary expe rie nce. Suc h an ex perie nce w o uld no lo nger merel y be reminiscent o f mcl:lph or: it would 110 1
be a case of o ne arl recei vin g s ide·s timulation fro m a neighbo ur. The ar ts illuminat e o ne an o the r h y
means of metaphor ; by means o f synaesthesia th ey disappear into one ano the r.

We arc obviously still some dis tance fro m this situatio n . Ib achieve me nt rests o n iI mo re di scriminating
unders tanding of the links betwee n music and graphics, ,md accordingl y the fir st purpose of I hi s essa y
is to discuss some of the wa ys in whi c h graphi c cons iderations have influe nced the st y le of Wes ter n
music to dale . At the close I will try to illustrate some poss ible future directions.

THE CONDITION OF M USI C

Music exis t s in time and is aurodl y perccived . Whe n its time runs o ut it disa ppears. Th ose w ho made it
may remembe r it and recapture it . o r fo rgc t it.

The no tatio n o f mus ic cx is ts in orde r thai mus ie;1 1 tho ughts s hould no l be fo rgo tte n . No tation descrihes
aural se nsatio ns b y means of a nom e ncl;alurc w h ich is writte n o ut in t wo-dim ens io nal space ( th e musical
score).

Thus, to presen 'e musical ideas, they mus t pass o ut o f time, thro ugh a spacial screen ( no t a ti o n ) and bac k
into time (pe rfo rmance).

All mus ical cultures have nOI dc \'cl o pcd no t a tio n ; som e have no ne ; othe rs ha\'e syst e ms whi c h arc onl y
rudimentary . Whc n a soc iet y undergoes little or no so cial c han ge, relative s ta bilit y of the musical re p er-
toire can be assured b y mean s o f the me mo r y alone. The Wes t has produced the most elabo rat e sys t em
of musical n otatio n be cause it has been the mos t d ynami c culture. In a changeful soc ie t y oral traditio ns
cannot s urvive long and if the music o f the past is to be preserved at ali, some me thod must be devi sed
by w hich it ma y be stored and lat er retrieved . This has been ac hie ved up to the twe nti e th ce ntury b y a
progressive refine me nt o f musical nota tion. It is noteworth y that while the Wes t is now c hallengin g
conve ntion al notation, East e rn schol;lrs are franti call y tr yin g to devise mean s to write d own th eir clas-
sical mlisic, whi c h, ftak e it , prefigures a d yna mism in the East as w ell as perh a ps a relaxa t ion o f the
d ynamic thrusts o f the Wes t.
99
•

A development whi ch has influenced Western music profoundly in reccnt times is the irn'c nlio ll of disc
and tape recordi ng. In a way these tec hniques permit a more definite record of t he composer's inten-
tions than the \vriUcn score could ever provide. Recording has affected the structure as well as the nota-
lion of musi c. For one th ing, it removed the need for recapitu lation in composition. It is no accide nt
Lhat Schoenberg and his followers developed a musical language whi ch was athematic (i.e., w ithout
repetitions :md recapitulation) about 19 10 at the sa me time as recording became commercially success-
ful. From then o n, the recapi tulation was o n the disc. Bul a discussio n of this subject would lead liS
away from o ur th eme.

SHAPES AND SYMBOLS FOR THE TIME·STREAM OF MUSICAL THOUGI·rr

Any musica l notation wi ll cont ain bo th graph ic and symboli c eleme nts. The first no tations developed
we re predo minantly sym bolic. A cUllc ifonn script fro m Baby lo n, be lieved to be musical no tation, is
indecipherab le because its characters :appear to be symbols for note-clusters or motives rat her than
single no tes. In the musical notatio n of the an cie nt Gree ks, letters of the a lphabe t stood for n otes of
the sca le. Nothing was indi cated abo ut t he rh y thm s of music or its rIow through time except to identi.
fy it loosely with th e horizon tal dis place ment of the letters from left to right as in writing - a con\'e n.
tion wh ich h as re mained to modem l imes.

Z' N' = <' " K'

'jZN = /'-' E
T he Christian era added the convention o f identifying pitch with the \'ertica l dim ension. To record t he
melodi es of Gregorian chant. the Church borrowed the diacritica l accents employed in rhetoric and
these graduall y cvolved into a system of 'neu mcs,' or signs indicat ing distinctivc melodic curves. A t first
they indicated merel y a rising or falling o f the voice, and as s uch were e mployed to rcfTesh the memory.

,
for the melodies they signified were alread y familiar . They carried no particular rh ythmic o r durational
va lues; th ese werc supplied b y the words chanted.

/ )
, • •

100
J
The introduction of the stave gave these signs fixed positions, with the higher notes placed on the upper
lines and spaces and the lower notes o n the lower lines and spaces . Staves of various numbers of lines
were employed before the rive-line stave or pentagram became, for purely optical reasons, standard .

The signs for notes developed further and became symbolic with respect to their durations. This was
accomplished by the additio n of stems and tails and by filling in or emptying the space of the note-head
itself.

Unlike the qualitative durational values of early neumatic notatio n, the values of the modern sys tem are
quantitative and proportionate to one another. Mensural notation is the term given to this method of
writing, where the whole note has a fixed value equa l to two half notes, four quarter notes, eight eighth
notes, etc. Since more space is required to write a rhythmically complicated passage than o ne consisting
of whole notes, the graphic analogue between time and horizontal extension falls down with the sym-
bolism of mensuration; but the eventual introduction of barlines, originall y at uniform distances in the
score, restored this convent io n temporarily. An in spection of printed music today will show, however,
that barlines are usually not placed at uniform distances but vary according to t he amount of activity
in the bar.

Signs fqr embellishments such as the turn, trill and mordent have both graphic and symbolic associatio ns.
The turn rotates on its axis, the trill suggests nervous ness, while the mordent snaps at its neighbours.
The dot used for staccato obviously suggests an abbreviated life; but the signs for accents and bow mark-
ings appear more symbolic. A few other editorial signs such as 'sfz' (with sudden force) may appear
sl ightly graphic in as much as they arc printed in bold italics in the score, but ot her impressions,
'pianissimo,' 'mezzo forte,' etc., arc purely symbolic. It is interesting that modern notation has pre-
served both the symbo lic words 'crescendo' and 'diminuendo' and their equivalent signs suggesting
growth and decay.

LJ >

101
 Tempo markings may also be called symbolic for they indicate the speed with which one is to read
across the page. One does not read music at a tempo of convenience such as a poem, but at an arbitrar-
ily prescribed rate, and this varies according to the editorial instructions: 'ritardando,' 'accelerando,'
'tempo rubato,' etc.

Throughout the history of music, as is the case with ideographic writing systems of all kinds, a general
tendency can be observed for graphic signs to become stylized and ultimately symbolic. In general we
may say that while conventional notation preserves both symbolic and graphic elements, the former
tend to be more organized and therefore predominate.

Symbolic signs form a code of mnemonic aids. They must be learned in advance, but once learned they
are capable of rendering a good deal of precise information in a highly compact space. We may call
symbolic notation static and graphic notation dynamic, by which we mean that symbolic notation tells
us a great deal about specific musical thoughts but little about how these thoughts are linked together,
whereas graphic notation tells us less about specific thoughts but more about their general relationships
and formal shapes.

This can be illustrated. A page from the author's " Untitled Composition for Orchestra" in its original
notation is followed by a graphicaIized version in which frequency is projected on the abscissa and time
on the ordinate, with instrumentation (timbre) differentiated by colour. (Unfortunately our reproduc.
tion is in black and white only.) The original notation gives more detailed information as to how the
work should be executed, but in the second, the overall shape of the passage becomes immediately ap-
parent and we are able to see that the composition is constructed in the form of a series of canons
(or imitations) of varying durations.

102
 r=-r J

1 mu ,
I

J\
• - - . , ""I "'I "'I

J
7 •

103
 PRESCRIPTIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE NOTATIONS

All notations, intended to facilitate the reconstruction of musical thoughts, tend to leave certai n ques-
tions to the discretion of the performer. Thus, baroque composers rarely indicated the dynamics of
their pieces and in some cases neglected even to specify the instrumentation the y had in mind. But
Western musical notation became more exact as time wcn t on until, with a composer Uke Schoenberg,
the pages are black with editorial markings of all sorts. Fewer and fewer decisions were left to the per-
former. There is obviously a limit, however, to how much information can be communicated to the
performer at the rate music must be read in performance, and this is one of the reasons why modern
scores require more rehearsal time. A score which contained all the information ,vith regard to its exe-
cution would be illegible.

The oscillograph, which produces a continuous ink record of sound sensation on rolls of paper moving
at constant speed, is the most exact of all graphic notatio ns, for information concernin g pitch, dynamics,
durations and timbre (harmonic structure) can all be recorded in precise detail. But oscillographic nota-
tion is 'descriptive' rather than 'prescriptive;' that is, it describes how a performance actually sounded ;
it docs not prescribe how a performance should be made to sound. When large enough to be seen by
the naked eye, the oscillographic curve must bc several fcet long per second and to analyse it properly
takes enormous time. It could never be rcad fast enough to be performed.

Other types of descriptive notations are those used by elhno-musicologists for the analysis of folk song.
Recording is also a type of descriptive notation. In computer music the score (program) is simultaneous-
ly a prescription for a sequence of musical eve nts and a description of that sequence, for the sound pro·
duced ,viII be an exact transduction of the program. In all other aspects of music making, however, a
score is expected to serve primarily one o f these purposes.

Throughout the history of Western musi c composers have sought to render the prescriptive score more
precise in order that they may communicate their ideas unambiguously. Often , however, they ha,·e
rebelled against the network of formalized symmetries in which the precisioned score imprisons music.
The calligraphic carelessness of Chopin's manuscripts, for instance, is in keeping with the liberties the
performer must take in interpreting his music. The baroque composer Couperin was voicing a general
feeling when he wrote, "We write differently from what we play." Couperin's insistence on slightly
prolonging some notes in performance at the expense of others upholds interpretive freedom against
arithmetically proportionate notation. It will be noted, too, that trills and other ornaments were not
written out in full in baroque works, so as to discourage mechanical interpretation.

INFLUENCES OF THE GRAPHIC IN WESTERN MUSIC

Whether or not a composer thinks in terms of exactly measurable and proportionate quantities of time
or in pitches that are discrete and unitary, conventional notation promotes this concept of music making.
The metronome was invented to police mensuration , just as the pitch-pipe polices equal temperament.
A lthough I have never seen it mentioned, it seems logical that the principles of equal temperament, trans-
position and modulation may have been stimulated by the notation employed in Western music, for
such a notation encourages uniformity and the transposabi lity of material from one line or space on the
104 stave to any other.
However, it is in the development of form and procedures used in Western music that the graphic influ-
ence is most conspicuous. Withou t written notation some of these forms and procedures would have
been impossible, or at best would have remained in a state of perpetual incipience.

One o f the strictest procedures in music is the can on, where one part imitates another exactl y, separated
by an arbitrary unit o f time. The earliest canons date from about 1250 and the impetus for them may
have come from medieval art and architecture. There is a distinct relationship between the repetitive
barrel vaulting of the Romanesque cathedral and 'organum,' or parallel movement, in early medieval
music; and this relationshi p extends to the coeval d iscovery of intersecting arches in architecture and
oblique or contrary motion in music, by which the tensegrity of counte rpo int was made possible. As a
procedure co mbinin g counterpoint and imitati on, the canon is cl osely analogous to the repetitive vault·
in g pattern s o f the Gothic ca thedral. It may also have developed out o f antiphonal singing in which two
choirs followed o ne another until overlapping deve loped. A third possibility is that it cou ld have re-
sulted from a situ ation in un ison singing when some singers lagged behind - in which case we might say
that one o f the most pote nt devices in Western music was created b y the slow learner.

I am not intending to be facet ious in suggesting this, for we shou ld not imagine that all artistic traditions
came about excl usively as a result o f great in spiratio ns by men of gen ius. For instance, it is commonl y
assumed that 'organum' developed when certain untrained singers fo und it impossible to sing in unison
and accordingly sang the tunc in parallel motion at the interval of a fo urth o r fifth. If this is true, \\-e
may conclude that this importan t invention was the accidental discovery o f the tone deaf.

T here are man y types of cano ns. The diagram illustrates three of the best kn own: simple canon, with
an exact repetiti on delayed in time; mirror canon, in which the voices move in contrary motion; and
crab canon, the voices moving in o pposite directions.

105

-- I

'I
LJ
rr

-
Fl
r

'-
-
11
LJ
r
L

Another type of canon is the so-called prolation canon in which each part proceeds at a different tempo.

r-

1,--,
n ro

Lri
I
I
U'
t
Such forms are totally unkno",," in non-writing musical societies. It is o nly by seeing music backwards
or upside dO\,,111 t hat it may be constructed in this way. The call on is and always has been a visual
rather than an aural device, and some times it is altogether in audible, deliberately made so by composers
who regard it as an exercise in craftsmans hip - by no means antagonistic to good mus ician ship . Such
is the case with the canons of Bach's "Musical Offering" or with those of certain songs by Anton Webem .
During the Renaissance, the spirit of competitive crafts manship between composers was so strong that
canons were freque n tly written o ut with all t he vo ices com pressed into one line, an acrostic text pro-
viding t he key to their disentaglcmcnt.

In the twentieth century the palindrome has acquired special significance as a musical form . Visually
inspired, it brings bi lateral symmetry into music. Bearing a relatio ns hip to the crab canon, the palin-
drome differs in that its two halves are not superimposed but arc joined end to end so that the last half
is a retrograde nole for note and/or rhythm for rhythm of the first half.
106
 MUSICAL SPACE

Devices suc h as cano ns, palindromes and fugues on ly become possible when a composer is able to pro-
ject an entire composition in a (meta)physical space w ruch allows the material to be studied from many
different viewpoints. This graphic projection of music is evident throughout Western music history. In
the Middle Ages, when t he melodic and rhythmic features of music were m orc apt to be co nsidered
separately than later, we enco unter construction s in which a melodic configuration o f a certain number
of notes was superimposed on a rhythmic plan of a different length, so that as the two developed to-
gether a mathematically-calculable ton al embro idery em erged. By this method a series of, say, four
different durations and five different pitches cou ld produce a sequence twenty units long.

