DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING-MVGRCE(A)

BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS

UNIT-1
Review questions

1. Define Biology.
2. What are the main objectives of biological nomenclature?
3. Discuss how classification systems have undergone several changes over a period of time.
4. What are the advantages of biological classification?
5. What are the 3 domains of light? Explain.
6. Viruses are not included in any system of classification. Why?
7. Why are lichens called so? Give economic importance of lichens.
8. How does archaebacteria differ from other bacteria?
9. What is relation between science and engineering?
10. What is biology and what are its applications
11. What are the various biological discoveries in 21st Century?
12. Describe the importance of biology?
13. How biology is classified?
14. What are the various kingdom of classification in biology?
15. What do you mean by domains of life?
16. What are the invention made using biological living things in 21 st century?
17. What is meant by Monera
18. What is meant by Protocitsa
19. What is meant by Plantae
20. What is meant by animalia

Very short answer type questions

1. Give one example of Brownian motion.

2. What is biology?
3. What is Brownian motion?
4. Give example of first law of thermodynamics.
5. What basic principle of flying is used by birds?
6. what basic principle of imaging used create a camera from biological eye?
7. What are the draw backs of five kingdom classification?
8. What is theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge, how they are related
9. What is the importance of bacteria to an engineering sector?
10. What are the useful and harmful activity of bacteria?
 11. What is the difference between virus and bacteria?
12. What is difference between Protista and animalia kingdoms
13. Explain the kingdom of fungi
14. What is the use of knowing about the kingdoms in biology for engineering?
15. Can we develop a virus?
16. How virus and bacteria live in the ecosystem. What is the effect of temperature and pH?
17. Does microorganism used to develop a neural network to solve the mathematical problems
18. How nanotechnology is influenced by the biological organisms
19. Are parasites and microorganisms being good for human survival?
20. Does MARS have microorganisms. Can they live there

Long answer type questions

1. What is the need to study for biology?

2. Give example of Brownian motion.
3. Give difference between (a) flying bird and aeroplane (b) camera and eye
4. Which features help a bird to fly.
5. Explain the hierarchical system of biological classification.
6. Explain Two kingdom classification.
7. What is three kingdom classification
8. What is four kingdom classification
9. Explain the five-kingdom system of classification
10. Describe the six-kingdom classification
11. Compare the three domains of life
12. How human android technology can used to help the physical handicaps
13. Can knowledge about microbial kingdoms help use to cure the human disease and how
14. How the venom of snake is used for developing the medicine for nerve damages patients
15. How the material science is related to the web of spider. Explain the phenomena.
16. How the physical computer simulation is used to understand the animal bone and shape
structures.
17. Can we make robots with animal shape? If so, what are the purpose of it.
18. How Science and engineering brought changes in field of medicine and construction
19. What is practical knowledge and theoretical knowledge describe in terms of biological point of
view
20. How history of biological classification influenced the engineering branch list out few with
examples.

Review questions

1. What is a cell? How does the cell theory establish the importance of cells?
2. Name three main components of a eukaryotic cell that distinguish it from prokaryotic cells.
 3. Both the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus act in the production and
release of proteins? Explain how
4. What is cytoskeleton? What are the main constituent’s animal cells?
5. Compare and state the differences and similarities between ribosomes of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
6. Why mitochondria be considered the power plants aerobic cells?
7. What are chloroplasts? what are the main Functions of chloroplasts?
8. What are the Chemical substances that compose the plasma membrane? Describe their
organization in the membrane
9. What is the glycocalyx? explain mention its function in bacteria
10. What are the functions of the nucleus?
11. How many divisions takes place in meiosis? How many times the chromosome replicate during
meiotic division?
12. Why does a multicellular organism require 2 types of cell division? Which of the 2 produces the
great number of cells?
13. What is the cell cycle? What are the stages of the cell cycle? How does the cell cycle vary among
different type of cells?
14. What are homologous chromosomes? What happens to homologous during meiosis?
15. What is meiosis? what is the significance of meiosis?
16. Explain the concept of the cell?
17. Describe the cell theory and its significance?
18. Brief out the basis properties of cell?
19. Elaborate the difference between plant and animal cells?
20. What is the importance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Very short answers type questions

1. Who is the father of zoology?

2. Who is the father of botany?
3. What is a model organism?
4. Who introduced 5 kingdoms classifications?
5. What are prokaryotes?
6. What are eukaryotes?
7. What are autotrophs?
8. Who is the father of taxonomy?
9. What is the scientific name of fruit fly?
10. Give one example of simplest eukaryotic organism
11. Explain the cell cycle?
12. Discuss about cell division in animals?
13. What is the difference in plant and animal cell division?
14. Write your view on the difference in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Short answer type questions
 1. What is taxonomy?
2. What is classification?
3. What is nomenclature?
4. What is dominance?
5. Explain the term: (a) Species, (b) genus, (c) family, (d)order, (e) class, (f) phylum,(g)kingdom
6. Give any two difference between
 Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
 Autotrophs and heterotrophs
 Ureotelic and uricotelic

Long answer type questions

1. What is the role of nomenclature in taxonomy?

2. Explain the concept of taxonomic hierarchy.
3. Explain the classification of organisms based on carbon utilisation of organism.
4. Explain how did Carl Woese classified organisms?
5. What are the characteristics of model organisms?
6. Explain the use of mouse E.Coli, yeast fruit fly as a model organisms.
7. Importance of modern cell theory and its significance brief out?
8. Describe the basic molecular mechanisms and properties that govern the lives of cells
9. Compare the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of 1) Extracellular Structures 2)
Intracellular Structures, 3) Reproductive Process, 4) Genetic Structures
10. Characterise the different types of cells found in plants and animals, in terms of shape, size and
functions.
11. Explain the difference between bacterial, plant and animal cells with diagram and represent
what it is made off.
12. What is gram staining in Prokryotic cells?
13. Explain about the ribosomes and inclusion bodies?
14. Explain the difference between primary and secondary cell wall?
15. Elaborate the fluid mosaic model about the cell membrane?
16. Give details of functions of the cell membrane?
17. Distinguish the features of rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
18. What are the different classes of plastids explain the by colour, pigment, and functions?
19. Elaborate about the ribosomes and cytoskeleton.
20. Explain the phases of cell cycle with a diagram.
 UNIT-2

Biochemistry and molecular analysis

Review questions

1. What are phospholipids? Briefly discuss the structure

2. Give a brief account of structure of proteins
3. What are polysaccharides? list various functions of polysaccharides
4. What is meant by zwitterion and its isoelectric point?
5. Why monosaccharides are known as a reducing sugar
6. What are the functions of proteins?
7. List some important organic compounds present in living organisms
8. List the different types of lipids
9. What are the method of analysis of chemical composition of a tissue?
10. What are carbohydrates
11. What are different types of carbohydrates?
12. What are amino acids?
13. How amino acids are classified?
14. What are proteins?
15. What are function of proteins?
16. What are nucleic acids?
17. What are the components of nucleic acid?
18. What are lipids
19. How many types of lipids are known in a adult body?
20. How biomolecules are tested qualitatively?

1. Define the chemical composition of living forms?

2. How the biologists and chemists divide the compounds in the body?
3. What is the biochemistry?
4. What are the important categories of organic compounds?
5. What is sublimation?
6. What is crystallizing?
7. What is distillation?
8. What is steam distillation?
9. What is differential extraction with solvents?
10. what is chromatography?
11. What are empirical formula of carbohydrates?
 12. What are monosaccharides?
13.What are disaccharides?
14.What are polysaccharides?
15. Compositional classification of polysaccharides?
16. Functional classification of polysaccharides?
17.What are the function of glucose?
18.What are the functions of fructose?
19. What is the structure of basic amino acids?
20. List out some neutral amino acids with R groups?