This thinking pen;isted even into t he fourteenth century, into the period known as 'Ars Nova, ' so called
because new discoveries in the notation of music at t his time m ade greater rhythmic nuancing and exacti-
tude possible. A technique now known as isorhyt hm grew popular. In an isorh ythmic com positio n a
rhythmic pattern is repeated con stantly while the melodic figurations may change. Often these rhythmic
units we re quite extended a nd frequently each vo ice of a polyphonic composition had its own isorhyth-
mic plan. The resu lt was a complex and flamboyant , yet perfectly con trolled musica1 architecture. The
example is the "Christe elcison" section of Guillaume de Machaut's 'Notre Dame Mass' (ca. 1370).

'" "1 ( + 1)

I , Iz.. I I
j. 1..1- 1. l.
, I
1- 1...'
JI 1- 1. Z
3
"1 '1 "'1 107
 As a demonstration of the ubiquitous interest in formal unity of this kind during the Middle Ages, we
may also observe the following arrangement of half-line units in a poem by the Minnesinger, WaIter von
der Vogelwe1de.

1.2.. .. 8, 1.0 +t,1. .. 1.0 it. . 8 8I + 1.1- .,8 1.0 + La {l + t,5 + 8

I
8 + J..t
1.0
I
1.0 I .to
I
41 La
I
.t8
81 I 81
I
.1Qo

The recent discovery of a piece of slate containing music slaves, dating from Machaut's period, suggests
that such intricate constructions as his 'Mass' were worked out in rough before the composer ventured
to put pen to paper - and indeed it would be hard to imagine them bei ng otherwise concei\'ed. Such an
activity would correspond exactly to the pre-compositional work of the contemporary twelve·tonc
composer in constructing and checking the possibilities of his tone rows before actually beginning a
composition.

In discussing the functioning of the tone row in serial composition, Arnold Schoenberg used the expres-
sion "the unity of musical space." Schoenberg, who was also a painter, often remarked that while music
was performed in time, the composer composed in space. In twelve-tone music the composer begins by
arranging the twelve chro matic notes of t he octave into an arbitrary series; this original series is then set
down also in three basic transformations: retrograde, mirror inversion and retrograde of the mirror in-
version. The original form of the series and its three variants are taken by Schoenberg and his followers
as the basic material of a composition: they may be transposed onto any note and may be used in
various combinations. both vertically (harmonically) and horizontally (melodically) . By referring to
this compositional co ntinuum as "the unity of musical space" Schoenberg stressed the versatility of his
method, by which the material could be developed in any direction (up, down, backwards, fonvards
or upside down).

108
Whether the unity behind these devices can be heard or not is very debatable. Sc hoenberg's critics said
it couldn 't and called his work 'Papiermusik.' Drawn into publie defence of his method, Schoenberg
o nce used the analogy of a hat, which , no matter how it is seen, always remains a hat. But the metaphor
is specious on grounds of perception, for a hat remains a hat because it possesses a 'Gestalt' (i.e., hatness),
and if it is possible to separate this quality of " hatness" fro m the shape ca lled a hat it can then be mis-
taken for a bo ulder, a fIying saucer, a slove pipe - in fact , any number of things, depending on the angle
from which it is viewed. The on ly conclus ion to be drawn for our purposes is that Schoenberg'S theory
makes deliberate use of graphic inspirations, and in fact could never have come into existence if these
had not been e mployed. Whether or not music thus produced is great or trining has, as usual, only to do
with the talent of the co mposer, for a system guarantees nothing.

The tendency to depend o n graphics is evident in other contemporary com posers as well. Olivier Messi-
aen has rediscovered the c harm of medieval isorhythm, and in his music we observe (for usually th ey
cann o t be heard) e labora te isorhythmic structures, palindromes, and related techniques in which rhythms
or melodies are arranged according to principles of inversion, retrograde , bilateral symmetry, etc.

Even Bartok, while less visual in his whole approach to composition than Schoenberg or Messiaen , speaks
of arranging folk so ngs in such a way that "what we heard in succession we tried to build up in a simul-
taneous chord" - i.e., the vertical and horizontal dimensions of musical space were interchangeable. In
a very real sense, of course, they were always this way for the classical composer, and analysts such as
Heinrich Schenker have shown that the melodic structu re of Brahms, Schubert o r Chopin is frequently
an 'Auskomponierung' of har mony. In the same manner, Beethoven o nce mentioned to a friend that he
elaborated a work in his head " in its breadth, its narrowness, its height , its depth ... from every angle."

THE TREND FROM EXACT IT UDE TO APPROXIMATION

The value of conventional musical notation is its o bjectivity. A musical sign can be transformed into a
musical act only when it is understood or can be easil y explained. Conventional notation is a complex
system sanctioned internatio nally for the communi cations of musical thought and it is therefore un-
ambiguous and objective. If it has one severe disadvantage th is is its complexity, for it takes man y years
of practice to o btain fluency in rcading music.

For years I have been insisting that when time is precious, as in the school curriculum , most of it sho uld
not be spent in the development of music reading skills, for penmanship and other "silent " exercises are
inappropriate for a suhject which "sounds." What we need here is a notational system , the rudimcnts of
which could be taught in fiftecn minutes, so that after that the class could immediately embark on the
making of live music. Several of my own graphic scores are engagements with this problem. Such scores
may be less specifi c than those notated in a conventional manner, but this is in keeping with an impor·
tant trend in modern education where the objective is no longer to give children exact recipcs for execu-
tion but to se t them free on di sco,'cry·paths of their own . In the following little com position , "S tate-
ment in Blue," the pitcht-s are left largely indeterminate for the performers to gather into tone· fields for
themselves, though other aspects of the piece (instrumentation, dynanlics, form) are contro lled by the
score .
109
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Related to the indeterminate score is one co nstructed to faci litate what we might call " the form of
possibilities." A piece is \..,..iUen in such a manner that it may be organized and reorganized by the per-
form ers. In this respect Stockhausen has written : " It is conceivable that scores could be written in
which the musi cal sense was so definitely indicated that the sket ch could define all modes of performing
without ambiguity." The piece then achieves its ultim ate form only when all its possibilities of execu-
tion are exhausted. The situation is not dissimilar to that of the mo bile which can be viewed in a variet y
of poses, limited o nly by its m echanisms o f balance. In the following example . entitled "Minimusic, "
I have divided each page into three fields. Each performer is free to move from fi eld to field by follow-
ing any of the arro\\l'S. Since the pages of the score are cut into thre e sections , allowing each section to
be turned independentl y, th e sequential possibilities of the score are quite varied - though by no means
unlimited. (It will be noted that in this score, duration is no lo nger expressed exclusively by movement

___,.. .. ... .. ._.

from left to right across the page, but may also move upwards, downwards or backwards .)
S. ..... '..

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110
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 Other types of scripts com ing into usc in contemporary music may be classified roughly as 'ac tion scripts '
and 'picture scripts .' Action scripts employ graphic signs and shapes to indicate the general emotional
climate of the composition. A fairly accurate visual prescription can be given to suggest melodi c direc-
tions (up , down) affect ive states (calm , tense) or textures (broad, filigree). TraditionaJ symbo ls may
also be employed, but they are (j berated fTom orthodoxy and are thus given new potency. In the follow-
ing choral composition for young singers, basic notes are given to each singer, but each is free to osci llate
about the se notes following the genera l shapes of the score .

£.
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In picture scripts, graphic elements are completely emancipated fTom all traditional notational com·en·
tions. An observer might say that such scripts differ (jule from abstract drawing, and in fact many
contemporary music have been exhibited in art galleries and on occasion have been sold as paint-
ings. Normall y a picture script gives an image or conception of the character of the music onl y, and the
performer is left free to interpret the images as he feels the m. Perfonnanct'S o f picture script composi.
tions are accordingly as good or as poor as the imaginations of their pcrformers. The next example, an
orchestral piece entitled "Divan i Shams i Tabriz, " employs a picture script in a different way. Here it
is used to suggest the swirls of electro nic sounds which accompany the orchestra fro m all sides of the
auditorium . It is thus a description of the tape sounds , and a lthough the performers' parts are embedded
in it, they are notated in a more or less conventional manner.
111
112
THE THREE MUSICS AND AN APPROACH TO A NEW ART FO RM

It is perfcclly clear to anyon e who can read music that reading it si lently and hear ing it live are not
iden tical. Moreover, such a person will also know that hearing and watching music simultaneous ly
about a third type of satisfaction, related Lo but not identical with either of the other two. In
the li fe of the trained musician all three activi ties in termingle. Only by reading thro ugh the scores of
fugues , canons, isorhythmic compos itions, etc., do the form s and intricacies of s uch works become
clear. When music is studi ed in this way. the tempo of the piece may beco me a tempo of convenience ;
one can examine the piece in slow motion, jump back and forth at random, o r isolate passages of
interest. Watching a nd listening to music simultaneously restores it to its original speed but still allows
a certain amount of freedom to move a,vay from the sp lit second of the actual performance to anticipate
effects or examine how certain so unds are produced. This visualiz ing of the music is of a quite different
orde r than that of the casual listener whose mind may be stimulated to imaginative excursions by the
" program." The three musics, therefore, are these:

I) Music see n 2) Music heard 3) Music see n and heard.

Although those who do no t read music arc deprived of two of these p leasures, new musical notations -
audi ence notatio ns - with a heightened graphic conten t could help to make rea lizable the two other
types of experience. I ha,re often noticed how quick ly people who do not read music are able to follow
some of my own graphic scores and seem to derive pleasure fr om making corresponden ces between
shapes seen an d sounds heard.

It is with this in mind that I designed the score of my second stage work, " Patria II ." This is a complex
work which exists on many different levels. First of all it is a stage work, including musician s, actors,
lights, 6Im s and electro nic sounds. It has bee n successfu lly performed in this version (at The Stratford
Festival, 1972) and I am satisfi ed that it can work at this level, if o nly as a provocative enigma. But it
is a work o f enormous complexity and sy mbo lism, and contains much mo re information than can be as-
similated at o nce in this for m. For o ne thing, it employs about twenty foreign languages and several
important in terpretiye clues are gil'en in languages ot her than English, so that fo r an adequate undCT-
standing, further study is necessary. T his is the point of the score, a few pages of which will serve to
close this essay. The score enables members of the audience to read the work in private as a visual and
literary doc ument, to po nde r it, and thereby to arrive at the deeper levels of meaning which this, of all
my works, attempts to invo ke.

113
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114 R. Murray Schafer: Patria II

 EDITING UNIT 04
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R. Mu rray Schafer: Patri a II

115
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R. Murray Schafer: Patria II 117

 EDITING UNIT 7
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118 R. Murray Scharer: Patria II

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R. Murrd.Y Schafer : Palria It 119

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120 R. 1\'1urray Schafer: Patria II

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R. Murray Scharer: Pat ria II 121

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122 R. Murray Schafer: Patria II

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R. Murray Schafer: Palria II 123

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R. MUrrdY Schaft=r: Palria II 125

 PART III

We enlcr a period of a morc global and direct concept of art. Art, in its highest (onn, may 500n cease
to exist as a co nventional material medium. This includes Sound Sculpture.

Endeavours t.oward this probability involve extens ive investigations of t he perceptual process on all
leve ls as well as the dc:vdopment of deeper appreciations of the values of th e primitive and childlike,
the drea m. the immediate intuitive response, hio-psychic energies, and so on.

Currenlly. the view held by man y centres on the idea that o nc of the great cu ltural endeavours of the
nex t few generations will be the development of an empirical sy nthesis between the sciences (including our
oldest sc ience: mu sic) and other modes of perceptual co nsc iousness (such as: the aesthetic experience;
mystical traditions; e tc.).

The following artists scr,'e to illustrate some of the initial apl)roaehes being made toward this
end. They represent th e possible beginnings of a new breed of sound scu lptor, and the early
developmental steps of a new, profoundly powerful art foml.

Ed.

126
 Born in 19-17. Educated at ,.:triolls unive rsities

DAVID ROSENBOOM
in the United SI;ltcs. Curren tl y I)ro-
fcssur. F;&culty uf Fine Arts. Vor"
'I'(lronto, :tnd Directur (I f Ih e Reo
Sc:tTch Ce ntre's ' I.alioratory uf Experimental
Aesthetics' in T ornillo. An accomplished
musici;llI. co ndu c to r. il ll d resea rc h
sc iclllis i. J{oscnhuQm now makes his per-
man ent. hOlll e in T o ronto. Readers arc referred
10 hi s bouk ' Biofeedback and the Arts : results
of carl), experi ments', listed in the RdcTc nccs
011 page 195 .

David 127
 \6ncouver Piece * by David Rosenboom

An acoustical ly sealed, light tight room is constructed, with treated walls for low reverberance:. Two
sound radia tors, reproducing two separate: channels of white noise: SOU Tces , installed in th e: ceiling
so as to create two cones of sou nd radiation spreadi ng from the ceiling to the n oor. The areas of
radiation of the: two cones do not overlap. The spread of th e sound cones is dependent on frequency ,
the high frequencies sp readi ng to describe small circles on the room '5 Ooor and the low frequencies
describing large but nonoverl app ing circles. The reSlll1 is an invisible, static airpressure sculpturr ,
changes in which can only be experienced b), movi ng around the space:.

In the ce ntre: of the white noise sound cones is either a smal l red or green, low intensity spot light.
In the centft of the room is a half aJuminized mylar mirror system . No thing happens in the room
until it is activated by two participants as foll ows. Two persons enter and sit on th e n oor in the
centre of the sound cones, facing one another and the two-way mirror system. Electrodes are attached
by an attendant to monitor their brains ' Alpha wave ou tpu t. When one person is producing AJpha
brain waves, the red or green light above him will come on so as to illuminate his face. That person
will then see himself in the mirror syste m and his partner will also sec him . This works vice versa for
the partner as well . If, however, the two persons are able to produce coordinated Alpha wave bursts,
at the same time with each other, they will both be illuminated and their faces will superimpose in
the mirror system. They will see both faces superimposed on both sets of shou lders. The room is
constructed and painted so as to eliminate the sensation of be ing in a bounded space. One is not
aware of the room's cubicaJ shape. Once these bounds have been re moved, however, an artificial
bound in the form of horizon lines is crea ted in the space. This simu lates the one spa tial bound Earth
beings can not escapc, that created by the line where the sky meets the ground. Seve raj thin plastic
fibers of rods are instal led on the wal ls. Wisps of very Caint light race around th e room in response to
the Alpha production o f the participants. The horizon cons tantly fades in and out as Alpha and the
eye's image erfects operate normaJl y.

128 *A Sound Sculpture Environment designed for tht: Vancouver Art Gallery's Sound/Sculpture c:ol.hibit.
Stateme nts displayed at the entrance to the 'Vancouver Piece' room:

AIR PRESS URE SCU I.I)TURE

Sonic vihr:ltio ll s ill 01 cl oscd spacc arrange thc air in standi ng, high and low pressure pa ttern s forming an
invisible air prcssure sculpture. Walk through and sec it with your cars.

MATERIALS PR OVIDED TO ENERG IZ E TilE SPACE

SII.'·:'
-listen to your own interrml sounds
11111'1'1-: -r;lIld o ml y chOingi ng sound energy
81' '''' 11 11 1 -rebrtllarl y changing sound
" 'OU T I W .I:' (;U I./) II VIJ 1'/11 I,OSO/'III':NS' _"1'0 ,\'10:'-;- -Alpha bntin W ;I\' C mu sic
'JJl fUU TNt \/,.,,: '/'.') , -music by David Rosenbaum

BIOFEEDBACK MEDITATI ON SI'ACE

Possibi lities: Usc Thcta brain waves to relax and cl e;1Il the s)'stcm and ex peri ment with daydrciuns .
Usc AII)I1:I brain wavcs to ex plure the mo d;llitics of perce pti on and organi::t.a tion o f in formatiun and
experie nce_ Whe n th esc brain waves arc dc tce ted, ' horizo n line light whisps ' will appear, red and green
illuminatio n will incrc;lse and sound pul se WiWCS will be heard .

With a partner, 'visual d ual Alpha' mal' be experienced. Sit under the red or green ligh t fa cing the
half silve red mirror. Your partner sit s on th e o pposite side of the mirror. When either of )' OU produec
Alpha alone. you will sec o nl y you rselves. When you produce Alpha togc the r. you r fllces will super-
impose on each oth er.

When no o nc is w ired to the system , the room w ill play bac k other pcop le 's pre"io us ex periences
for the obscrvers.

ABOUT SPONTANEOUS VISUAL NO ISE

Whcn th e intcnsity o f light o n a surface is just about ilt the thresho ld fo r seei ng in the !UtaHy dllrk·
adalHcd sta te. each rod in the retina absorbs an a\'crage of about o ne <ju antum I)cr ho ur. S incc a
nash is visible w hen about ninc <ju ant a arc absorbed by nine rods within 10 minutcs o f arc
of e:lch other and within about 0. 1 seco nds. then a visual evc nt should be ex pec ted about o nce
c"er), 3 scconds in each squ are degree of th e w all. (Ref. Co rn swcc t, '1'.:
A cademic Press, N cw York. 197 1. )

R e fe rence: sec I,age 195

129
 Entranct: to Rosc nboo m 's ' Vancou\'e r Pieec' at the Van cou\'cr Art Gallery.
130
David Rusenhoom's 'Vancouver Piece',
131
 •

WAITER WRIGHT
Born 1941 in Ottawa. Studied at Uni versity
of Manitoba (B,Ard.), University of Waterloo
(M.A.Sc. , in Design ), postgraduate research at
Un iversi ty 0(1'or01110. Moved to New York in
1969, worked with compute r graphi cs and video
synthesis. Wo rks as a com puter an im ato r for
Co mpute r Image Corporation. Produces ,·ideo·
tapes out o f the Kitchen (an electronic video
lab in New York).

Videotape Kitchen Notes

My tapes afC made o n the Scanimate "computer" system built by Computer Image Corporatio n.
Scanimate is a (irst gen eration video synthesizer . Images are input in a number of ways - lhru (2)
IOOO-line blac k an d white vidi con cameras (t hese cameras may look at sti ll artwork, a TV monitor,
etc.), from an Ampex 2-i nch VfR , o r from a studio came ra . Two of t hese in put channels pass t hru
a video mixer to the Scanimate CPU (main control unit) where position and size o f the im age arc
controlled . The input TV raster may be repositioned right or left , up or down ; it m ay be reduced in
width or le ngth ( heigh t); it may be reduced in overall size to a po int or thru a point reappearing
ul\'e rted and mirror image.

Also o n the CPU are (3) osci llators. The horizontal oscillator repositio ns the raster lines left to right
pro ducing a wave-like distorti o n running up or down t hru the TV image. The "ertical oscillator re-
positio ns the raster lines up and do wn producing a rolling distorti on. The depth osci ll ator affects the
overall size o f the raster producing at low frequencies a pu lsating zoo m an d at higher freque ncies a 3-D
roll distorti on. The CP U a lso contro ls the axes (the lines abou t which an image fo lds), and a llows the
image to be broken into as man y as (5) separate sectio ns.

T he Animatio n Aid provides (5) mo re osci ll ato rs, timing co ntro l, and a patchboard a llo wing se parate
control over individual secti o ns. There arc (2) high -s peed oscillators ( 15 kHz up) which may be phase-
locked to the horizonta l syn ch pulse (Iow·speed oscillators lock to the "crtical synch pu lse). T here is
a s pecial pair o f osci llators running gO-degrees o ut o f phase which arc uscd to generate circles. spirals,
and diamond shapes. A nd rinall y, o ne additionallow-spced oscillator sim ilar to those o n the CPU.
The oscillato rs on t he Animation Aid a llow amplitude modulation. T hru the patchboard these osci l-
lators may drive horizo nta l, "ertical, depth , wid th , lengt h, axes, or intensit y.

The animated image is o utput from the CPU to a high-resolution CRT display. It is rcscarUled with a
plumbi con camera at standard TV rates (525 lines per frame). The output of the res can cam era goes
to the Colorizer.
132
 At the input to th e Colo rizer th e image is encoded in (5) grey le vel s. Any eolor may he keyed over a
grey level by using the Red, Green, Blue slidcr pots assigned to that leve l. The eleclronically co lored
image thcn goes to a switcher where ot her video signa ls may be mixed . keyed, or heeome a hackground
replacing o ne or the rive grey levels .

I play Scanimate as an instrumcnt and all my tapes are made in real lime without. pre-programming. I
also try to avoid editin g. I am designing and hope to build a li\·e perrormance video synthesize r using
com pone nts or the Scanim ate sys tem and adding portable cameras, an 8-lcvel eolor izer , a con tro lled
reedback loop and 1/2-in ch and I-inch color l lipc inpu t and o utput. Most or my tapes have a score as
in music. I am slowly de"e1oping a notation system representi ng the basic anim ations available o n a
video synthesizer. I include w ith thcse notes a brid outline or these notatiun symbols and one score .

Notolti>t <IllY IN - "'..... .fin.'" '& ,T. fy,O""I<.

=+ hofi• .. f . /-G,"IIt., ,./lbllt., B • '!Ilk' ,«<. . .
"Ff ..,tq. 9> - """\I..
"")0 1""",..u.0I.' I«k. .. vert,j ...., "i ... '",z.
c:! .. ..i..,.u,,;, 0. 'i'f"'I. 'lI.iilal17Y
V - I,,,, ... .
A - hi ......'!-ok .
utttoOU .......... ' f 1V rostCi'
--------------= oo.Iv.1 .- ""'plillde. .
[Y't4 ..I,iAt ..,.,0/1';' lptdos<ilWoY Am · 6j) 0,iIIII ,I",,:, ) .
/f..4 . .
;;.'Vf. .. ... of ......
-t
""'" bod<.
i->: ",i& + 'ZDbItt III' .

wQ! ..+..,i"3 '* "d .. + I' .,idA..

.:t "f .
.
..... .
+ Jolt/. ,i"lJiI1I'I.

133
 Paper Shocs animation. of two basic cells (on e of
Octobt!T 7. 1972 'lOrizolllall;'ws. the ol lter verl;c,,1
2·itl c/t qu.ad hibund coloT lines) dO/ie in t wo passes: first pass
becomes backgrou.nd over which
secolld pass ;s keyed
track is Paper Shoes by Yoko OliO
134
Mahavishnu - Take Two 1/2-illc ll PtIIltIsollic c%r
November 5, 1972 .fimll/lmu:o/L,\' fmimalioll /lsillg (2)
SCfmimffte video sYlltllesi:ers ([ore-
groulld lmd backgrolwd) lHld olle
abstract cell
135
 uld.. I"I"" .",1" .
I en/,,""'. 1m IX\
[J @ +

£>0,

,0, A,., s Itw!.. (!opi,.J) 6-

4a4.t .....
• ,'& ,,, ----------: kllI 8G1.
. ..+-

+- .o.ilaff
T

ID ® (itJ)

I ',M,.'P.""( ••""'.J Y, ll'8,.G....R,.;,

m .•)
w.,affd<vf\,ot"..t
... "" AW"Bf.

..O,A,",IowO' 1 ' .. I>- <D

4> (ilSJ
Y'foot til.... v,m,
ffi ® -"- A <D®
T..I

.. I- 51 'T2.,
..... "ff
T2. '_I

m .:\81.,"'t..6\,-5 ®
I"T2,,,
6,.0..

* lill.. .
,,0._ )hl'-i
+

136
T rees
january 14, 19 73
P" '-rf"'lIrd"d 1I 1 ;//1'11 (apI' fU
1/2- illch P(masollic color Fm';trlllwu ;I11"!!I': (2) .';/'{I//;I/",'(' I lillN)
If'illl fJl"i,'ulllfld f'If' I'lm"if'
!f'I,dIHlI'I.',

137
DAVID ROTHENBERG Composer/mathematician David Rothenberg,
during the last decade has been carrying out
extensive theoretical and applied research,
working toward an inter-meshed audio-visual
language. This has now been accomplished.
Here is a brief essay by Rothenberg outlining
its usefulness to artists of all types. Two of
his numerous and highly technical papers an:
given as rderences on page 195.

Visual Music - ANew Art Form

I, PREREQUIS ITES FOR A NEW MEDIUM

Aside from the obvious requirements of social and personal need and of adequate technical resources,
the development of an art medium normally requires a long e\·olutionary de\·t:Iopmenl. Music has
existed for a least six thousand years. Techno logy is not enough. Had Marco Polo carried all the instru-
ments of the Western orchestra to the Chinese court. it is extremely unlikely that Chinese musicians,
accustomed to a pentatonic scale. wou ld have been able to make effective use of these new resources
for a very long time. The noundering in musicaJ composition after the tum of the century which still
persists Loday in electronic music (particularly " tone color music"), demonstrates the need for extensive
experimentation \\ith new materials.

The situation is far more severe when film or video as an abstract medium is considered. Film has
existed for only a short time and the capacity for its effective abstract use dates (with rare exceptions)
from the advent of computers and video. Vision, more central to our survival than hearing, has adapted
to our normaJ environment more completely, and the visual materials appropriate for artistic use lie
concealed within the capacities of new technology which can used to synthesize these effects. Note
that, for example, "dissonance" is a consequence of the occurrence of two pitched sounds, while visual
dissonance seldom occurs in nature.

II , A VASTLY ACCELERATED EVOLIJI'IONARY DEVEWPMENT

Considcr the mythical Ch inese composer who is suddenly presented with the resources of a Western
orchestra with seven-tone major and minor scales and the twelve-tone equal-tempcr.lment system.
Suppose his intuition, steeped in the traditions of a five·tone system, were presented with the
fo llowing tools:

a) A theory of perception which provided him with a description of the figured bass
system appropriate for Western twentieth century music or h\.-clve.lonc music, etc.,
which selection is based upon a set of tests which uses him as a subject and measures
138 his perception and preferences in usc of materials.
 b) A method or notating music (a description) in which it is necessary to speciry only
the attributes or the sou nds and sound sequences and the relations and transrormations
which connect them. The specification would be extrolordinarily economica l in terms
or the symoo ls used and hierarchical in structure so that sequences of sequences or
sounds could be inter-related like the sequences or sounds and the individual sou nds.
The synthesis or a composition from the description would be automatic and immtdiate.
c) The basic: attributes which are avai lab le for usc with the system would derive rrom
perception tests. The choice of attributes which can be used in the system would
then be circumscribed by these basic attributes so that (a) all patterns th;lt cou ld be
described would be perceptibly distinct; (h) all perceptibly distinct POlUt.TIlS could be
repfCsented; (c) a cha nge in any symbol in the description wo uld cause as much dis-
turbance in the perceived pattern as a similar change in any other.
d) The co mposer cou ld listen to the result or one of his compositions and provide the
system with feedback of the form "I like this," "This makes sense," ,,' don't like
this," or "This doesn't make sense" and the system wou ld automaliclilly alter th e
description so that the composer receives the desired result.
e) Similarly, the sys tem would provide fe edback to the artist by exposing those properties
or the description which characterize his preferences. For example, a com poser could
ask the system to describe (in the given notation language) an existing co mposition he
likes, He cou ld then provide reedback to the composition synthesized rrom the resulting
description until thc perceivcd result is equi\'alent to the composition being put int o the
description language. Thus, he could do an ana lysis by synt hesis a nd usc the results to
produce ncw work.
£) This entire system could be used to reliably incorporate materials from his own musical
tradition into thc syntax which is bascd on the new materials,

Such tools might provide our mythical Chinese composer with the means for rapidly passing through
decades or experimentation and technical e\'olution,

III , CHARACfERISTICS OF THE

The tools out lined above now exist. They ha\'e been applied to the materials and practices of man y
Eastern as well as Western musical c ultures and ha\'e produced surprisingly accurate predictions. New
musical materials and equipment for realizing them ha\'e been produced and th e results arc well under-
stood and ready ror usc, Additional applications to the perception or spoken speech and \'ision ha\'e
becn made, and visual and aCOlistical illusion s predicted and produced,

Thc principal interest here is the application to the generation of a new arutrolet art form using film and
"ideo patterns which shou ld be at least as coml:tClling and powerful in psychological crfect as music,
Trus (although indepe ndently valid) is to be combined with music in a sy mbi o tic man ner to produce an
integrated result . This, wc contend, is possible in a very short period or time by using the tools outlined
aoo\'c _
139
-
E\'cry perceptible visual and auditory pattern can be represented in the description language proposed.
All intelligible and 'only' intelligible paHerns can be in lhislanguage. This definition of
"intelligibilit y" derives from tests performed directly on the 'artist him self.' The language is maximaJly
effi cie nt in that only perceptually signifi cant 'attributes' of the pattern arc represented by its symbols.
This description , therdore. is vastJy different in kind fTom a musical score (which is a set of instructions
to a performer) and from a computer graphics program for producing images (which is a sct of instrue·
tions to a machine for imitating a human drawing pictures). It is possible to program a computer to
synthesize an entire film (or painting or chorcography or musical composition) from a relatively short
description in this language. Another program cou ld, with the assistance of an artist who "teaches" the
computer systems, analyze a film, dance or musical compositi on, that is, represent it by a statement
(sequence of sy mbo ls) in this language. The compute r thus can " learn" from an artist to analyze his
individual perceptual processes and judge ments.