1. What is the procedure for chemical analysis of organic compounds?

2. What are the fundamental purification techniques

3. How organic compounds are identified by qualitative analysis.

4. What is procedure for destructive analysis of inorganic compounds

5. How microanalysis apparatus work?

6. Mention different types of carbohydrates with examples?

7. How polysaccharides are classified?

8. What are functions of carbohydrates?

9. List out the common amino acids found in proteins with abbreviation and functions?

10. Brief about the four structure and shape of the proteins?

11. List out the types of proteins and their function elaborately?

12. Brief about types of nucleic acids and their functions?

13. Classify the lipids based on structure and functions?

14. List out the functions of lipids?

15.Discuss about nature of bonding and qualitative tests

16. Brief about the qualitative tests for carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, fats and oils.

17. What are steroids and list their use for body functions

18. How the proteins, lipids and carbohydrates perform the bond linking. Explain the peptide bond
formation.

19. Explain the dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis process sucrose, lactose, maltose.
20. explain the zwitterionic form of amino acids

UNIT-3A-GENETICS
Review questions

Very short answer type questions

1. Who is the father of genetics?

2. Which is dominant gene, round seeds or wrinkled seeds?
3. What is Mendel mono hybrid ratio?
4. Write down Mendel’s dihybrid ratio for phenotypes.
5. What is the location of the gene for hemophilia?
6. What are genotypes of man with blood group A?
7. Mention any 2 of the 7 contrasting traits in garden peas.
8. Explain how color blindness is passed in children.
9. How genetic material passes from parents to offsprings.
10. Explain the concept of complementation.
11. Explain the complementary gene interaction.
12. Explain supplementary gene interaction.
13. Explain the concept of incomplete dominance.
14. What is incomplete linkage
15. What is complete linkage
16. What is recombination of genes
17. What are types of crossing over
18. What is chromosomal disorders
19. What is mendelian disorders
20. What pedigree analysis

Short answer type questions

1. What is genetics?
2. On which plant did Mendel work?
3. What is genotype?
4. What is phenotype?
5. What is dominance?
6. Why did Mendel choose pea plant for his experiments?
7. Differentiate between mono-hybrid and di-hybrid.
8. Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous.
9. What are multiple alleles?
10. What is epistasis?
 11. What are the factors contributing to the success of Mendel’s experiment?
12. What is the principle of dominance?
13. What is law of segregation?
14. What are the seven characters in Pisum Sativum studied by Mendel?
15. What is monohybrid cross and Punnett square method.
16. What is dihybrid cross, test cross and back cross?
17. Explain Mendel’s las of segregation. Give an example.
18. Explain law of independent assortment.
19. Explain about hereditary disease with examples.
20. What is gene mapping?

Long answer type questions

1. Explain Mendel’s law of segregation with the help of monohybrid cross

2. Discuss the law of independent assortment
3. State the chromosomal theory of inheritance
4. Define and design a test-cross
5. What is the significance of crossing over?
6. Why is Mendel said to lucky in discovering the law heredity?
7. How many kinds of linkage are there?
8. In a cross between 2 pea plants some of the offspring produced were dwarf. Show
with the help of Punnett square how this is possible
9. Explain the concept of allele and give examples of dominant and recessive alleles.
10. Explain the chromosomal theory of inheritance and Mendel’s laws based on meiotic
chromosome behaviour.
11. What is law of independent assortment, brief the difference with meiotic chromosome
behaviour.
12. What the types of linkages and significance of linkage.
13. Explain the generic mapping with a diagram
14. What are the factors affecting crossing and explain significance of crossing over?
15. Explain the importance of chromosome mapping and different types of chromosome
mapping.
16. Define of gene interaction and explain it is types.
17. What is genetic disorder? Discuss about human karyotype. Pedigree analysis.
18. What are the disorders caused alteration or mutation of alleles of a single gene?
19. What is chromosomal disorder, what are consequent of non-disjunction of chromosomes
during meiosis.
20. What are the factors contributing to the success of Mendel’s Experiments?
UNIT-3B
Introduction to metabolism
Very short answer type questions

1. What is the primary source of energy for living organism?

2. Give one biological example of (a) endothermic reaction, (b) exothermic reaction.
3. What is spontaneous reaction?
4. Give full form of (a) ATP,(b) EMP, (c) NADH.
5. What is the site of occurrence of glycolysis?
6. How Many ATP are produced in glycolysis?
7. What is the structural unit of photosynthesis?
8. What are the two status of photosynthesis?
9. What is anabolism?
10. Give the full form of ADP any NADPH
11. What is meant by non-equilibrium stead-state?
12. What are light reactions?
13. What are dark reactions?
14. What is photosystems?
15. What is Z scheme?
16. Explain photophosphorylation?
17. What is proton gradient?
18. What is C3 pathway?
19. What is C4 pathway?
20. What is photorespiration?