The theory of perception, which forms the underpinnings of these mcthods provides the artist with
infonnation comparable to that possessed by the civil engineer and architect pertaining to the avai l·
ability, strength and variety of materials. The rest of the system forms a powerful 1001 for rapid ex·
perimentation and simulation of works of art. This simulation can proceed, in a continuous manner,
from one in which few details are specified to one in which every detail has been selected by the artist.

IV, VISUAL ANALOGUES OF MUSIC

The basic dements of human perception which ha"e provided elements for the construction of musical
forms in all cultures have included "acoustic dissonance" (arising [rom beats belv,een harmonics, etc.),
"tonality" (arising from difference tones), rhythm or pulse (deriving from the need to organize dura.
tion), the orderi ng of pitch (highcr or lower), loudness, timbre, density of sou nd, etc.

Similar properties of vision exist. Those least well known and investigated are those attributes of visual
texture and its chan ge against time which produce psychological and physio logical effects analogous to
"acoustic dissonance" and its concom itant sensations of "tension" and "relaxation." Acoustic dis·
sonan ce derl\'es from the receipt of impulses which arc in the same order of frequency as the refractory
period of the auditory nerves. Similar, and more powerful, visual effects occur when there is an inter-
ference pattern with the refractory period of the opti c nerves or with the alpha rh ythm of the brain.
These have been observed with strobe light usage in electroe ncephalograph experiments and similar
effects also occur when motion picture frames are changed at the rate of about ten per second. They
also occur when viewing certain moving Moire patterns, patterns from diffraction gratings, nicker effect.'!,
and ha,·e occurred in randomly generated computer produced image sequences (e.g. "Pixi llati oos" by
Knowlton & Schwartz - Bell Labs). Such effects, however, have not been thorough ly understood or
controlled. This, however, is no longer t he case. Note that the interrering families of curves rorming a
Moire pattern need vary very Lillie in order to produce blinding interferc nce pattern s. This resembles a
musical dissonance, in which the frequency of the tones forming a chord vary little, but the total efrect
is rar more than the combin atio n or component tones. Similar analogues to tonality, timbre, elc.,
exist but are too lengthy for discussion here.

Rhythm or pulse has also rarely been effectively used in film or "ideo. T he structure of rhythmic
140 perception which effects lhe concomitan t powerrul erreclS of anticipation, syncopation. etc. is now
\'t'C1I understood. T hese c:.m be produced visually by a great many means which includl!, size and hright.
ness variations. textu re va riatio ns and color variations, blending (dissonance changes), etc. Although
dlm os t no examples exist in film or video, demonstrations in a psycho logy laborato ry can eas il y be
co nstructed .

V, SPECIAL EQUI PMENT

A unique musical instrument has been designed and partially built which is capable o f both experimental
and performance use (c. r. Fig. I ). Its C'dpabililies arc immense and directly relate to the results produced
by applications o f the above theories to date. Not o nl y can it simul ate the music of any cuhure and
musical materials no t ye t exta nt , but is con tro lled by a key boa rd care full y designed for the conve ni ence
and intuili ons of musiei.U1s. This sa me keyboard system (whe n con nected to a mini·compUll!r and
graphics di splay) may be: used to contro l the interactive development of an abstract animated film or
video tape (or also to an im ate choreobrraphy). This equipment has been designed and awaits appli ca tio n
to the: produelion of film, video and other art forms .

Figurt· I
/""yb1mrd U$f't/
for I'IJlIIllusjll1! /11I1 " j,'.

141
 ,

JOHN CHOWNING 8 0 m 1934 in Salem , N. J. Rece ived B. Mus.

degree in Co mpositio n from Witten berg Uni-
versit y in 1959 after military servi ce. Stud ied
co mposi tion in Paris for three years with
Nadi a Bo ulanger. Received doctora te in
compositio n in 1966 from Stanfo rd Uni"cT-
sity. where he studi ed with Leland Smith .
Set lip a computer music progra m at Stanford
in 1964 with hell) o f Matthews a nd Bell
Telepho ne Labo ratories. Currentl y leaches
music theory :U1d compu ter-sound sy nthesis
and co mpos ition at Stan ford 's Departm en t
o f Music.

" Wh en we t hi n k o f t wo darcrcn l sou nds - for

example, th e tru mpet and the d rum - we t hink
of t wo d iffe ren t sources for t hose sounds ..... .
But there m ust h e a comm o n lim b ra! charac-
teristic to all sound , and I want to rind it.
Im agi ne a sphere. o n the su rrace or wh ic h arc
all sounds· and imagine having th e abili ty to
m ove th rough the sphere rrom o nc sound to
John CllOw nillg playing Turenas (J972).
ano th er in an infinitc number o f ways ...... .
(I Cotllpu.l f' r Kf'lIcro / f'd four dUlllllei (lu dio tap f'.
tha t is th e kind o r situ atio n I envisage."

J ohn C howning in an interview

with Mas. W)' m an, in the
Vancouver Sun , Nov. 3 0. ' 7 1.

142
The Simulation of Moving Sound Sources
ABSTRACt'

A digital computer was used to generate fo uT channels o f information whi ch aTC recorded on 11 lapc
recorder. The COllll)utcr program provides control over the apparent locatio n ,tnt! move ment o f;a
synthes ized sound in an illusory acoustical 5I}:!cc. The method controls the distribution :mel ampli.
tude of dire ct and reverberant signals between the louds peaker.> to provide the angu lar and di stan ce
informati on and introduces a Do ppler shift to enhance velocity information.

The intent of this pape r is to give some foc us to the prob lem of synthesizing a sou nd source in an
illusory space, a nd in parti cular a moving sound SOUTce. by defining a technique wit h which reasonabl y
co nvincing sp:ltial images can be produ ced . •

LOCA LIZATION CU ES

To locate :m y real sound so urce in an enclosed space the lis tener requires two kinds of in formation:
th at w hich de fine s the angular location of the source relat ive to th e li stener. an d that whi ch defines
the dis tan ce of the source fro m th e lis tener.

The cues for the angular locatio n are 1) the differe n t ;rrri\'altill1e or delay o f the signal lit the two
ears when the source is nOI centered before or behind the lis tener. and 2) the pressure.level differe nces
of high-frec/lIetlcy energy at the two ears rL'S ult ing from the s hadow effect of the head when the source
is n o t centered. I

The cues to the dis tance of a source fro m a lish:ner arc I ) the ratio of the direct e nergy to the indirect
or reverber.tnt energy where the intensity of th e direct sou nd reOtc hing the listener falls off more
s harply with dis tance than docs the rc, rcrherant sound, lind 2) t he loss of low.intensity fre(/u c ncy
co mponents of a sound with in creasin g dis ta nce from the lis tener.

S IM ULATION OF CUES

The foll owing defines the configuratio n of lo udspeakers and listeller and the means b y which Ihe
angular location lllld the distan ce cues ma y he simulated.

In this system four loudspeakers arc placed so that the y form the corners of a square, t he perimeler
o f which fo rms the inner boundary of an illusory acoustical space as shown in Fig. 1. The lis tene r is
located inside this boundary as close to the center as possible. Since the localization cues arc CO Ul -
puted fo r the listener who is an equal d is tan ce from the four lo udspeake rs, there will be a geometric
dis tortio n o f the spatial image ro r an y o th er liste ner depending o n his dis tance rrom the cent er. In
the case of stereo simulati on, the relative locatio n o f the li stener to lo uds peakers I and 2 is assumed
(Fig. I ). 143
 As in normal stereophonic a nd fo ur-channel listening, th e predse loca tio n o f th e li stener is not known.
which means, the refore. thaI any clles to locatio n o f a so urce which arc dependent upon delay. phase.
,mel orientatio n of the listener's head arc inappropri ate. The cue to angu lar loca ti o n musl he intro-
duced b y a changing e nergy ra tio of t he direct signal appli ed to a loudspeaker pair.

As sho wn in Fig. I, Ihe 360-degn.-e space is divided into the four quadr;lIlls where eae h ()air of loud-
spea kers a rc at an angle o f 90 degrees rela tive 10 the lis tener. An obvious means o f changing the ratio
of the direc t signal fo r t he moving so und source S is 10 make t he energy applied to the lo udspeake r
pairs proportional to the angle of displace ment. Thus,

%signaICH, ='\/1 - 0/0,,/(1 ...

and

% signal CH2 =V O/Omllx

where 0max = 90 degrees . As th c source moves into th e adjoining quadrant. CH2 and CHa
arc substituted for CH 1 a nd CH 2 • respectivel y,

It may be. however, that in simulatin g the locatio n of a single source with two virtua l sources, a no n-
linear fun ction might tend to " fill the hole" betwee n the loudspeakers and de-cmphasize the regions
near the loudspeakers. Such a fun ction can be produced by making the ene rgy ratio prol)ortional to
the tangent of the angle . T hus,

% sign al CHI ='\11 - \.i I 1 + ta n (O 0ma .... /2) J

% signal CH 2 =Y !h I 1 + tan (0 0moxI2) I

In o rder to simulate the di stance cue one must synthesize and COlaro l the reverberant sign;1I as we ll as
the direc t signal suc h that the inte nsity of the direct signal decreases Ill orc wit h distan ce th an d ocs the
reverberant signal. The amplitude of the direct signal is proportional to I/distan ce. As ill1 example.
assume the distance from lhe listener to the point midway be twee n two lo udspeake rs to be ' L' (sec
Fig. 1): we wish to si mula te a source :at a dista nce o f 2L. The :ampli tude o f the direc t signal would he
aLlenualed b y 1/2.

It is assumed that in a smail space the amplitude of the reverberant signal produced by a sound so urce
'at cons tant intensity but at ,'arying di stances from the listener changes litt le, but thal in a large space
it changes so me. Therefore, in these experiments the amplitude o f the reverbcrant signal is made pro-
portional to Il y distance.
VEWCITV CUES
In the pre5ence o f a movi ng sound source, a listener receives velocity informatio n from the rate of
move men t of the apparent so urce position and the shift in the frequency o f the so urce due to the
Doppler effect (radial "clocity).

144 The simulatio n of the Doppler effect is ac hieved si mply by computing the distance D from the sub-
ject to the apparent source and making change in frequency proportional to dD/dl.

RE VERBERATION
As was noted above, reverberation is an essential part of the distance cue. Reverberation also supplies
the "room information," giving general cues as to size, shape, and material construction. In simu lating
a sound source in an enclosed space, then, it is desirable for the artificial reverberation to surround the
listcner and to be spatially diffuse.

To achieve the surround and the diffuse quality each output channel has a re\'erbcrator with
independent delays and gajns. In the simplest case some percent of the direct signaJ is scaled accord·
ing to 1/-.../ distance and pasKd to the reverbc:rators equally. Thdr percent go\'erns the overall re·
verberation time within the limits determined by the vaJues of the delays and gains of the reverberators
themselves. 3

It should be noted, however, that if the reverbcrant signal were to be distributed equaJly to all ch.m nds
for all apparent distances of the direct signal, at distances beyond the echo radius 4 the re\'erberation
would tend to mask the direct signaJ and eliminate the cue for angu lar location, In order to overcome
this deficiency, the reverberant energy is controlled in the following two ways: I) global reverbera·
tion, i.e., that part of the overall revcrberant signal which emanates equaJly from all channels, is
proportional to (i/distance) (I /Y distance) and 2) local reverberation, i.e., that part which is dis-
tributed between a speaker pair as is the direct signal, is proportional to (l - l /distance) (I Ndistance).
Thus, with increasing distanct: of tht: apparent source t he reverberation becomes incrcasingly localized,
compensating for the loss of direct signal energy. In fact , this may be a fair approxi mation of a real
acoustical situation, for as the distance of sound source increases, the distance to a reOecting surface
decreases, thereby giving the reverberation some directional emphasis.

PROGRAM CONTROL
For the purpose of sound synthesis a special computer program was written which is similar to those
developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories. 5 The program and system allow up to four output channels
at a 25-KHz. sampling rate I)er channel. The output signals are recorded on a four·channel recorder·
reproducer.

In order to generate the control functions for a sound source, a special subprogram was written.
The program uses a CRT to display a square which defines the inner boundaries of the illusory space,
and a double-jointed arm whose position can be read by the computer. When the arm is moved, a
pointer displayed on the CRT mO\'es in a corresponding manner. The user presses a bullon as he moves
the arm and simu ltaneous ly a point trace of the movement is displayed on the screen. Since the points
are plotted at a constant rate, their relative distance to each other indicates the velocit y of the move-
ment. The coordinates of the points are stored, the user types in a distance scale value for the Doppler
shift, and the program then co mputes, displays, and stores the resulting control functions. It also
aJlows the option for comp uting a geometric sound path ....

A diagram indicating the manner in which the above fun ctions are appUed in the sound synthesis pro·
gram is shown in Fig. 2. The original signal (21) is frequency modulated (22) for Doppler shift. The
o utput (23) is amplitude modulated (24) for distance of djrect signal, 110. The signal (26) is then 145
 •

,
/
31
I

44
j&!
- "" ""
2

,
.,..
(! KI
/ +
"
-" "
27
">. - " •
/ " +

+
..
,
61

"'II"It

71

72
" ., .... ".

.. ..
Figure J: Configuration of loudspea\-ers delining , " '"
illusory and listener space. II(IIUII "
" '"
.. " "'\/(11 •

"

Figure 2: System used to process signal.

146
 amplitude modulated (31-34) by the functions controlling :lI1gular location (CH I-CH 4 ). The outpu ....
(36-39) are passed through adders (76-79) and then to loudspeakers (1-4). *' Thus far, the direct
signal has been processed for frequency sh ift, distance, :md angle.

The frequcncy-modulated signal (23) also takes another path to produce the reverberant signals. It is
attenuated (4 1) by some percent t9 control all rc\'erberation lime. The output (42) is then amplitude
modulated (43) for distance, I /V D. This output (44) is modulated (27) by the distance function
and the output (28) becomes the percent of the signal to become global reverberation. The outpu t
(44) is a lso modulated (29) by the (I - distance) function. This signal (30) is then distributed in
3Jlgle according to the same functions (CH I - CI14 ) which control the direct signal and added (46.49)
to the global part . These four signals are then reverberated (71.74) and added to the direct signal
(76-79). Multiple input adders can be placed immediately before the re\'erberators (71-74) a nd also
replace those before thc final output (76-79) to allow the simu ltaneous mO\'ement of a number of
independen t sources where the circu it (Fig. 2) must be multiply defined only til) to the rc\.erberators
and the final adders. This I)oi nt is important because the reverberalors cause the grea(est expense.
in computing time and memory, of the system.

SUMMARY

By using graphic input devices in conjunction with a powerful computer system a means has been
developed by which an illusory sound source can be moved through an illusory acoustical space,
allowing a great deal of nexibility and control. At some loss in nexibility but a gain in real·time
contTol, the processing syste m can be re ndered as an analog device. With so me care in the design of
the reverberators some number of independent channels of synthesized music or recorded music with
a minimum of natural reverberation can be transformed into two or four c hannels where the location,
static or dynamic. of each input channel can be independently controlled in an illusory environment
which can have a large range of reverbera nt characteristics.

References:
I. Gardner, M.B. Binaural Detection of Single-Frequency Signals in Presence of Noise,J. Aeoust. Soc.
Am. 34, 1824, 1962.
2. Gardner, M.B. Image Fusion , Broadening and Displacement in So und Location, J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
46, 399, 1969.
3. Schroeder, M.R. Naturdl SOlUlding Artificial Reverbera ti on, J . Audio Eng. Soc. 10, 2 19, 1962.
4. Wendt, K. The Transmission of Room Informati on, J. Audio Eng. Soc. 9, 282, 1961.
5. Mathews, M. V. 'The Technology of Computer Sound Generation, ' M.I.T. Press, Boston, 1969.

Extract from the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. v. 19 (January 1971) .

• It should be pointed out that the numerical representations of the waves are actually stored on a
disk fi le and not con"'e rted to electrical energy and applied to the spea kers until after t he computation
is completed. 147

7
 Corporeal Sound Sculpture

There arc: other avenues of significance: in sound scu lpture which basically utilize nothing more than the:
individual human organism.

In India, this has been an acknowledged discipline for millennia: the nada yogi Pandit Prao Nath is such
a man.

In the liner notes to the on ly record a1bum that Pran Nath has allowed to be made of hjs singing, La
Monte Young commented that the elements which occur when Pran Nath sings "produce together a
feeling so profound, so intensely moving, so much out of the very depths of the soul, that I am taken
to a place far within myself - far back in lime - to the essence of some basic spiritual truth that has
somehow been preserved in lhis music." This laller comment, in one sense, serves to illustrate the signi-
ficance of what can be done with just one', essence working with one's body. Sculpting vibration in
space in time.

The artifact, the physical object on the tactile level is not necessary. One can begin a study of sound
sculpture with exactly what one has at this moment. In a similar vein to that of Pran Nath, actor and
director Corey Fischer, describes in the following essay the generative roots of his discipline's
gtnce into sound sculpture. This is then followed by a series or photographs taken during one or
John Grayson's 'Sound Awareness Workshops'.

148
 ,
•
• ,.
l
'. • •
•
t

•
l'• •
I

• •
• •
•

Pundit Prall Nat h performing wilh La Monte Young and Marian Za:f'f'la on Tambollrlu.
149
 - :-:;-----:-:---
-
•

Corpy Fisdlcr ill r('/If'IIfI'lIl.

150
COREY FISCHER

Transitions
The fact that OUT theatre company is working in a sound scu lptu re mileau says something about
the changes that have occured in how a lot of li S I)crcci\'c and prac tice t heatre.

Through most o f the twentieth cent ury, the psychological models at the basis o f western theatre came
from Freud and Slanislavski ; the structural model s were mostly literary : narrati\"c plo ts, analyses of
social behaviour, characters who were representative of soc ieta l pressures: th e legacy of Chcko\'. Ibsen
and Shaw handed down to OdclJi, MjlJcr, Williams , Osborne, etc.

The first break with these modds came from playwrights like Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ioncsco. In
their plays event followed event without causality. Their structures were more often cyclical rather
than linear. T he ir characters were not "real peoplc" in the se nse of verisimi li tude. Their language was
paradoxicaJ a nd extra·verbal.

The second break began to happen as t he practitioners of what came to be the " new" theatre -
Grotowski, the Becks. Paul Si lls, Joe Chaiken, Peter Broo k, etc. - began to look to th e work of Artaud.
Brecht , Jung, Reich, Levi·Strauss for a new orientation to the processes of theatre.

T hus, variolls aspects of theatre whi ch had been left in the background but which, in fact, pre-dale most
of the concerns of "traditional" western theatre, bcg-dn 10 emerge inlo the foreground. T hese aspects
are: Theatre as 'event' (thc whole genre of " Happeni ngs"), Theatre as ' play' (most ob\'ious in the work
inspired by Vio la Spolin's and Paul Sills' notion o f theatre gallles and improvisation). Theatre as 'ritual"
(the Living Theatre) , Theatre as 'confrontation' (Grotowski), Theatre as 'procrss' (possibly the most
common aspect in all current experimental thcatrc) ,

As our idea of the human psyche changed to accomodale a vicw of self as discontinuous. transfonnation-
al and irrational, the Stanislavskian notions of " th e through line" or "spinc" of a character no longer fit.
From the work of Spolin , J oe Chaiken. Pau l Sills, etc. , the concept of the transformation, as a tool for
the actor, T he actor on the stage, as the actor in the street, was free to switch masks as often
as he needed.
151
 As we began to examine our bodies and voices. we discovered a \';lS l potenlial o r li on-verbal interactio n.
In man y cases the lines betwecn th ea Ire. ther.tI)Y a nd ritual became hard 10 dr-.n\'. Wh:11 is esse ntial here
is si mpl y that ror the rirst time in a grea t while. the actor was o nce aga in rreed rrom the straight-jacket
or socialized be haviour (which is no t to S:ly that he won ' t rind other straight -jackets). Th e actor no
lo nger had to convince the audience thallhey weren't Ih ere, lhal he was 11 0 1 an ac tor. that this was not
a theatre. He could begin to e xplore the act or perrormance and at the s'lIne time reveal the process or
his ex plor-d tion . He didn ' t have to "act natural." He was rrce to take o n the sh.lpes o r animals, angels
and demons, rree t o talk in tongues.

This brings me bac k aro und to the idea o r l)Crrorming CROW, a "theatre.piece" as part or a sound scu lp-
ture exhibitio n. Sound. Sculpture. The bo d y is a ft.-s o nator. Voice: is brealh relc;tsed as \·ibralion. The
texts arc te lUplates , I:!byrinths, pathways. patterns through whi ch we arti culate that vibrat io n. that
energy. As \'o ices fill the sl)ace:. shapes are rormed . O ur races, our mouths. tongues. throats. spines :mel
stomachs echo th ose shapes. We are sculpting on both sides o r o ur coq}o ral bo undries. We ,Ire reeling
o ur voices and hearin g the ir echos. The rcelings awaken associations; the score givcs us a palh t hro ugh
th em.

These co lliding a nd connecting elements - sound , mo\'ement. reeling, text - rorge, in the act or per-
ro rm ance, something which exists only while it is bei ng made a nd is not compl ete unless witnessed.
T oday, words li ke Art , Theatre, Religio n , Music, Scu lpt ure, arc melting. We can't co ntain thcm with
closed definitions an y mo re. Sculpture can move and make sounds and destroy itsclr a nd tr-dnsrorlll
itselr and transro rm the \vi tness. So can theatre. Sculpture is tactile, audial, Ol raclory , visual: it
wo rks with th e senses. So d oes theatre. you wan t to call these various - theatre,
music, dance, painting - they all come dow n to 1}Iaying wilh, and articulaling energy, and they ronn,
in relationshil} to each other, a continuum o r chllnging maleri:t!s, d ynamics, structu ring, etc. They
exist - no t to be analyzed, abstracted, or ot herwise rragmcntcd - but to be eXI:K!rienccd.

152
JOHN GRAYSON John Grayson was bom in Windso r, O ntario
in 1943. Ouring the mid·six ti es he worked
under artists HalTY Partch and C harles
Ma llox. Si nce t hen he has been con stru cting
"arious sonoro us sculptures and cn\·ironments
at a £arm o n Vancouver Island .

153
,

154
"(H 'flf (wd IIO(h' ,w u"d ('(J/I(J/ldiflg: lOlli'" i!i 1111' I 'IH',

155
 1111' I'III"!!Y ill (I rI'M)f/fllilljC body,

156
Devdopiflg Ihe cars. loueh. fwd (Ics/iblliur tOflsriO!l.mf'ss: sp('"cliflg (I duy blillclfolded.

157
 Fim/i"g 10M forgo llf'" sO/we/s.

158
 attcnd;flg li!/elling
159
 Li sh!ningJor 111(' loudl oJ t'mUl/nUlIa/1> rl'(llily.

160
PART IV

This section provides a cursory look at prllcLical, largely tried and tested. ill uSlrath,c descriptions of
innovative and creative applications of everyday materials for usc in the creation of sound scu lpture.
The guideli nes, examples, methods and ideas presented by the various contributors wi ll be of lISC
not only to those we ll .1Iang the path , but to any individuaJ just beginning to explore & experiment.

161
WILLIAM COlYlG
This essay sho ws how a harmo ni ca ll y rich en-
se mble of so unds ca n be ine xpensively made
through th e imagin ath'c utilizatio n o f commo n,
everyday conte mporary materials. There: arc:
literally tho usands o f shal}es and kinds of
materials all aro llRd us, producLs a nd by·pro·
ducts o f o ur industrial culture which nc\'cr
bdo re have bee n 3V"d.i1ahle to man and which
are wa itin g to be "discovered " and used as
vehicles fo r so und sculpture.

A Western Gamelan
The co llectio n o f tuned metal e1emc:nts making UI) the So uth east·Asian Gamclan makes lo \'c1 y music as
sevcr:aI people: play 0 11 il. The composer Lou Harriso n and I decided to make O ll r o wn Western G:lll1 clan
(cf. rig. t) based in ge neral o n the traditio nal o nes but no t cOI}ying anything for the sake o f authenticit y.
Our primary co nsidera tio n was to ma kc bea utirul so un d: o ur primary purpose to build a usable musical
instrumcnt ro r whic h new serio us music could be composed. (Eye appeal is \'cq ' iml)ort.lIIl also ill
musical in struments. so (hal wa s kc pt vcry much in mind when des ignin g o ur Gamcla n.) Vari o us pcnl a.
to nic (5-toned ) scal t-S lire uscd much in the world and C,III be tuned w;lh I}crfcc t harmo n ),. whereas o u r
wes tern "tempered " scale is o nl y .ac tuall ), in lune in its octaves. T he Gamelan Clm ma ke usc of unusual
(unings very ni cely sin ce it can be lUlled ncar perfecti on then ca nno t be played ··o ul-of-Iune."· Th e
prin cipaJ cle men ts in the traditio nal G amelans arc casl me tal bars w;lh b'lluhoo resonal o rs and round .
be ll ·sounding, " upside-down " hro nze gongs, a ll suspe nded with lea ther fo r fr L"C vibra tion . Using Wes tern
materials, o ur Gamelan is a " hal}!'), h ybrid " o f I}ipes (d. fig. 2) and hars and mc tal resonato rs (d. fig. 3.4)
and rubbe r mo untings fo r th e I}ipcs (d. fi g. 5) and woodell stands (d. fig. 6.7) 10 ho ld cvery thing up.
The o nl y " traditio na' " materials used arc leather ro r mountin g the bars (cf. fi g. 8) and , o f co urse. wood.