Short answer question

1. Explain the first law of thermodynamics in biological systems

2. Give difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions, endrogenic and exergonic
reactions.
3. Give the relation of Keq with standard free energy.
4. Define glycolysis.
5. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
6. What is the concept of metabolism?
7. What is the metabolic pathways mean?
8. Explain two photosystems?
9. How electron transport happen in Z scheme?
10. Explain the process of cyclic photophosphorylation?
11. Explain the process of non cyclic photophosphorylation?
12. What are the factors involved in building proton gradient?
 13. What is biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis?
14. Explain the occurrence and significance of C4 pathway?
15. Explain the Crassulacean acid metabolism?
16. What are internal factors affecting photosynthesis?
17. What are the external factors affecting photosynthesis?
18. What are the respiratory substrates?
19. List out the types of respirations.
20. What is meant by fermentation?

Long answer type questions

1. Explain how ATP is produced.

2. Explain the process of glycolysis.
3. Give difference between glycolysis and Krebs cycle.
4. Explain the 2 stages of photosynthesis.
5. What is energy charge?
6. Give difference between anabolism and catabolism.
7. Given an account of external factors which affect photosynthesis
8. What are the photosystems? Explain in brief
9. What is terminal oxidation?
10. Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient then aerobic respiration?
11. What are the general features of TCA cycle?
12. What is number of ATP produced when a molecule of glucose undergoes fermentation
13. What are the 2 crucial stages anaerobic respiration? what are their end products
14. What is the importance of F0-F1-ATPase in aerobic respiration?
15. Discuss the role of respiration as an amphibolic pathway
16. What are the chemical changes that take place in pyruvic acid molecule after it enters
mitochondria?
17. Briefly explain the role of electron transport system (ETS).
18. What is the balance sheet for respiration
19. What is role of respiration in biosynthesis
20. Describe the calculation of respiratory quotient
 UNIT-4

Enzymes
Review questions Very short answer type questions

1. How does the substrate concentration affect the enzyme activity?

2. Enzymes work by lowering activation energy. Explain the meaning of the statement.
3. Write a note on the classification of enzymes giving examples.
4. Compare the lock and key hypothesis with induced fit hypothesis of enzyme action
5. Discuss the mechanism of enzyme action
6. what is enzyme?
7. Give example of an enzyme which functions and body?
8. what is the function of oxyireductases?
9. give one example of transferases.
10. what is the function of hydrolases?
11. what is active site?
12. Explain function of isomerase along with its example.
13. Explain the function of the ligases along with its example.
14. How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
15. How does pH affect enzyme activity?
16. Explain the classification of enzymes.
17. How does enzymes catalyse reactions?
18. What are the factors affecting enzyme activity?
19. what is the function of lyases?
20. How does concentration of substrate influence enzymes?

Short answer type questions

1. What is role of enzymes

2. What is the structure of enzymes?
3. Brief note on mechanism of enzyme action
4. What is the shape of enzymes?
5. What are the properties of enzymes?
6. What are factors affecting enzymatic activity?
7. What are the various classes of enzymes?
8. What is the important nomenclature of enzymes?
9. What is role of co-factors?
 10. What is the significance of enzymes?
11. What are advantages of microbial enzymes?
12. What is lock and key hypothesis?
13. What is induced-fit model?
14. What is the equation used for rate of reaction of physical and chemical process?
15. What are the three steps in an enzyme catalysed reaction?
16. What is the activation energy?
17. How pH and temperature affect the enzyme activity?
18. What is Michaelis-Menten equation for what it used?
19. Brief about the importance of enzymes?
20. Difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition?

Long answer type questions

1. What is catalysis, how enzymes are used in catalysis process, explain with examples
2. What are enzymes? What are the advantages of enzymes in industries?
3. What is enzymology explain in brief? What is the structure of enzymes?
4. Brief about the mode of action of enzymes
5. Discuss about the properties of enzymes and explain with drawing the lock and key
hypothesis and induced fit model.
6. Explain the nature of enzyme actions with example.
7. Brief the detail of high rates of chemical conversion and nature of enzyme action
8. How do enzymes catalyse reactions, draw the binding mechanism?
9. Brief the factor affecting enzyme activity.
10. Explain the product formation from subtract using the activation energy diagram
11. List out the nomenclature and classification of enzymes based on type of reaction with
examples.
12. Discuss about seven enzymes and their functions
13. What is the enzyme inhibition and type of inhibitions, give their importance?
14. What is cofactor and give the types of cofactor and their role.
15. Importance of enzymes in biology?
16. Explain mechanisms of enzymatic action.
17. Explanation inhibition of enzymatic action.
18. What is enzyme kinetics? Explain using a graph Km and Vmax.
19. Explain the importance of enzymes in biology.
20. Write a note on RNA catalysis.
 UNIT-5
Microbiology and its industrial applications

Review questions

Very short answer type questions

1. what is microbiology?
2. Give to differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms.
3. Define: species, strain, serotype.
4. what is microscopy?
5. Give any 2 examples of commonly used chemicals for sterilization
6. Give the ecological importance of microorganisms.
7. Give the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
8. Give the classification based on phylogenetic classification.
9. Write a note on compound microscope.
10. Give the importance of microorganisms.
11. What is bacterial population.
12. What is media composition.
13. What is meant by growth kinetics?
14. What are uses of microscopy?
15. How are single celled organisms grow?
16. What is the used of immunology?
17. How cancer is kills humans?
18. Does cancer is heritage disease?
19. How to store stem cells?
20. Can we make stem cells?

Short answer type questions

1. How microorganisms are classified?

2. What is meant by growth kinetics of bacterial population?
3. What is need of media composition for microbial culture?
4. What is used of sterilization?
5. How microscope is used to find the microbial growth?
6. How can single celled organisms used for industrial applications?
 7. How immunology is defined?
8. How can we treat cancer?
9. Which is cancer being common in female and male?
10. How stem cells are used to save lives?
11. How genetic engineering is helpful to cure cancer?
12. How mushrooms are grown by microorganisms?
13. Which microorganism is used for fermentation reactions?
14. List out the important microbes know to humans?
15. What is graph representing the standard bacterial growth curve?
16. List out the types of media used for culture.
17. What are the chemical antimicrobial agents?
18. What are physical antimicrobial agents.
19. What are pasteurizations?
20. What four general types of radiations?

Long answer type questions

1. Describe different types of microbes?

2. What is sterilization? Describe various methods of sterilization
3. Define microscopy in detail? Describe the scanning tunnelling microscopy.
4. What are the characteristics of immune system? What is active and passive
immunization and what is difference between?
5. Explain the dual nature of the immune system? What is the difference between AMIS
and CMIS?
6. Describe about the types of immunity? Explain innate and adaptive immunity?
7. Describe about the progenitor cells? What are the functions of leucocytes?
8. Describe cancer biology? What is the treatment of cancer?
9. How cancer is detected and how-to diagnosis?
10. What are the causes of cancer, briefly explain?
11. Briefly explain the types of cancer occur in humans.
12. What the types of stem cells and their function?
13. What is microscope? Explain about: bright field microscopy, dark field microscope, face
contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and
fluorescent microscopy.
14. Write a note on sterilization and various methods of sterilizations techniques used.
15. Write a note on growth kinetics of microorganisms.
16. Explain using a graph: lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and death phase of
microorganisms
17. Brief out about the use of microbes in industrial products.
18. Describe the growth kinetics of all species.
19. How culture media is used for microbial studies?
20. Describe how the mircobes used in food products?