Here are a few no tes o n construction : T he steel upper "sopra no be lls" arc I ·i nch trade-size thillwall
elcetrical condui t; the "t eno r bells," trade-size electrica l cond uit. Th e a lum inum "sopranos"
arc I·in ch o utside·dia meter furnitur e tubing and the " teno rs" arc a luminum lube sized th e sam e as the
clec trical co nduit (d . fi g. 7). Th e bars for the lo wer to nes are a ll aluminum with sizes ,!arying
as fo und in a scrap meta l sto re (d. fig. 8). Mostl y th ey a r!' about 7.2 m m (,A·inch ) thic k and 90 m m
wide. The resonators for the bars are soldered together " bill y cans," i.e., No. 10 food cans
availablc at an y res ta urant back d oor ( 176 111m high, 156 11111\ dia.) (d . fi g, 4). Th e bo lto m is le rt o n
thc bo tto m can . Th e to nc will 1I0 t sustaih if th e couplin g is too light (resonato r too l}Crfcc tl y tuncd ).
All pil}CS and bars arc mo unted at their nod al po in ts - 221h% o f thei r lengt hs fro m each end - thc pipes
with medi cal rubber t ubing o n nai ls (d. fi g. 5) and the bars hung on leather shoe laces fro m 20d size
d o uble-headed constru ction na il " pos ts" (d. fi g. 8). Lumber used : 'A.inch pl ywood and '/i-in ch Iline
bo ards. The bea ters fo r playing: x 15· in ch dowe l sti cks with 2-inch di a., %.in ch thi c k ro und
woodcn heads padded with stre tched·on slices o f motorcyele tube .
162
The tuning of any instrument is determined by its usc:. In this case, our instrument was built to be com·
posed for by a composer so its tuning was specified by that composer (Lou Harrison). Certainly it could
Ix: made with "sharps and nats" and all tuned up out-of.tunc Western sl)'le in 12 equal tones so you
could play "Stormy Weather" on it. Why bother? We already have pianos and marimba phones. etc., to
play our favorite tuncs on . Marvellous new (to us) sound sensations can be achieved by trying different
musicaJ mo des in "jus t intonation," the expression used for ralionalluning. O nce a mode is set up, you
can either improvise or seriously compose your music for it. Although the pe nta ton ic sche me is basically
the most harmonious, other tones can be filled in with good resu lts too. The Western basic 7-tone
CMajor scale, juslly tuned, is a good place to start with musical experimentation. We tuned ours in D.
based on A-440. T he pentatonic involved here is D-E-F sharp-A-B and the ratios simply:

D, 3,2; A! E, 4,3 ; Dt F·,harp, 4,5; F.,h.,p tn,3,4.

Metallic sounds are compli cated, so are difficult to lune by ear. A modem electronic tool gives our
modem GamcJan precise vibrations perhaps nc\'er before possible. The oscilloscope pictures 3 sine
waves against 2 or whatever and the builder filcs away untillhe w,n'es stay put (d. fig. 9). If a bar or
tube is cut 100 short, bolts, nuts, and washers work fine for loweri ng the pitch (d. fig. 10). The above
ratios are given as used with the oscilloscope. The hfill_in" tones for a complete "major" scale are G and
Csharp tuned 0 G, 3:4 and F·sharp C'sharp, 2:3. What we come out with here (\vith our "major"
scale sounding much like the O-major scale as sung by a choir) is "Pto lemy's Diatonic Syntonon" or
"stretc hed diatonic" scale. Its note-to-nole ratios work out:

9 10 16 9 10 9 16
D-
8
E
9
Fsharp-
15
G-
8
A-
9
8-
8
Csharp Is D

Starting with A·440 vibrations pcr second ,

10 8 9 8
- x 440 := 488 - for B - x 488 - = 550 for C sharp, etc.
9 9 ' 8 9

Very good minor pentatonic modes are available from this scale starling from F-sharp, while a pelog-
type pentatonic mode starts from B. Olanging ratios for one or more toncs wi ll make other modes to
play in . We have made one for some compositions that first sounds \'ery strange then becomes qui Ie
glamorous upon furth er hearing. Using the 7th and II th harmonics we ca ll it the "7- 11 " sca le. Its
pentatonic:

7 9 II 12
Tone-tone ratios A- "C" .!. D- E- "CU - A
6 7 8 9 11

163
 Ratios to b".sc tonc
- 11 -67
4
3
3
2 "
6
2

-66 -67 8
6
9
6
"6 12
6

Experimenting with lIlan y different modes can be done easi ly on a mo nochord. then th e mo nocho rd
CiUl be used to tUll e any instrument, includi ng the Gamclan. The oscilloscope is recommended. howc\'cr,
for transferring the m o nochord tones to mct:lIlophonc cle ments.

OUT bars range from A-55 (787 mm long) 10 D-293-1 /3 (294 mm long). Our pipes. both steel alld alumi.
num sets, go from A-220 (636 mm ) to 11-977- 1/9 (479 mm ) on th e big o nes and A-440 (636 mm) to
E-2607. 1 1/27 (25 1 mm) on the sma ller ones.

Much experime nting ca n be do ne with dc\,clol)ing the Western G:unclan. The lubes could be resonated
(h ere bulk may be a Ilro blcm ); the tubes co uld be bars instead and resonated ( that 's a celeste); usc
other metal such as brass; wood (xylophone), etc.; the big bars (slabs) could be adjustcd in width to
give cOllso nant overtones (5th - 3:2. o r octave - 2: J . most desirabl e); nil sorts o f arrangements could
be mnde to mOllnt the clements and e mbelli sh the m for visual beauty.

Whil e building our very own repertoire for our Gamelan let us 1I 0 t forget the very exte nsive existing
Asian onc. An evening's IHogra m cou ld include Balinese and J avanese selectio ns and something fro m
the Philippines.

164
fil!llre 2 figure 3
P,,,, I)f /JifJ (,'u/nj;'s ·UI·.d 1°'" r. alllrlfm '. /Jjll Colvig pltl.n SOliII' uf IIIr df'CP buss IOIH'S of ',;,s
'lI'es l t'rtI Catl/e/ull '.

165
 f-- I
0(' /(1;/ ()f til(' mid-rill'!!!' btls. /OIl('S.

.')
This (1IYllinl/ hllSf ' SIIUU';'IJ! flu' rubbl" lubi" 1{ UpO/l
II'lIil'l,,,,,, moullted lI,c ',wf'ci Ti,Ls IHw'
ill 111m. ,l/lIt'l'd IIJJO/l fll(' I/' oodl'/I d(lIId shrJ/l' " ill
Fil!UfC' 6.

166
F'igurl' 6 Figure 7 II typical sectioll of pipes (with a rubber mallet
A ty pical WOOdf'tl stand. TIH' /ittir holl's resting on tile celltre top of til e pipes) silting
are for iml)ro ued sOll nd dispersal. on the wooden stand as showl! ill f'l5l1re 6. 167
 Fi/!II r (' 8
IA'clilter hiki"l! boot dlOl'·/flcrs /it,d 10 IIII'
{Ir(' IUf'd for //Iuttl/lillg lilt' 1IIt'lllf

168
Fitwrf' 9
Till' oSl'illos('opl' control! (UP S('/'tl in the
IIpper left COrllf'r. Till' microphotlf,
S('f'lI to the lefl of Ihe IfIPtat pipl'S.

Figure J 0
Various bolls, nuts atld washers are
used for lowerillg Ihe pilch of u
metal ,ube.

169
Sounding Space

(. Sf' II-;!!' f,l' rtl/ i ";!, IHI r/ i"ip(' fI/ -m od lilt. / ec/ f" "f'l.ru" i" / (I('QII ;"(1/ t' f" ' i (()11m I ' III fI' l,ipl' I'.
If work l' ff'fl ll·d IlIr /III' I lW I'OU"I'r I rl (;" II(>ry,

170
PAUL EARLS
Sounding Space· DraWing Room Music
"Sounding Space" is a sdf-generating, participant-modulated e lectronic/aco ustical clwironm Cnlall)iecc
which allows a space to ge ncr... te some o f its own musicul l)Ote ntial, as well as allowi ng I)articipants the
rare opportunity to hear and modify the standing w·.wcforms of a roo m . It represents:1 new develop-
ment in the field of environmental art and demonstratcs the creative application o f conventional equir>-
men' and knowledge.

The idea for "Sounding Space" grew from two other projects rece ntl y re;dized at the [\1.1 .'1'. Center for
Advanced Visual Studies, wilh \\ hich I ha\'c been associated sin ce 1969. In March. 1972. I completed
two sds of audio tapes of elcctronic music for the Colombian installation of a collaborative fire I}iece
entitled "Flame Orchard ." A \cn ion of that work is in this exhihition, and is the work of the Dircctor
of the M.I .T. Cente r, Gyurgy Kcpcs.

"Flame Orchard " consists of a sound-activa tcd field o f fire which makes usc o f the rcsonant character-
istics of enclosed spaces (m uch like sound boxes), co upled with the vibrational patterns o f fixed pl:lt cs
to generat e ChaidOlY figu res and Ucssel fun ctions whi ch modify the activity of th e living names. Th ey
c ha nge shape, co lor, sizc, or IlCrsonality in a li vi ng rela tionship with the music.

Music for this piece rc(luired 100me re:ll-time electronic compos ition. as I soon learned that the extern;a!
environme nt (te mper-Hure, humidity, and harome tri c pressure) co uld significantl y a lt er the n:spo llse
of the hoxcs, and th at theoretical calculatio ns were no t va lid under a ll co nditio ns. Indeed, th e rI ;lIIH..."S
themselves modified the emirollmenl an d changed the characte ristics ove r time. My music. to he
effective, was pre-composi tiunally limited to those events determined by the ph ysical char;lclcri1oli cs
of the sys te m, including its eccentrici ties ;lIld intcr·ac linn with its environment.

The lin kage of musical sou nd with spa tial position and movement w·...s a t the hc-. ut o f the "Sound
Floor" devised for the 'Dia logue for the Senses' ex hibition opening the W"dsworth Atheni um 's Tactile
Gallery in Hartford, Conneclic ut. 'I hat unit, conceived and realized after it suggestion h y Gyorgy Kepes,
was completed on ly one week prior to th e first prese ntation of "So unding Space." It is part o f ;1Il
enviro nment for unsighted artistic perceptio n, and co nsists of specially constructed musical ins truments
placed in a false fl oor which arc activated by stepping through lhe area. 'I'imhral systems arc linked
thro ugh chess moves. Here my role as a composer was in the design of rruitful se(luential ,md simul·
taneous possible combinations which were made avai lable fo r participant assemb ly. To pla y the
171
 instruments both hearing and total physical timed movement were emp loyed, linking the ancient re-
lationships of music and dance in a more contellll)Oraneous field effect structure. It a lso brought to
my mind the concept of a person's position generating or modifying a sound.

The theorctical basis of "Sounding Space" is the additive erfect of acoustical and electrical feedback.
H any complex signaJ, such as speech, is repetitively re-recorded by miking its ampl ified delayed
playback, the resonant characteristics of the room, and to a lesser extent the equipment invoked.
will act as a comb filter, quickly rendering the words incomprehensible and transforming the original
signal into an amplitude and harmonic-partial modulated pitch cluster.

Thc process of delayed fccdbaek has interesting and powerful aesthetic conceptual ill1l)lications.
Norbert Wiener speaks of it as "a method of controlling a system by reinserting into the syste m results
of its past performance .. . if the information which procceds backwards from the performance is
able to change the general method and pattern of performance, wc ha\'c a process which may well be
caJ led learn ing."

Only a handful of artists have exp lored this area of real-time living with your own past : Alvin Lucier
and Karlheintz Stockhausen arc co mposers who have done so, and J ames Seawright '5 TV works arc
impressive examples. "Sounding Space" a lso relies on both the physical process and its philosophi cal
position.

My work uses the familiarly shun ned phenomenon of real-timc microphonc feedba c k as the primary
sound generating system. As is wc ll known, any coupling of an ope n microphone with the amp lifi ca-
tion of its own pickup will generate an osci llation in the clectronic c ircuitry of those systems which
quickly goes out of control: it howls and squeals to the discomfort of a ll. The tuned circuits are
resonated beyond their load limits if the amplification continues, as the signal is perpetually additi\'e.
This effect has its counterpart in conven tional musical instruments : when the sensitive resonances of
stringed instruments are O\'er-stimulated buzz and 'wolf' tones appear. Some Rock performers ha\'e
made a limited use of microphone feedbac k for 'weird, - special effects.

Standard formulae for obtaining the spectra of room resonances (Eigcntones, natural oscillations) in a
rectangular space predict , for instance, that a 6x9x 12-foot room wi ll have approximately (we h'e such
oscillations at 100 Hz., 18 at 175 Hz., 25 around 250 Hz., and O\'er 30 at 280 Hz" with the number
steadi ly increasing as the frequency bandwidth rises. "Sounding Space-' concentrates on the lower fre-
quen cies, by the use of filters and resonat ors.

The Eigcntolles of 1\I.I.T.'s Hayden Art Gallery were combined with circuitry oscillations to produce
the first installation of "Sound ing Space" for two weeks in May, 1972. All of the primary audio sig-
nals in the room were resonated by controlled microphone feedback. Two other optional so und
sou rces were ineluded in the M.I.T. installation : a \'oice-activated sampling of electronic music pro·
duced on a EMS Synthi-I, and the a mplification of participant singing or talking. Neither are necessary
for the success of the system. They were included to provide an extra measure of participation and as
a means of triggering and encouraging potential vibrational modL"S. Only the voice system is used in
the Vancouver installation.
172
 Each of the microphones in the room is dually coupled to a specific resonator and loudspeahr spread
throughout the room. These resonators include organ pipes, hollow open cylinders, and paraboLic
misslc CO\'crs. In the Hayden Gallery one mike was attached to a sail that moved it across differing
organ pipes by air currents. One microphone is placed in a hollow partition at head level with a grilled
access so that people can sing or speak into it. It feeds a loudspeaker at anolher end of the room. All
of the other microphones are suspended from the ceiling and ate not directly accessible to the
participanu.

The standing wa,rdorms existing in the atca belwccen the microphones and loudspeakers detenninc
the fundamental pilCh clusters sounded. The actual partial sounded of each series is selected by the
microphone resonantors and other signals existent in the room, including the activity of all the other
channels and added signals, such as singing, speech, handclaps, etc. Most signiricant is the presence
or absence of a body at a crucial nodal point of a standing wave. At M.I.T., a modem dance class spent
four hours profitably using the system to generate their own musically choreographed movement.

The electronic multipliers shown in the logic diagram are indispellsible to the success of the system,
as they control the amplifiers and prevent the continuous locking-on of any single pitch. These circuits
output the electronic product of two input signals, retaining the arithmetic property of outputting
zero (no signal) when either input is zero. In this case, one of the multiplier inputs is a variable low.
frequency (.2 - 2 Hz.) sine wa"c, producing a continuous smooth swelling and fading of the pitches,
as the sinusoidal alteration of the oscillator is ac ting as an automatic gain controller. When the
polarity of the controlling sine wave changes, another partial of the same series sounds. Thus each
microphone-loudspeaker produces at least two differing, aJtcmating pitches. Other pitches are sounded
when other conditions At the first installation I counted sixteen different pitches occurring
within twenty seconds. A minute change in the oscillating rate has a tremendous eHect upon the
system, as some modes take longer to seule into oscillation than others. The Vancouver installation
allows participant influence upon the oscillator/multipliers.

Changing atmospheric and crowd conditions during the course of any day not only produce new
results, but also transform the system so that the same dial readings wjl! not produce identical results
when the room is empty and other conditions are as elose to identical as possible at the start of the
day. Is some kind of automatic, electronic learning taking place ? The room remains stab le only when
empty, when up to 40 seconds can pass without an exact repetition of e\'ents.

This incongruity perhaps derhres fTOm the tOlal cybernetic qualities of the system: all the sonic
activity and waveform patterns arc inter-active, and a change in allY part of the system alters the entire
unit which in turn provides new data for the system. The c \'ent has true evo lution capabi lities, and,
in my own mind , it takes on a real and living personalit y during the course of an exhibition. Closing
it down the final day is like an act of homicide.

1 173
 As mentioncd above, aU of the resonators and filters are adjusted to suppress high frequencies. It is
rare that a pitch abo\'e 400 Hz. (midd le 'c' is around 260 Hz.) is produced. The majority of the
pitches should be between 30 and 300 Hz. The limiters are set to take effect just before the hard dip-
ping level. and they output a near.triangular wa\'eform (the closest acoustical instrument equivalent
is a elarinet, but they're not normally used in that range). The net effect is of a complex, slow ly evolv·
ing work for a choir of trombones which mysteriously mo\'e about the space.

The ear easily accepts a relatively high \'olume of sound in the bass region, as the ear is most inefficient
there, particularly if the amplitude and slope of the signal are gradual. Even though the actual decibel
level is relatively high (up to 100 db) in the room, the combination of smooth amplitude and fre·
quency waveforms (sine to delta) mo\ing through a harmonic array of low frequencies (even though
some series are 'dissonant' with othcrs) can produce a plcasing sonic environment. Perhaps these
principles can be used where intrusive noise is a problem, not by trying to eliminate the noise, but
transforming it to a format more acceptable.

The appearance of th e environment is calcu lated to en hance its quiet, monochromatic, contemplative
oasis·like qualities for leisured exploration. The controlled lighting is simple, emphas izing the different
shadow values of the resonators, loudspeakers, and microphones. They are the only \'isible pieces of
equipment. Their cords are tacked to the walls and ceiling leading to the \,jscer.t. of tile system hidden
in another room, something like a Wizard of Oz arrangement, with the magic concealed and the room
itse lf a mystery. Yet the real sound.producing instruments are truly only the microphones and loud.
speakers, and the performers arc the participants.

The equipment used is a hybrid of high quality home hi·fi units and a few spt!ciallaboratory items.
At M.I.T., AKG condenser microphones, a Sony mixer/ preamp. Marantz anlpLifiers, and Bose 901
loudspeakers were lined wilh some relatively inexpensive and easily crafted circuit.s. The matrix
mixer is not a generaJ ly availab le piece of equipment , though it is extremely useful for any electronic
presentation, and I have made up a special 4x4 unit for the Vancouver installation. Voltage.controlled
oscillalors and multipliers are, in a different formal, basic synthesizer modules. I adapt my unilS from
circuils used at lhe M.J.T. Research Laboratory of Electronics, as well as building my own.

The possibilities for the use of this system in urban environments, private homes, and lheatcr/dance
are obvious and are being explored. It ofrcrs a composer another way in which he can simultaneous ly
assume a generous. inviting stance to a public whi le retaining his speciali zed and sophisticated role
wl1h others who become. like him, performers, creators, and audience.

174
 M IKE S

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SOUNDING SPACE SCHEMATIC 175

-
IVORDARREG
The Amplifying Clavichord
Ivor DaITeg has been inventing new musical instruments since lhe thirties. One aspect of this area of
his endeavours well illustrates the fact that a good deal can be done in sound by using only what is
immediately available in the environment. This is what Daneg does.

As onc example, the frame for Darrcg's Amplirying Clavichord shown here (c.r. Page 177) is con-
structed out of a reinforced bcdframe and contains an abundance: of parts from what would nor-
mally be: considered the most unlikely of "surplus" sources.

"The Amplifying Clavichord was built in January, 1940 and is now

being n=buill to have four sets of pickups (or dirruent An
extensive: series of experiments was conducted with different
typcs of pickups. it was found that what works well on electric
guitars is not very suitable for clavichords. though it might be
for harpsichords.

"The tangents and all strings are stee:! instead of the traditional brass.
Having no soundingboard. the tones last longer than they do in the
conventional c::lavichord. The individual vibrato is much greater than
that on conventional clavichords, and fuUy wlder the player's ex-
pressive control. The strings are 8-feet long in the bass to avoid
would strings as much as possible.

'"Three years ago, during the rebuilding phase, it was used as a giant
15S-string psa ltery and dulcimer, tuned to an overtone series.
With the strings free to sustain, the instrument fills a large room
with sound. I also discovered at that time that hitting the metal
frame with a mallet products a curiously hollow, long-echoing
drum-like sound."

Among Ivor Darreg's other instruments are : an electric keyboard drum, an electronic keyboard
oboe, an amplifying five-string ctllo, a thereminvox, and a special electronic organ with automatic
tuning and the: ability to play in different tuning-systems. Besides these, he has re-fTelle:d guitars
to the: 19- and 22-tone systems, and uses the 31-10nc guitar of Ervin Wilson and the 19-tone: Schafer
Undevigintivox.
176
i l'ur Dflrrf'ft Mtl/Hli,,;! 1I';lh hj$ "1/" /WIJsall/'riul/' NI'llr !j('diotl fir. 1111' k,'\'/)ullrd
. (ldiofl
( I III/Ai!"j,,!! Chll'iellOr<i) (u if IflU b,';"X fl'· of II,,·
bllillill 197 1.

117
 A Musical Carillon bv TOri ,' Pril'('

178
Tony Price

A Musical Carillon

This sound sculpture sta nds 011 a remote sec ti o n of sc rub land 1101 f ilT frolll Santa Fe. New
On I)agc 178 it is being played with clappers activated hy ropes attached to th em , which s trike th e
metal cy linders. The wi nd also plays it. The cy linders can be manually sw ullg agai ns t each oth er.

Part of the artist's concept includes the C\'clll ual mounting o f soleno id strikers which he would OPCr:ltc
frolll a control board from lhe ncarest back porch O\'er a half· mile awOl)'. The mel:1i cy linders an' unique
si nce they were If.tlhered from the sef'''I} y.ml of the Los A lamos A Lomie Energy Testing G found.

179
A Concert of Factory Siren & Steam Whistles'

A new idea for proletarian musie devel o ped in post re"o lu tionary U.S.S.R . during the early I 920·s. " The
new music had to embrace alllhe no ises of the mechani cal age, the rhy thm of the machine, the din o f
the great city and the fa cto ry, the whirrin g o r driving-bel lS, the clattering o r motors, and the shrill no tes
of motor-horns.

·'Therefore. th e Bolshevists very soon proceeded to co ns truct special no ise instrume nts. to fo rm noise
orc hestras, to ghrc th e public a 'real new music' instead o f the usual o ld bourgeois, indi,'idualislic 'pat ch.
work ,' and in this wa y to prepare the collective soul for th e revelation of lhe ho li cst. The y imitated all
conce ivablc sounds rrom industry and tcchnology alld united th em ill peculiar fu gues. ill which a whole
world or noise deafened the car. In in creasingly exte nded rorms th e new 'machine music' made itself
felt , and soon noise symphonies, noise 0l)eras, ;md noise festi\'e l)Crfo rm all ccs were co mposed. Perro rm -
ances of this kind were carried o ut wilh a serious ness and a devo tio n which resemble religio us m ys teries."

The 'symphony o f fa ctory whistles' which "was lIsed by preference at a ll great com munist fesli,·.tls, was
due to the untiring revo lutio nary poe ts, and Maiako\'s ki . Th ey po inted o ut that l)rolet:ari:UI
music should no lo nger be con fin ed to one n:arrow room. hut that its audience sho uld he the l)olHal ation
o f a whole di strict. The factory whistle was, in their opinion . best adapted to he th e new and prodomi-
nant orchestral ins trument , for its tone co uld he hea rd h y whole quarters and re mind tIlt." proletariat of
its real home, the factory. It was no t long be ro re theorelical discussions were put into prac ti ce; as earl y
as 1918 e XI)CrimenlS fa clory whistle sy mph o nies of this kind were tried in J·e lersliurg and later in
Ni z.hni-No\'go rod . But the first pcrfOrl1l11IlCC o n ;llarge sca le took pl:tce in Uaku o n 7th No\'cmher 1922.
The foghorns of the who le CLS pian Flcet, ;111 th e fa ctory sirens. Iwo batte rics of artillery, !>c\'eral infa n try
regiments , a mac hin e-gun scction , re.11 hydro plancs. and fin all y choi rs in which ;!Ilthe spectat or!> join ed,
look part in lhis performa nce . The festival is s;lid to have been very impress ive ; it is not surprising that
lhis music co uld be heard rar beyond the w'd lls o f the town o r Baku ."

"' fro m : vrh e Mjnd and Face o f Bols hevism' hy R. Fulnp-'lillcn, G. P. I·utnam and Sons, Londo n & New
York , 1927

180
The eondul'tor of the cOllet'rI of factory Sift'IIS TIl(' &/PfWI lI'hi.dies if! adioll. TIlt' conductor
and Steam II'lli&//t's. f"fJn bp ., "f' /I U/I 11,(' ruof.

181

•
 I,,,i& FraflJ!plla with a .mbsl'diufl Ms('mbl." of 'Rajll Husi!: IJ '
182 (drumhead.,. aluminum. 1IIf'llIl/mllll!. IJit'x4t ltus, rubbl'r bru iers).
Luis Frangello

RAIN MUSIC I I

Luis Frangclla . an Argentine artist currently working with

M.I.T.'s Centre of Advanced VisuaJ Studies h:u developed
m an y interesting large scale sound scu lptures. This is one of
them. Rain Music II serves as a good example of a large scale
environmental sound sculpture.

R ain Music II is a series of drums (shown in detail all this

and the OPI)ositc page) arranged in the shape of a roof
to be placed in a quiet place in a city (c.r. page 184).
The moving clements mounted above the drums transform
th e impact of rain d.,ops or the movement of the wi nd into
kinetic energy causing the clements to stri1..c the tUlled dnullS
wi th varying amounts of force.

Rain Musil' lI. sub seelio". 183



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185
186 Max Df'atl
Max Dean

SOUND SCULPTURE

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

A wooden cube containing a mechanism cal}able of cutting the top off the cube. The mechanism is
activated when the ambient sound reaches a specific level.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

The mechanism within the cube consists of a central steel shaft supporting an electric chai n saw
and an electric motor. The centre shaft is anchored by a metal cross piece to which is atl;:tchcd a
second electric motor. The saw, positioned so that the blade is parallel with the top of the cube,
is mounted on;1 metal bracket attached to the centre shaft.

The mechanism is triggered by a voice operated relay located in the stand. Upon activation both the
chain saw and all electric motor stan. The moLor. coupled by il chain to the metal bracket. pivots
the saw dmwing it through the wall about 4 inches from the top of the cube. Whcn the blade is
perpendicular w ith the side of the cube a contact sw itch turns off the molor while another switch
the second motor. Thc second molor is coupled to the centre shaft and rotates the saw through
the rem;lining three hundred and sixt), degrees. When the saw returns to the starting point anothcr
I>air of contact switches cut off the chain saw and electric molor.

After the piece is completed the mechani sm is transferred from the Cllt cube. scaled inside a new culJe.
and replaced on the stand.

187
•

188 MIIX Dran

 •

M"x Dell" Cube: 2 x 2 x 2 fepl. Statui: 2 x 2 x 3.5 fee l. 189

 ............................

SOUND SEWAGE
' The depth and meaning of new sonic explorations are being obfuscated and neutralized by th e vast and
growing amounts of sou nd sewage permeating ou r environment. Recent studies show that sound pollution
is causing many of us to lose aural acui ty continuously. This has been sho\YJl not to be the case for
peop le who have remained une xposed to westem technologi cal civilization. I wonder if a yo ung profes sor
or st udent o f cth nomus ico logy, who has been raised in O UT sound polluted environ ment, would still be
able to hear the subllc harm on ic/inharmonic interplay that the Balinese musician hears and co ntrols when
playing in his traditional game)an (musical ensem bl e).

Few artists are aware of a resolution passed by the International Music Council (UNESCO) in Paris in
J 969, the first part of which reads:

'We denounce unanimously the intolerable infringement (through noise) of personal freedom and the
right of everyone to silence.'

T he sound sculptor today must take into account the danger of his work being destroyed by sound sewage.'

In ironic contrast to the preceding sta te ment which I wrote in 1969 a nd which appeared in the journal
Leonardo in 1970, the following letter was rece ived from Co lin Miles, an associate of the World
Soundscape Project in April of 1973 :

"So me of the wor ks at the recent sound sculpture show at the Vancouver
Art Gallery were loud. We feel that the sound leve ls were potentially
harmful to people's hearing. We therefore measured the intensity of the
loudest works.

Raschet

G lass Trombone 68-78 dBA

Von Huene

Tote m Tone I J I 84 - 100

Totem Tone V .......... a • • • • 86 - 98
Washboard Rand ............ . 70 - 88
Rosebud Anunciator ......•.. . 89 - 95

190
 Jacobs (large room)
highest 103 dBA
lowest 76 dBA
Wah Wah room 92 (average)

"A reading in decibels on the ' A scale' most accurately measures the
intensity of sound pressure on the human car. On February 21, be-
tween 1 and 2 p.m. wc measured the sound pressure levels of thl.'Sc
works with a calibrated General Radio Sound Lcvclmctcr. All
measurements were taken at fifteen feet, although we found that
the intensity W 'olS quite uniform in all parts of each room , due to
reverberation. In the large Jacobs room the sound was continuous,
slowly rising in volume until the peak was attained at 103 dBA. T he
loudest ten minute segment was in excess of 90 dBA. By comparison,
the school children, outside on the sidew'd lk, waiting to visit the show,
were exposed to a sound level between 68 and 76 dBA fTom passing
tramc.

"U a light is intense, one can dose one 's eyelids or avert one's gaze
in order to prevent damage to the retina. When one is exposed to
intense sound one has no earlids to close and the ear surrers. One
of the resu lts of repeated exposure to loud sounds is heari ng loss.
It is generally accepted that prolonged exposure to sou nd intensity
levels about 85 decibels will cause severe hearing loss and lifetime
exposure to more than 70 decibels throughout the day will cause
significant hearing loss, Nearly forty million North Americans
have suffered enough hearing loss to require hearing aids and this
is due to the noisy e nvironment.

"In future audio-kinetic exhibitions we recommend that a sign be

posted warning visitors about any sou nd levels wh ich might
cause temporary or permancnt hearing loss."

It is interesting to note that in the case of the Totem Tones, Von Huene utilizes a typical low prcs-
sure wind system and pipes no different in energy output than those used in many church organs.
The reason, in this case, for the difference in the decibel rating between Von Huene's works and a
typ ical low pressure church org-an (which presumab ly is not a danger to one's aural health) is the
fact that the rooms in which these works were exhibited were of concrete and rock plaster -
almost totally renecling surfaces.

One can never be too careful in mounting and designing an adequate environment, especially since
more than 22,000 I)eople attended this exhibit in a 30 day period.

191
-
Selected Readings

Francgis and Bernard Baschct

Baschet, F.P.M. 'Acoustic Amplifier and Musical Instrument Incorporating Same,' U.S. Patent no.
3,004,620,Octolx:r 17,1961.
Baschd, F.P.M. 'Compound Musical Instrument,' U.S. Pate nt no. 3,101,022, August 20,1963.
Baschet, F.P.M. 'E lectronic Musical In strumen t,' U.S. Patent no. 3,229,021, January II, 1966.
Baschet, F.P.M. 'Musical In strument', U.S. Patent no.3,084,587, Apri l 9, 1963.
Baschel, F.P.M. 'Plastik and Musik: Werke der Bruder BascheL,' Kunsthalle Koln: 27, May, 1971.
Baschet. F. and Bernard. 'Structures for Sound: Musica l InstrumenLs.·
A long play record issued in 1965 distributed by T he Museum of Modem Art, New York.

Harry Bertoia

Nelson, J.K. 'Harry Bertoia: Sculptor,' Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1970.
A recording by Hany Bertoia, 'Sonambient,' LPS 10570, available through Staempfli Gal lery, New York .

Stephan Von Huene

Newmark, Dorothy. "An Interview with Stephan von Huene on his Audio-Kinetic Scu lpture," in
'Leonardo,' Vo1.5. 1972, pp.69-72.

David Jacobs

Audsley, G.A. vI'he Art of Organ Building,' Vo1.2, Dover Press, 1965.
Bain es, A. 'Bagpipes,' Oxford, 1960.
Baines. A. 'Musica l Instruments Through the Ages, ' Penguin Books, Harmonsworlh, 1961.

192
Barnes , William H. 'Contemporary American Organs,' J. Fischer Co., New Jersey, 1959.
Bates, Philip. 'The Trumpet and Trombone,' W.W . Norton Co., New York, 1966.
Be ll, T.F. 'Jacquard Weaving and Designing,' Longmans, Green, and Co., 1895.
Bos ton , C.N. and LG. Lyngwill. 'Churdl and Chamber 8arrel Organs,' Langwill Co., Edinburgh, 1967.
Bo wers, Q.D. ' Put Another Nickclln,' Vestal Press, New York, 1966.
Buchner, Dr. A. 'Mechanical Musical Instruments,' Batchwo rth Press, London, 1959.
Chapuis, A. and E. Droz. 'A utomata, Editions Du Griffo n, Neuchatel, 1958.
Clemencic, Rene. 'O ld 1\'fusical Instruments,' G. P. Putnam and Sons, New Yo rk, 1968.
Clinton and Gilroy. 'Art o fW eavin.l{,' Hand and Power, 1844.
Cocks, W.A. andJ .F. Bryan. 'The Norlhumprian Bagpipes.'
Conservative Nationale des Arts et Metiers. iA utomates et l\1echanismes a Musique,' Paris, 1960.
Devaux, P. 'A utomates et Automalisme,' Presses Universitaires, Paris, 1941.
De Waard , Romke. 'From Musi c Boxes to Street Organs,' Trans. Jenkins, Vestal Press, New York, 1967.
Douglas, Fenner. "L'Arl du Facteur D'OrglH.'s," in 'Language of Classical French Organ 1969,' (fac-
simile reprint by 8arenreiter Kasse l, 1934), Don Bedes, Dc Cclles, 1766-70.
Farmer, M.J . 'The Organ of the Ancients,' London, 193 1.
Fox, T.W . 'The Mechanism of Weaving,' !\'Iacmillan and Co., London and New York, 1894.
Gilbert, George. 'A n Automatic Violin Player,' Scientific Amcrican, December 28, 1907.
Givens, Larry. ' Rebui lding the Player Piano,' Besta l Press, New York, 1964.
Harrison, F. and J. Rimmer. 'European Musical Instruments,' London, 1964.
Harrison, F. and J. Rimmer. 'Showcase of Musical Instruments,' Dover.
Hinton , J .W. 'Organ Construction,' Composers Press, London, 1900.
Hunt, N.J. 'The Organ Reed, ' New York, 1950.
Hunt, N.J. 'Guide to Teaching Brass (College Teaching Series),' William Brown Co., 1968.
Jacot, J .H. 'The Jacot Repair Manual, ' New York, J 890.
'Journal of Franklin Institute Vol CLXVII, No. 997-3,' Phi ladelphia.
Kelly. John. F. 'Electric Piano Player,' Scicntific American Supplement, no. 1748, July 3, 1909.
!\1aingot, E. 'us Automates,' Librairie Hachette, Paris, 1959.
Marsden, Richard. 'Cotton Weaving,' George Bell and Sons, London, 1895.
Mayer, A.M. 'Experimental Science Series ror Beginners : II Sound,' Appleton Co., New York, t 878.
Mendez, R. ' Prelude to Brass Playing,' Carl Fischer Co., New York, 196].
Miller, C.c. 'Science of Musical Sounds,' Macmillan Co., New York , 1926.
Mosoriak, R. vfhe Curious History of the Musi c Box,' Lightner Publishing Co., Chicago, 1943.
Musical Box Society or Great Britain. 'The Music Box, London 1922-26.
'Musical Box Society International or America Bulletin,' U.S.A., 1965-66.
Norman. vfh e Org'd.11 Today,' New York , 1966.
Olson, H.F. 'Musical Engineering,' McGraw Hill Co., New York, 1952.
Ord-Hume , Arthur, 'Coll ection Music Boxes and How to Repair Them,' Crown Publishers, New York,
1967.
Posselt, E.A. 'The Jacquard Machine,' Sampson, Low, Marston and Co., London, 1902.
Richardson , E.G. 'Acoustics of Orc hestra l Instruments and the Organ,' Arnold Company, London,
1929.
Rochl, H. ' Player Piano Treasury,' 3d Edition, Vestal Press, New York, 1964.
Russell-S mith, G. 'Sound Sense,' Boosey and Hawnes Co., London, 1965.
Tyndall, John. 'The Science of Sound,' 3d Edition 1875, Citadel Press, New York, 1964.
193
.
Wicks, Mark. 'Organ Building for Amateurs, Ward, Lock and Co., London, 1887.
Winlcrnitz, Emanuel. 'Musical Instruments of the Western World,' McGrdw Hill, New York.
Wood, Alex. 'Physics of Music,' Sherwood Press, Cleveland, 1944.
Young, Thomas. 'The Making of Musical Instruments,' Librarie Press, New York, J 969.
Zanzig, A.D. 'How to Make and Play Shepard Pipes,' National Recreation Association, New York.

Harry Partch

Earls, Paul. • Harry Partch: Verses in Preparation for Delusion of the Fury,' Inter-American Institute
for Musical Research Yearbook, Vol. III, Tulane University, New Orleans, 1967, pp.I-32.
Partch, Harry. 'Genesis of a Music,' DaCapo Plenum, New York, 1973.
Partch, Harry. An article in 'Source: Music of the Avant Garde,' Vo!.1 00.2, July, 1967.
A recording by Harry Partch, 'Delusion of the Fury,' with Mitchcll, Unique Instrumcntal Ensemble;
bonus record with booklet, Instruments of Harry Partch. 2 Columbia L.P. 's no. M2·30576.

Murray Schafer

Schafer, R. Murray. 'The Music of the Environment', Univcrsal Edition, London, 1974.
Schafer, R. Murray. 'Ear Cleaning', 'The New Soundscnpe', U niversal Edition, London, 197 J nnd 1972.
Such, Peter. 'Soundprints: Contemporary Composers,' Clarke Irwin and Co. Ltd., Toronto, 1972.

Gyorgy Kepcs

Gyorgy Kepes. 'Language of Vision,' Paul Theobald and Co., Chicago, 1959.
Gyorgy Kepes, ed. 'Vision and Value Series,' George Brazillier, New York, 1965 and 1966.
Titles: Education of Vision
Module, Proportion, Symmetry, Rhythm
Sign, Image, Symbo l
Structure in Art and in Science
The Man·Made Object
The Nature and Art of Motion

Lou Harrison

Harrison; Lou. 'Lou Harrison's Music Primer: Various Items About Music to 1970,' C.F. Peter's
Edition, New York, 1972.
A recording by Lou Harrison with Hughes, Oak land Youth Orchestra, 'Pacifika Rondo,' Desto
Records, no. 6478.
194
David Rosenboom

Rosenboom, David, cd., 'Biofeedback and the Arts: Results of Early Experiments', A.R.C . . Publications,
P.O . Box 3044, Vancouver, B.C. , Canada, 1974.

John Chovroing

De 8crtola, E lena. "On Space and Time in Music and the Visual Arts," in 'Leonardo,' Vol. 5, 1972, pp.27-30.

David Rothenberg

Rothenberg, David. 'A Pattern.Recognition "'Iodel Applied to the Perception of Pitch,' Technical Report,
Air Force Office of Scientific Research (OAR) Arlington, Virginia 22209, January, 1969.
Rothenberg, David. 'Prelim inary Report: An Adaptive Pattern Representa tion and Recogn ition System,
OAR, Arlington, Virginia 22209, October, 1970.

William Colvig

Uoyd, L.S. and Hugh Boyle. 'Intervals, Scales , and Temperaments,' 1\'l acDonald, London , 1963.
Shows ho w to build and use a monochord,
McPhee, Col in , 'Music in Hali ,' Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1966.
A remarkable book by a remarkablc Canadian,

John Grd.yson

Grayson,john , cd, 'Environments or Musical Sculp tures You Can Huild ', A,R,C, Press, P,O, Box 3044.
Vancouver, 1975.
Grayson, John. 'Avenues to Highcr Lc\'c1s or Psychic Communication and Neurological Referencing:
An Outline or Recent Developments in the Fine Arts,' A,R,C, Press, Vancouver. 197 1.
Grayson, John, 'Sound Construction and Transrer,' A .R,C. Press, Vancouve r, 1976 (in preparation).
Jenny, Hans, 'Cymatics: The Structure and Dynamics or Waves and Vibrations,' 8asiJius Presse, Basel, J 967,
Malina, Frank j.. cd. 'Ki netic Art: Theol'y and Practice', Dover Publications, N C\v Yark, J 974.

195
 A Request
Jf yo/l art.' II SOil lid seu /I,l or (lfI d would like /0 bi! induded in fu lure expullded edit.iotls 0/ this
pu,bliculiull. p/ClUf' !wll d li S II IYfJ/·r/ df'Scriptioll a/your work contain ing ;,,!omwliofl pertuinjng to:
holtl it [ullctions: f/wft'rials usrc/: special eOllsf.ruclju/I (llld/or lIcollslicailedwiqllcs involved: und
references. if u/ly. H"doSf' ;!Ood quulity high Wll/msl, 8 x 10 inch photos or ink drawings of euch
piece. Ellery con tributing artist will rCl"ril!(, t,Ult) c'/J/uplemc/I/,ary copies of rfH,;h edition il/ wll ieh
"is work llppccm . .11uiiYOllf 11/(1/('(;(1/ to: John Gray.wl!. A.R.C. Pub/in ltia l/s.
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Waddell Cullery JIIC .: I, 10: Tad Creerwway (Vullcol/verArl CrlUery): pages 2.3,5.9, 23, 26.
27, 28, 29, 30. 70. 71, 73. 7ft. 79. 83, 84. 85. 97. 127. 130. 13 1. 134. 135. 137. 170; William II.
Smith: page 21: Gu.y Tomme: page 22: S. VOII lI ue"e: pages 3 /. 32.33; /-Il/gh Rogers: page 34:
Reinhold Pieper MarxitallscrI.' page 68: Charles Mal/ox: page 80: R icharci A. Ma/.t./l ews: page 88:
Gyorgy Kepes: page 91.: Varin: Page 98: Vancouver 51111: page /42: Paula Cooper: page 149:
Martha Beclrman:page 150: Deh'e Simon: pages 153. 154. 155. 156. 15 7. 158. / 59: F. l effris Elliott:
page 160; LOll Harrison: pt,gt's 164, 165: l ohn Gmy!!on: pllges 166, 167. 168. 169; Edward Klleifel:
page 177: Dorothy Newmarh': page 178: Biclllljitw: pugl! 182: Max Dell": puge!! 186. 188, /89.

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